TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Setting
2. Fact File
3. 3. Characterisation
4. Essay questions based on Themes
5. Literature Essay Techniques
6. Sample Essay
7. Common Examination Terminology
8. Contextual Questions

HAMLET COMMITTEE
Dr S. Ramnarain - Queensburgh High School
Ms N. Ebrahim - Crescent High School
Ms Q. Adam - Hillgrove Secondary
Ms S. Mahamed - Al huda Educational Institute
Ms J. Naicker - Durban Girl’s Secondary
HAMLET

1. SETTING: Hamlet is set in a castle in Elsinore, between Denmark and Sweden. The story of Hamlet was written between 1599 AND 1601
during the Elizabethan era.
2. FACT FILE
FULL TITLE: The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
PLAYWRIGHT: William Shakespeare
GENRE: Tragedy; revenge tragedy
PROTAGONIST: Prince Hamlet
ANTAGONIST: Claudius
MAJOR CONFLICT: Hamlet feels a sense of accountability towards the ghost – he wants to avenge his father’s murder and bring Claudius to
book, but since Claudius is his uncle, this complicates matters for Prince Hamlet. Furthermore, Prince Hamlet is uncertain about the mysterious
nature of the ghost, doubting its purpose and mission, thus acting on the apparition’s command might not be the appropriate thing to do.
RISING ACTION: Hamlet becomes the avenger of his father’s murder; he feigns madness to conceal his real purpose; Hamlet stages the
Mousetrap play; Hamlet is presented with an opportune moment to kill Claudius but hesitates because Claudius is praying.
CLIMAXES: * The mousetrap play confirms Claudius’s guilt and Hamlet resolves to commit himself fully to exact violent revenge.
* Polonius, who is eavesdropping on the conversation between Gertrude and Hamlet, hides behind an arras. He is killed by
Hamlet who is then exiled by Claudius to England
FALLING ACTION: Hamlet escapes the ship and returns to Denmark and discovers that Ophelia is dead. Confrontation between Hamlet and
Laertes at Ophelia’s funeral; the duel between Hamlet and Laertes; the demise of the royal family.
PLOT
 Old King Hamlet, the king of Denmark has died and has been succeeded by his brother, Claudius, who has married Gertrude, the widowed Queen.

Prince Hamlet, distressed by his father’s death and mother’s hasty marriage, sees the ghost of his father, who reveals that he was murdered by Claudius who
has usurped the throne.

Hamlet vows to avenge his father’s death, but to cover his intentions, feigns madness. In doing so, he rejects Ophelia – the daughter of Polonius whom he
has bestowed with love letters and gifts.

Polonius and Claudius spy on Ophelia’s encounter with Hamlet. Polonius is convinced that Hamlet’s madness is due to repressed love.

Hamlet asks a company of players to perform a play, “The Murder of Gonzago”, a re-enactment of old King Hamlet’s murder in which he hopes to catch the
guilty Claudius.

Hamlet’s suspicions are confirmed.

Hamlet visits his mother and disparages her for her hasty marriage to Claudius, but is startled during this by a movement behind the arras and accidentally
kills Polonius who is hiding behind the arras.

Claudius sends Hamlet to England, planning to have him murdered. Hamlet escapes and returns to Denmark sending Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their
deaths.

Laertes, Polonius’s son demands revenge for his father’s death.

Ophelia, maddened by grief, has drowned herself. Hamlet returns and confronts Laertes at her funeral.

Claudius has plotted with Laertes to kill Hamlet in a fencing match in which Laertes will have a poisoned sword. The plot miscarries and Laertes dies.

Gertrude drinks from the poisoned goblet intended for Hamlet and dies. Hamlet, wounded by the poisoned sword, kills Claudius, before he, too, dies.
 3. CHARACTERISATION

Name of character Character traits Quotations linked to character Textual evidence/Reinforcing a

point
Hamlet A young scholar attending “Thou com’st in such a Hamlet speaks respectfully to the
Wittenberg university – questionable shape, That I will Ghost maintaining his
protagonist speak to thee. I’ll call thee composure. The use of “father”,
Hamlet is gentle and loyal, a Hamlet, father, royal Dane…what ”royal Dane” and series of
logical and deep thinker. should we do?’ questions reveal Hamlet’s
[Act 1, Scene 4] intellectual nature. Furthermore,
as a scholar with a Protestant
belief that ghosts were tricks
devised by the devil to bring
harm to humans, Hamlet needs
proof of the authenticity of the
ghost highlighting his logic and
intellect.

