JAFFAR MASTOI

LECTURE 2 : Physical Science-I

Constituents and Structure: Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar
System, Sun, Earth, Astronomical System of Units.

Universe
 Big Bang Theory caused the existence of the Universe 15 to 20
billion years ago.
 Expanding Universe

Theories about the Beginning of the Universe

1. Big Bang Theory: Universe has its origin in the Giant explosion.
This theory is the leading explanation of the beginning of the
universe. Before the start of the universe, there was no time, no
space and no matter. George Lemaitre, a cosmologist, is the father
of the Big Bang Theory in the 1920s.

2. Inflation Theory: It is the period of exponential expansion of space

in the early universe. Universe expands relatively gradually
throughout its history.

3. Oscillating Universe Theory: Theorized a universe following an

eternal series of oscillations, each beginning with a Big Bang and
ending with a Big Crunch.

4. Steady State Theory: This theory says universe never originated

at one point or instant, nor it will die.

Methods of Measuring the Age of the Universe

1. Measuring the Speed and Distances of the Galaxies
2. Measuring the Ages of the Oldest Star Clusters

3. By Hubble’s Constant
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Formula to Calculate the Age of the Universe

𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑴𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟑.𝟎𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝒎 𝟏 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓
= 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝑯𝒐 𝒌𝒎 𝟏 𝑴𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟑.𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄

Astronomy
 It is the study of universe and celestial bodies.
 It is the study of the stars, planets, and galaxies.
 It includes the theories of solar system, stars, galaxies and space.

Hubble’s Law
 This law is related to shifting of galaxies in the expanding universe.
 This law was given in 1929 named Hubble.
 Hubble worked out on classification of galaxies.
 Speed at which a galaxy is moving away from us is directly
proportional to its distance.
 Speed of Galaxy = Ho x Distance
 Ho = 72 km/sec

Astrology
 It is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial
bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the
natural world.
 It is not a science.
 Astrology holds the view that the position of the earth in its orbit
around the sun at the time of birth, combined with the relative
position of other planets, has some influence over one’s personal
life.

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Cosmology
 Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and
evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into
the future.
 According to NASA, the definition of cosmology is "the scientific
study of the large scale properties of the universe as a whole."

Black Hole
 Term ‘Black Hole’ was coined in 1967.
 American Astronomer John Wheeler coined the term.
 First Black Hole was discovered in 1971.
 Albert Einstein first predicted Black Hole in 1916 with his general
theory of relativity.
 A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that
even light cannot get out.
 Gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny
space.
 This can happen when a star is dying.
 Black Holes are the objects with extreme density and strong
gravitational field.
What is expected inside the Black Hole?
 Highest Gravity

Dark Matter
 Dark Matter is an invisible type of matter theorized to make up
the majority of all matter in the Universe.
 It has mass, but it cannot be seen.
 Dark Matter is a non-luminous particles of matter that exerts
gravitational effects on the visible matter.

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 Dark Matter is called ‘Dark’ because it does not appear to interact

with the electromagnetic field.
 It is the gravity of dark matter that pulls the universe together,
keeping it away from collapsing.
 Dark Matter is undetectable energy and exerts gravitation effects
on Stars and Galaxies.
 Example: Black Holes can be the Dark Matter.

Dark Energy
 Dark Energy is the postulated energy caused by Dark Matter.
 It is assumed that it is the Dark Energy that is responsible for the
Expansion of the Universe.
 Dark Energy is the opposite force of Gravity.
 Dark Energy is a form of dynamic energy fluid that fills the space.
 According to Albert Einstein, empty space is seldom vacuumed
and has its own constant energy to force the universe to expand
faster and faster.

Galaxy
 Galaxy is a Greek word ‘Galaxias’ meaning ‘Milky’.
 Galaxy is the fundamental unit of the universe.
 A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust and billions of Stars
and their solar system, all held together by gravity.
 Shapes of Galaxies; Spiral, Spherical, Elliptical, Irregular
 Shape of the Milky Way Galaxy is Spiral
 Nearest galaxy to Milky Way Galaxy is Andromeda Galaxy.
 Collection of galaxies is called a Cluster.