“There is a play to-night before In order to prove Claudius’s guilt

He is quick witted and the king, One scene of it comes and to establish the Ghost’s
industrious. Hamlet thinks before near the circumstance of my authenticity, Hamlet devises the
acting. father’s death” “Mousetrap”, a play-within-a play.
[Act 3, Scene 2] His insecurity about the Ghost
plagues him – it is at the end of
the play that Hamlet accepts his
role as the avenger of his father’s
death, after he has tangible proof
of Claudius’s involvement in the
murder.

“To take him in the purging of his When Hamlet has the opportunity
He is also slow to take action – soul, When he is fit and to kill Claudius, he retracts his
which does have negative seasoned for passage? No.” sword and decides against it.
consequences later in the play. (He sheathes his sword) Although he rationalises his role
 [Act 3, Scene 3] as the agent of revenge, Hamlet
accepts the idea that by killing
Claudius whilst he is praying,
would assist his (Claudius) soul
to go to heaven; this would be
contrary to his purpose, and
therefore delays. However, the
delay has unintended
consequences leading to the
deaths of six innocent people.

“O that this too sullied flesh Hamlet displays despondency

Hamlet is melancholic and would melt, Thaw and resolve and disappointment. He feels
overcome with grief due to the itself into dew…Heaven and disgust for his mother - tainted
death of his father and his earth!” through her incestuous marriage.
mother’s hasty remarriage. [Act 1, Scene 2] Gertrude’s actions (corruption)
Hamlet’s loyalty to his father lead Hamlet to consider suicide.
leads to the estrangement in the However, he does not act, as it
relationship with his mother. would mean going against God.
He rationalises that to take one’s
own life would be considered a
sin and dismisses the idea.

“Frailty, thy name is woman!” As the play progresses, Hamlet’s

The protagonist has a strong [Act 1, Scene 2] thoughts are coloured by his
value system: he values human mother’s infidelity and betrayal to
worth. his father. He continues to
criticise Gertrude on her hasty
marriage to Claudius. Hamlet’s
view of women in general is
warped by Gertrude’s
remarriage. He classifies all
women due to his mother’s
 instability and believes that she
could have been insincere to his
father.
Hamlet’s relationship with all
women is annihilated as is
evident by his treatment of
Ophelia; hence we can deduce
that he has a moral conscience
and strong values.
Gertrude Gertrude is the mother to Prince
Hamlet and the present Queen
by marriage to Claudius. She is
also the widow of Claudius’s
elder brother – King Hamlet.

As a mother, she loves her son; "Thou know'st 'tis common; all In an attempt to cheer Hamlet,
and always shows concern for that lives must die/Passing Gertrude tells her son to dispose
him. through nature to eternity" of the use of black garments and
reminds him that death is natural
[Act 1, Scene 2] and a part of life.

However, she is also naïve. However, this also reflects how

Gertrude fails to understand superficial her understanding of
Hamlet’s disgust at her marriage her son is. She fails to
with Claudius. understand the depth of Hamlet’s
grief.
While this reassurance shows
how much she cares for Hamlet,
her remarks upset Hamlet more.
This moment proves that she did
not properly grieve her dead.
husband and justifies Hamlet’s
wrath toward his mother.
 Gertrude makes it apparent that
she carries a fondness for
She displays care for Hamlet Ophelia. She is the one who
through actions like asking “Let not thy mother lose her breaks the news to the court that
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to prayers, Hamlet: I pray thee stay Ophelia has died, and Gertrude
keep an eye out on Hamlet and with us, go not to Wittenberg” reveals that she had hoped
discouraging him to return to [Act 1, Scene 2] Ophelia might have married
Wittenberg, hence she is Hamlet.
compassionate.

Antagonist and current King of

Claudius Denmark. When in public, Claudius
Claudius has the ability to put on displays false compassion for
false pretences, especially in “Laertes, I must commune with Laertes who grieves the death of
public. your grief”. his father, (Theme: Appearance
[Act 4, Scene 5] vs Reality).

Claudius has the ability to

Displays charm and admiration manipulate and convince others
for his wife, very cordial nature in "The 'imperial jointress to this that his feelings for others is
the beginning in keeping with warlike state." genuine. In this case, it may be
royalty. [Act 1, Scene 2] argued that his love for Gertrude
is sincere, however, the shows of
affection for Hamlet are
contrived/false revealing
Suave politician – calculating and Claudius’s deceptive nature.
self-seeking; commanding.

He can exhibit deep distress over

his "dear brother's death" but
"With mirth in funeral and with quickly moves on to other
dirge in marriage" matters of the state.
[Act 1, Scene 2] Claudius quickly turns mourning
 into celebration and displays a
love for pleasures of the flesh
(lustful in nature, alcohol)

The King has committed

Corrupt and power-hungry. fratricide and regicide and has
Proves to be remorseless in his The Ghost refers to him as "that bedded the Queen with "the
actions. incestuous, that adulterate beast" witchcraft of his wit". He is lustful
[Act 1, Scene 2], and we soon and is therefore morally weak.
realize that his crime (murder of The murder of his own brother
King Hamlet) is what is "rotten in leads to the very chaos and
the state of Denmark." “rotten” state of Denmark.
[Act 1, Scene 5]
However, he is not devoid of Claudius admits that his
moments of guilt and regret. (Aside) “O, 'tis true! conscience pricks him - his
How smart a lash that speech deeds, on occasion, weigh heavy
doth give my conscience!” on his heart.
[Act 3, Scene 1] Claudius tries very hard to pray
and repent for his sins, but
O heavy burden!” cannot.
[Act 3, Scene 1]

Can be sensitive and gentle. He also sincerely likes Ophelia,

“How do you pretty lady?” treats her with the kindness that
[Act 4, Scene 5] she should receive from her
great love, Hamlet. In this
instance Claudius reveals a
caring side – he feels sympathy
for the “pretty lady
‘who has descended into a state
of madness.
 Claudius does not stop Gertrude
Claudius rules without a “It is the poisoned cup; it is too from drinking the poison in the
conscience to the end. late” goblet during the duel between
[Act 5, Scene 2] Hamlet and Laertes because it
will implicate him in the plot, thus
leading to the death of Gertrude.

But even those whom Claudius

cares for cannot come before his
ambition and desires.
He manipulates the grieving
Laertes to fight in the duel, and
he denies Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern the knowledge of
the contents of the letter to
England -- knowledge that would
have saved their lives.
Horatio
A scholar at Wittenberg Hamlet confiding in Horatio: “As I Marcellus and Bernado admire
University – knowledgeable and perchance hereafter shall think Horatio’s intellect and therefore
an intellect. meet To put an antic disposition ask his opinion of the ghost.
on”
[Act1, Scene 5]
A loyal friend to Hamlet who Horatio keeps the appearance of
remains faithful to Hamlet. the ghost to himself. He is
Hamlet’s confidante and privy to
the protagonist’s inner thoughts
and plans - he is the only one
who knows about Hamlet’s
feigning madness, the
“Mousetrap” (play) to catch
Claudius.
He is the only individual who is
aware of the fates of
 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern.

Horatio values Hamlet’s “Never believe it. I am more an The two share a deep bond –
friendship deeply – he is antique Roman than a Dane” Horatio proves his loyalty by
passionate in nature. [Act 5, Scene 2] referring to the honourable
Roman custom of a soldier
sacrificing himself if his senior
officer was killed. He loves
Hamlet so deeply that he would
rather impale himself on his
sword than live on after Hamlet’s
death.
An epitome of a true friend.
The task of delivering Hamlet’s
tale to the rest of the world has
been entrusted to Horatio, as
Hamlet sees him fit to orate his
legacy.

King Hamlet – Ghost The dead apparition (ghost) of He appears whilst the courtiers
Old King Hamlet. are on watch. Reveals to Hamlet
that his death was most foul and
unnatural as his brother,
Claudius, poured poison down
his ears whilst he was asleep in
his courtyard.

Manipulative and vengeful. “So art thou to revenge, when The ghost implores Hamlet to
thou shalt hear.” avenge his death by killing
[Act 1, Scene 4] Claudius.
Ophelia Daughter of Polonius and sister
of Laertes. Ophelia is very much in love with
Hamlet admires him and remains
Hamlet’s love interest. “O, what a noble mind is here devoted to him despite his insults
oérthrown” and brashness toward her.

[Act 3, Scene 1] Ophelia takes heed of the advice

given to her by both, her father
(Polonius) and her brother
She is subservient – obeys the “I shall obey, my lord” (Laertes). She goes to the extent
social conventions of the time [Act 1, Scene 3] of allowing her father and
relating to women. Claudius to spy on her
conversation with Hamlet.

The slaying of Polonius and

Hamlet’s despicable treatment
Of Ophelia leads to her madness
Symbol of purity driven to Act 4, Scene 5 and eventually her suicide.
madness.

Laertes Son of Polonius and brother of “For Hamlet, and the trifling of his He is concerned about Ophelia’s
Ophelia – a student at a favour, Hold it a fashion and a welfare and believes that
university in France. toy in blood, A violet in the youth Hamlet’s love for her is very
of primly nature…” youthful. As a brother, he advises
Brave (gallant) and [Act 1, Scene 2] her to be cautious in her dealings
compassionate. with Hamlet for he fears that
Hamlet is lustful.