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Categories of Galaxies by Hubble

1. Spiral Galaxy: A spiral galaxy typically has a rotating disc with
spiral 'arms' that curve out from a dense central region.
2. Elliptical Galaxy: Elliptical galaxies are shaped like ellipses
(stretched circles).
3. Irregular Galaxy: An irregular galaxy is a galaxy that does not
have a distinct regular shape.

Solar System
Inner Solar System
 These planets are called terrestrial planets.
 In inner solar system there are four planets
 These planets are close to the Sun
 These planets are rocky in nature
 These planets are called Inferior planets.
 These planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

Outer Solar System

 These planets are called Gas giants planets.
 In outer solar system, there are four Gas giants’ planets.
 These planets are made from mostly gases.
 These planets at farthest distance from Sun.
 These planets are Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, & Neptune

Asteroids
 A small rocky body orbiting the sun.
 Asteroids orbit the Sun like planets, they are much smaller than
planets.

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Meteorites
 A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet,
asteroid, or meteoroid that originates in outer space and survives
its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet
or moon.

Comets
 A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close
to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases.
 Halley’s Comet, named after Edmund Halley. It visits the Sun after
76 years.
 Last time in 1986.

Dwarf Planet
 A celestial body resembling a small planet but lacking certain
technical criteria that are required for it to be classed as such.

Sun
 Sun is a Central part of the Solar System
 Sun is a Star.
 Mass of the Sun 1.98 x 1030 kg
 Contains Helium & Hydrogen (90%)
 It is the 98.85% of the mass of solar system.
 Over 1 Million Earth can fit inside the Sun.
 Shape of the Sun is Perfect Sphere.
 Travelling speed of the Sun is 220km per second.
 Distance Between Sun and Earth Changes.
 Nuclear Fusion phenomenon occurs in Sun.
 109 times bigger than earth.
 Photosphere is the visible and that is the visible surface of Sun.
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 Density of Sun: 1.41gm/cc

 Light sun to reach the earth 8 minute 20 seconds, 498 or 500
seconds
 Sun rotates in the opposite direction to Earth.
 Mercury closest planet to Sun
 Neptune farthest from Sun

Earth
 Shape of the Earth is Oblate Spheroid.
 Mass of the Earth is 5.972 x 1024 kg
 Earth is flattened at the North and South Poles at 23.5o.
 Equatorial Diameter of the Earth is 12, 746 km.
 Latitudes and Longitudes coordinates are drawn on the map to
locate the position of a place on the surface of the Earth.
 Circumference of the Earth at the equator is 40, 232.5 km.

Moon
 Time required by moonlight to reach the earth is 1.3 sec
 Orbits the earth in 27 days, 7 hours

Sequence of Planets (Wanderers)

From Sun: My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles

By Size: Just Served Us Noodles Educated Very My Mother

Mercury
 First planet
 Smallest planet
 Fastest planet
 Completes Revolution to Sun in 88 Earth days

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Venus
 Brightest planet
 Hottest planet
 96% CO2 is found here
 Sister planet of Earth
 Evening Star or Morning Star
 Has No Moon
 Closest to Earth
 Named after the Roman Goddess of Beauty.
 Spins in the opposite direction of the Earth’s spin
 Has almost the same mass, size and density as the earth
 Planet with longest Day time

Earth
 Has one satellite, Moon
 Highest density (Average Density: 5.52 gm/cc
 Watery planet
 5th in rank in solar system in terms of size
 Mass of the Earth 5.98 x 1024 kg
 Oxygen abundantly found in Earth crust.
 Rotation speed of the earth: 1670km/h.
 Longest Day: 22 June
 Shortest Day: 21 December
 Equatorial Diameter of the Earth 12,746 km
 Circumference of the earth at the equator is 40,232 km.
 Earth’s axis is inclined at 23 Degree
 Earth has 24 Time zones.
 Each time zone is 15 Degree

Mars
 Red planet
 Has 2 moons; Phobos & Deimos

Jupiter
 Fifth planet
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 Largest planet by size

 Heaviest planet
 Has ‘Great Red Spot’
 Has most moons, 69
 Has most natural satellites
 Ganymede, the biggest moon, Jupiter & Solar System
 Planet with shortest Day time

Saturn
 Least dense planet
 Titan moon

Uranus
 Green planet
 Has 27 moons

Neptune
 Coldest planet
 Blue planet
 Slowest Revolving planet
 Has 14 moons
 Takes the largest time to go once around the Sun

Pluto
 Lightest planet
 Dwarf planet

Difference between s Star & a Planet

S. No Comparison Star Planet

01 Light They have their own They don’t have their

light. own light.