Laertes is outraged by the news

of his father’s death. He loses
 control and is determined to gain
revenge, for if he does not, he is
Hot-headed and brash at times; “The drop of blood that’s calm not worthy of being called his
will do anything to uphold the proclaims me bastard” father’s son.
honour of his family. [Act 4, Scene 5]

Opposite to Hamlet in thought

and action
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Bosom buddies and classmates
of Hamlet in Wittenberg. They become agents of Claudius
and Gertrude used as a vehicle
to spy on Hamlet in an attempt to
Disloyal; weak and gullible. “But we both obey, And here give ascertain the reason for his
up ourselves in the full bent, To madness.
lay our service freely at your feet
To be commanded”
[Act 2, Scene 2] The pair eventually admit to
spying on Hamlet who accuses
them of being “sponges”
However, they do possess a employed by Claudius to do his
conscience. dirty work. Hamlet therefore,
does not hesitate to forge a letter
to the king of England instructing
to have them executed on their
arrival in England.

Polonius
Father of Laertes and Ophelia – “This above all, to thine own self
Polonius gives advice to his son
always concerned about their be true, And it must follow, as the
Laertes, who is leaving for
wellbeing night the day, Thou canst not
France. He finishes by giving his
Advisor to Claudius. then be false to any man.”
son his blessing and is
[Act 1 Scene 3]
apparently at ease with his son's
Caring, yet hypocritical.
departure. However, in Act 2,
Scene 1, he orders his servant
Reynaldo to travel to Paris and
Meddles in other’s affairs –
spy on Laertes and report if he is
untrustworthy.
indulging in any local vice –
 revealing his false nature.
Colludes with Claudius to spy on
Hamlet; orders his servant
Reynaldo to spy on Laertes in
Paris (Act 2, Scene 1); spies on
Ophelia to prove that her
rejection of Hamlet's attention
has caused the prince to lose his
wits; In his last attempt to spy on
Hamlet, Polonius hides himself
behind an arras in Gertrude's
room which leads to his own
death.

Rises to Kingship and restores

Fortinbras Prince of Norway his father’s honour.
Son of Old Fortinbras
Also on a mission, like Hamlet, to
avenge his father’s death
Successor to the throne on
Claudius’s demise.
4. ESSAY QUESTIONS BASED ON THEMES
5. LITERATURE ESSAY TECHNIQUES

Literary analysis means closely studying a text, interpreting its meanings, and exploring why the writer made certain choices. It can be applied
to novels, short stories, plays, poems, or any other form of literary writing.

A literary analysis essay is not a rhetorical analysis, nor is it just a summary of the plot or a book review. Instead, it is a type of argumentative
essay where you need to analyse elements such as the language, perspective, and structure of the text, and explain how the author uses
literary devices to create effects and convey ideas.

Before beginning a literary analysis essay, it’s essential to carefully read the text and come up with a thesis statement to keep your essay
focused. As you write, follow the standard structure of an academic essay:

1. An introduction that tells the reader what your essay will focus on.
2. A main body, divided into paragraphs that builds an argument using evidence from the text.
3. A conclusion that clearly states the main point that you have shown with your analysis.

Thesis Statement
Example: Peanut butter and jam sandwiches are the best type of sandwich because they are versatile, easy to make, and taste good.
In this persuasive thesis statement, you see that I state my opinion (the best type of sandwich), which means I have chosen a stance.
STEPS
1. Analyse the question. Write a strong introduction. Do not beg the question. Use key words from the question.
2. Highlight key words.
3. Introduction: Explain how you are going to argue your point. Thesis statement.
4. Paragraphs. Start with a topic sentence. Use key words from the topic to show you are still on the topic. Use supporting details to
substantiate. Use quotations if you can.
5. Use transitional words to help the reader understand the flow of your thoughts and the logic of your developing argument. Sequence
must be correct.
6. Your conclusion must always support the points you raised. It must summarise the points you raised.
PEE technique is vital. = POINT EVIDENCE EXPLANATION

3 PEEL = PEE with a LINK. Just writing PEE sentences will not produce a good essay, you need to show the examiners the thinking behind
your answer so that each point is linked to the next one.

4 PEEL example For example: (Point) Claudius who seems to be a caring father, grieving the death of his brother, is commits regicide (act of
killing a king) and fratricide (act of murdering one’s sibling) ‘ (Evidence). . In Act 1, Scene 5, Hamlet says of his uncle whom he suspects as the
murderer: “one may smile and smile and be a villain.” (Explanation) Claudius therefore, conceals his true nature by appearing to be what he is
not. (Link) The villainous nature of Claudius is revealed when he gets down on his knees and attempts to pray for forgiveness – but recognizes
that his "offense is rank" and "smells to heaven," he also admits that he will not make amends with God because he refuses to give up what his
crime has bought him – “ambition”, “crown” , “queen”.

The PEEL paragraph writing approach is a proven way to help students’ writing process by providing a structure for their writing.
Point
Your first sentence must state your point. It introduces the topic you’re about to discuss and tells the reader what the paragraph is going to be
about. This is sometimes called a topic sentence.

Evidence/Examples
Support your point with evidence and examples. In the next one or two sentences, give evidence to expand upon and support the point you made.
Evidence can include facts, statistics, research findings, quotes from a credible authority or a primary text.

Explain
This is where you show your understanding by explaining in more detail how and why your evidence supports your point. Your explanation
should interpret the evidence for the reader.

Link
The last sentence should reinforce your original point or link your writing to the next paragraph. The link sentence can provide a
transition to the next topic or paragraph

Note: In some circumstances it may make more sense to switch Explain and Examples/Evidence.
It is okay to be flexible with these two.
 7. EXAMPLE OF AN ESSAYS ON HAMLET

6.1 The play, Hamlet deal with deception and some of its consequences. Critically discuss the validity of this statement in a well-
constructed essay of 400 - 450 words.

Hamlet finds himself in a world riddled with deception, disillusionment and doubt. His analytical nature and wit allow him to uncover the many
hidden hypocritical characters he is surrounded by in Elsinore. That “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark” (Act 1, Scene 4) is certainly
true, as is revealed by the apparition. Many characters are guilty of appearing to be who/what they are not; many situations appear to be
forthright and honest when they are deceitful and dishonest. In this essay, I will discuss deception and some of its consequences.

Claudius who seems to be a caring father, grieving the death of his brother, commits regicide (act of killing a king) and fratricide (act of
murdering one’s sibling). Furthermore, he usurps the throne and commits incest, marrying his late brother’s wife – barely two months after the
death of his brother. Claudius fools the people of Denmark – claiming that he will take care of them now that their king has passed on, but in
reality, he only cares about himself. In Act 1, Scene 5, Hamlet says of his uncle whom he suspects as the murderer: “one may smile and smile
and be a villain.” Claudius therefore, conceals his true nature by appearing to be what he is not. The villainous nature of Claudius is revealed
when he gets down on his knees and attempts to pray for forgiveness – but recognizes that his "offense is rank" and "smells to heaven," he
also admits that he will not make amends with God because he refuses to give up what his crime has bought him – “ambition”, “crown” ,
“queen”. Queen Gertrude, who emerges as a compassionate, loving mother, conspires with Claudius to spy on Hamlet. In doing so, she
abandons her moral compass and unknowingly contributes to her son’s demise. The Queen marries Claudius willingly; she goes to the extent
of defending him even to her son. In fact, she complies with him even when he arranges to send her beloved son to his death.

Polonius, who seems to be the devoted father exhibiting incredible love for his children, turns out to be an overprotective, cynical spy, whose
love is in fact insincere. Polonius orders Reynaldo to spy on Laertes revealing his deceptive nature. Although he allows Laertes to go to Paris,
yet, he has him followed. Furthermore, the "foolish prating knave" offers advice to Laertes that contradicts his own actions. This is evident
when he tells Laertes “to thine own self be true,” however, his actions conflict the advice given. Polonius tends to obey the whims and follies of
Claudius and is never true to himself. Polonius is also deceitful when he advises Ophelia to shun Hamlet’s love gestures for Hamlet is lustful -
knowing fully well that Hamlet’s feelings for her is real. In so doing, he yet again proves to be a deceitful father although he pretends to love his
children. Laertes advises his sister about her dealings with Hamlet thereby reinforcing morality. He, however, is revealed as having double
standards. He is in fact ignoble, devious, and calculating. Laertes agrees to enter into the duel with Hamlet having an unfair advantage – a
poisoned rapier. This treacherous act goes against good morals and values.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are childhood friends of Hamlet; however, they are gullible and easily manipulated by Claudius becoming his
confederates. Hamlet remarks that he will trust them no more, “my two schoolfellows, whom I will trust as I will adders fanged” (Act 3,
Scene 4). They are “sponges” that soak up the kings’ favours and forsake their friendship – all in the name of “receiving such thanks that fits a
kings remembrance” (Act 2, Scene 1) ,as promised by the queen.