02 Position Their position remain They change position.

unchanged.

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03 Size Big Small

04 Shape Dot-Shaped Sphere-Shaped

05 Temperature High Low

06 Number There is only 1 star in There are 8 planets in

the Solar System. Solar System.

07 Twinkle Stars Twinkle Planets Don’t twinkle

08 Matter Hydrogen & Helium Solid, Liquid, Gas

mostly

Satellite
 A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a
bigger object.
 A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or
star.
 For Example: Earth is a satellite because it orbits the Sun.
 Likewise, Moon is a satellite because it orbits Earth.
 Satellites are launched into different orbits depending on their
mission.
 Geosynchronous Orbit is the orbit where a satellite takes 24
hours to orbit the Earth.
 Satellite is the word that refers to a machine that is launched into
space and moves around Earth or another body in space.

Kinds of Satellite
1. Natural Satellite: A natural satellite is any celestial body in space
that orbits around a larger body. Moons are called natural satellite
because they orbit planets.

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2. Artificial Satellite: Satellites that are made by people and

launched into orbit using rockets are called artificial satellites. The
purpose of artificial satellites are used to study the Earth, and other
planets to help us communicate, and even observe the distant
universe.

Difference between Natural & Artificial Satellite

S. Comparison Natural Artificial
No
01 Formation They are formed by They are man-made.
nature.
02 Control Nature Controls Humans control
03 Nature Permanent Temporal
04 Communication They are not used for They are used for
communication. communication.
05 Energy Natural satellites do not Artificial satellites need
require any energy for energy for installation
revolving. and to rotate around any
planet.
06 Moving Natural satellites do not Artificial satellites move
Distance move closer to any closer to any planet.
planet.
07 Example Moon is a natural Telecom satellites are
satellite. artificial satellite.

Magnitude and Color of the Star correlated with the Temperature.

 Magnitude is the degree of brightness of a star.
 In Magnitude scale, the brightest objects have the SMALLEST
number and the faintest objects have the LARGEST numbers.

Astronomical Unit
 This is the international astronomical unit developed by IAU in 1976
updated in 1994 and 2009.
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 It is defined as the average distance between the Sun and the Earth
which is 150 million kilometer.
 Distance between the Sun and planets is measured in AU.
 1 A.U = 150 million km
 Distance between the Sun and the other planets in the Solar System
are measured in Astronomical Units instead of kilometers because
the distances between them are very large.

Light Year
 Light Year is the distance which the light will travel in one year.
 It is the bigger unit than A.U.
 Light Year is a measure of Length.
 1 Light Year = 9500 billion kms = 946 x 1012 km
 Formula: Light Year = (Speed of Light) x (One Year)
 Speed of Light = 186,000 miles or 3 x 108 m/s
 One Year = 60 x 60 x 24 x 365
1 Light Year = 186,000 x 1.609 x 60 x 60 x 24 x 365.25 = 9.461
billion kms

Parsec
 It is a bigger unit than a light year.
 One Parsec = 3.26 light years.
 It is still a bigger unit of distance used in galaxies.

2018  Describe different methods to estimate the age of the Universe.

 Explain the terms Dark Energy and Dark Matter.
 Define the term Black Hole. What’s expected inside it?
2019  How can the Sun have such a strong gravitational field if it's
made of gases?

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2020  Differentiate between a star and a planet. What is the

magnitude of a star and how the color of stars is correlated
with their temperatures?
2021  Briefly describe the most popular and accepted theory about
the origin of the Universe.

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