The protagonist himself is guilty of feigning madness (“antic disposition”); he deliberately puts on an act: “I am but mad north-north-west: when
the wind/is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw” (Act 2, Scene 2). Hamlet is an excellent actor, even convincing his own mother that he is
insane, “Alas, he’s mad” (Act 3, Scene 4), but in reality, he is perfectly sane. Hamlet feigns madness in order to investigate Claudius. In doing
so, he recoils from those whom he previously loved viz. his mother and Ophelia. Although Hamlet’s madness may be condoned to a certain
extent, he verbally denigrates and harasses both the women in his life; his mistreatment of women is questionable. When in an “antic
disposition”, the protagonist appears not to care or love Ophelia. He remarks: “You should not have believed me, for virtue cannot so
(inoculate) our old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you not” (Act 3, Scene 1). On the contrary, when Ophelia dies Hamlet admits, “I loved
Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum”. (Act 5, Scene 1). When Hamlet uses the play to
confirm Claudius’ guilt or innocence, he once again demonstrates reality vs. appearance: “The play’s the thing. Wherein I’ll catch the
conscience of the king” (Act 2, Scene 2). Claudius is misled – he thinks he is watching a performance by a troupe of actors, however, he does
not realize that the play has an added scene which would accuse him of murdering Hamlet’s father.
In conclusion, Shakespeare creates a world where there is deception. The very state of Denmark wherein the play is set appears to be run
smoothly - politically and socially. However, it turns out to be “a prison” (Act 2, Scene 4) where “rank corruption” (Act 3, Scene 3) festers, like a
contaminated sore. The play demonstrates the difference between what actually is and how things appear to be. Some characters like Hamlet
put on an appearance and deceive for a purpose while others characters, like Claudius, prove to be hypocrites who act in their own interests.
6.2 Hamlet finds himself alone and isolated with a daunting task that ultimately destroys him. Critically discuss the validity of this
statement in a well-constructed essay of 400 - 450 words.

At the onset of the play, a grieving Hamlet is challenged with avenging his father’s murder. However, his isolation and the daunting nature of
the task given to him proves to be more of a burden for the young scholar and this leads to his untimely death. This essay outlines how
Hamlet’s daunting task ultimately destroys him; demonstrated through Hamlet’s lack of action, his antic-disposition and finally his use of the
“Mousetrap”.

Firstly, the young Hamlet is plunged into grief after hearing of his beloved father’s death. He is clearly isolated in his grief as it seems that the
rest of Denmark has moved on from the grieving process especially his mother and uncle who are married and are celebrating their union. He
alone wears mourning clothes and exhibits a state of melancholy for the former king, his father. He recoils further into his grief in reaction to the
insensitive advice of Claudius and his mother to ‘cast thy nighted color off’ and stop mourning and accept that ‘all that lives must die’.

Soon after, he is confronted by Old King Hamlet’s ghost, instructing Hamlet to avenge his father’s murder. However, Hamlet, a scholar with an
inquiring mind, is reluctant to believe the ghost blindly. Thus, he decides to verify the ghost’s words, therefore delaying his task of revenge as
he can only carry out his duty after determining Claudius’ role in his father’s death.
However, in delaying his task and working in isolation he provides the culprit, Claudius, with more time to discover his knowledge and actions
regarding his King Hamlet’s murder. Therefore, when Claudius does discover Hamlet’s assignment, he writes Hamlet’s death sentence by
sending him to England to be executed.

Moreover, when this plan falls through Claudius goes to further extents in manipulating a grief-stricken Laertes to murder Hamlet. Hence, it can
clearly be seen that Hamlet delays his course of revenge by questioning the ghost’s statement leads to Claudius discovering his plan of action,
thus leading to Hamlet’s brutal murder.

In addition, Hamlet’s intellectual ways lead him to resort to putting on an antic-disposition in order to verify the ghost’s words. When Hamlet is
made aware of the true circumstances of his father’s death, he is reluctant to trust the ghost. Therefore, he insists on putting on an antic-
disposition in order to justify his act of revenge. Hamlet decides to act mad as he will be able to investigate Claudius’ involvement in his father’s
death without people being suspicious of him. Thus, Claudius is less likely to discover Hamlet’s actions.
However, when Hamlet puts on his antic-disposition it leads to Polonius and Claudius manipulating Ophelia to decipher the reason behind this
madness. Nevertheless, Hamlet once again finding himself betrayed by those he expects understanding and loyalty from brutally distances
himself from Ophelia. He insults Ophelia as he is deeply hurt by her earlier rejection and wants to hurt her. Hamlet’s harsh comments cut
Ophelia deeply and eventually lead to Ophelia’s insanity and ultimately her decision to take her own life.
Additionally, this results in a red-eyed Laertes murdering Hamlet as revenge for Hamlet’s poor treatment of Ophelia and his father’s death.
Thus, it can be clearly seen that Hamlet’s antic-disposition allows him to uncover the truth of his father’s death but ultimately leads to his own
violent end.
Finally, Hamlet decides to prove Claudius’ guilt by putting on a re-scripted play, resembling his father’s murder in order to trap Claudius. During
the murder scene, a guilt-ridden Claudius leaves as his conscience can’t bear to face his vile actions. Thus, proving Claudius did in fact kill
Hamlet’s father and confirming Hamlet’s knowledge about it to Claudius.

Later, Hamlet confronts Gertrude but assumes Claudius is spying on them and draws his sword, only to discover Polonius’ corpse. Claudius
later persuades Laertes to kill Hamlet, thus leading to Hamlet’s tragic death. Hence, it can be argued that Hamlet put on the Mouse Trap in
order to verify Claudius’ guilt. Therefore, when it proved successful, Claudius planned to have Hamlet killed and eventually manipulated a
heartbroken Laertes to commit the murder thus leading to Hamlet’s death.

Hence, it can clearly be seen that Hamlet’s journey of avenging his father’s death did in fact lead to his bloody murder. This is illustrated
through Hamlet’s constant inquisitive nature as well as his antic disposition and finally his use of the play, the Mousetrap. Thus, one can see
that Hamlet did make an effort to avenge his father’s death, however his efforts unfortunately lead to his ultimate downfall - his brutal death.
 8. Common examination terminology

Critically discuss – most troublesome question

Note: This question requires a personal judgement , substantiated by an in-depth knowledge of theme, plot and character. You may agree, disagree or
provide a mixed response.
 9. QUESTION 1: HAMLET – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION (Use to teach examination techniques)

Read the extracts below and then answer the questions that follow.

EXTRACT A

GUILDENSTERN: But we both obey,

And here give up ourselves in the full bent,
To lay our service freely at your feet
To be commanded.
CLAUDIUS: Thanks Rosencrantz, and gentle Guildenstern. 5
GERTRUDE: Thanks Guildenstern, and gentle Rosencrantz,
And I beseech you instantly to visit
My too much changéd son. Go some of you
And bring these gentlemen where Hamlet is.
GUILDENSTERN: Heavens make our presence and our practices 10
Pleasant and helpful to him!
GERTRUDE: Ay, amen!
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern off
Enter Polonius. He speaks apart with the king.
POLONIUS: The ambassadors from Norway, my good lord, 15
Are joyfully returned.
CLAUDIUS: Thou still hast been the father of good news.
POLONIUS: Have I, my lord? Assure you, my good liege,
I hold my duty as I hold my soul,
Both to my God and to my gracious king, 20
And I do think, or else this brain of mine
Hunts not the trail of policy so sure
As it hath used to do, that I have found
The very cause of Hamlet's lunacy.
CLAUDIUS: O speak of that! That do I long to hear. 25
POLONIUS: Give first admittance to th'ambassadors.
My news shall be the fruit to that great feast.
CLAUDIUS: Thyself do grace to them, and bring them in.
Polonius off
He tells me, my dear Gertrude, he hath found 30
The head and source of all your son's distemper.
…
[Re-enter Polonius]
POLONIUS: You know sometimes he walks four hours together
Here in the lobby.
GERTRUDE: So he does, indeed. 35
POLONIUS: At such a time I'll loose my daughter to him.
Be you and I behind an arras then.
Mark the encounter.
[Act 2, Scene 2]

Questions

1.1 Refer to lines 1–4: 'But we both …To be commanded.' Explain what has prompted Claudius and Gertrude to send for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. (3)

1.2 Refer to line 8: 'My too much changéd son.' Account for the change that has come upon Hamlet. (3)

1.3 Refer to lines 18–20: 'Assure you, … my gracious king'. Discuss how this statement is typical of Polonius's character. (3)

1.4 Refer to line 36: 'At such a time I'll loose my daughter to him.' Based on your knowledge of the play as a whole, comment on the role Ophelia plays in
influencing Hamlet's attitude toward women. (3)

1.5 Refer to lines 10–11: 'Heavens make our … helpful to him!' Comment on the irony of Guildenstern's words in the above lines. (3)
AND

EXTRACT B

CLAUDIUS: O, my offence is rank, it smells to heaven;

It hath the primal eldest curse upon't,
A brother's murder! Pray can I not,
Though inclination be as sharp as will.
My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent. 5
…
Enter Hamlet and pauses, seeing the King
HAMLET: (Approaches the entry to the lobby) Now might I do it pat, now he is
a-praying –
And now I'll do't (He draws his sword) and so he goes to heaven,
And so am I revenged. That would be scanned. 10
A villain kills my father, and for that
I his sole son do this same villain send
To heaven.
Why, this is bait and salary, not revenge.
He took my father grossly, full of bread, 15
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May,
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven?
But in our circumstance and course of thought,
'Tis heavy with him. And am I then revenged
To take him in the purging of his soul, 20
When he is fit and seasoned for his passage?
No.
He sheathes his sword
Up, sword, and know thou a more horrid hent,
When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage,
Or in th'incestuous pleasure of his bed, 25
At game, a-swearing, or about some act
That has no relish of salvation in't,
Then trip him that his heels may kick at heaven,
And that his soul may be as damned and black
As hell whereto it goes. My mother stays. 30
This physic but prolongs thy sickly days.
Off
CLAUDIUS: (Rises) My words fly up, my thoughts remain below.
Words without thoughts never to heaven go.
[Act 3, Scene 3]

1.6 Refer to line 3: 'Pray can I not'. Account for Claudius's inability to pray for forgiveness. (3)

1.7 Refer to Hamlet's words and the stage directions in lines 7–9: '(Approaches the entry … draws his sword)'.
If you were the director of a production of Hamlet, how would you instruct the actor to deliver these lines? Pay specific attention to body language
and tone. Motivate your instructions. (3)

1.8 Hamlet's hesitation in taking revenge is a sign of cowardice. Critically comment on the extent to which you agree with this statement. (4)
QUESTION 11: HAMLET – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION

1.1 Hamlet has been behaving strangely and this has led to the summoning of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two of Hamlet's school friends, to Elsinore.
The King and Queen seem to be concerned about his wellbeing and hope that his friends will discover the cause of his behaviour and that their presence
might lift his spirits.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)

1.2 Hamlet is grieving over the death of his father and he has fallen into a state of depression. His uncle, Claudius, whom he detests, has been crowned the
new king of Denmark, despite the fact that Hamlet is heir to the throne. He is shocked to discover that Claudius has also married Hamlet's mother very soon
after his father's death. Hamlet suspects foul play and feigns madness as a means of corroborating the Ghost's allegations.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)

1.3 Polonius's self-serving behaviour is evident here. He is intent on ingratiating himself with Claudius. He is unscrupulous and, by supporting Claudius's
kingship, has secured the position as Claudius's chief councillor. His belief in his superior intellect leads to his making unfounded assumptions regarding the
reason for Hamlet's behaviour. In order to advance his own prospects, he does not hesitate to use his daughter as bait in order to spy on Hamlet for the
King. His spying on the conversation between Gertrude and Hamlet later in the play is also an attempt to help Claudius.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)

1.4 Ophelia is unwittingly used by her father and Claudius to discover Hamlet's secrets. Hamlet's view of women as liars and deceivers is reinforced by
Ophelia's lying to him about her father's whereabouts; he is aware that Polonius is eavesdropping on their conversation. Gertrude's betrayal of Hamlet's
father and himself has already caused him to mistrust women, and Ophelia's actions reinforce his poor opinion of them. Candidates might refer to Hamlet's
attitude toward women as being more complex and more sympathetic; his uncertainty about Ophelia might support this assertion.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)

1.5 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Hamlet's friends and should show care, support and loyalty. They are expected to protect him from harm. In these
lines, Guildenstern pledges that they will do all in their power to help Hamlet. However, they readily accede to being exploited by Claudius to spy on
Hamlet, with the expectation of a reward. Later in the play they agree to Claudius's desire to exile Hamlet from Denmark. This betrayal almost leads to
Hamlet's death. 'Practices' is ambiguous – it could connote manipulative, dishonest behaviour.

[Award 3 marks only if irony is fully discussed.] (3)

1.6 Although Claudius acknowledges the depth and severity of his crime and wrestles with his conscience, his attempts to pray for forgiveness for the
murder of his brother are unsuccessful because he cannot bring himself to be truly repentant. His greed for power and his reluctance to give up his queen
and throne overcome any desire to be truly remorseful, even though he understands that he might spend eternity in hell.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)

1.7 Hamlet might creep up stealthily behind Claudius, his hand ready to draw his sword or he might stand behind the kneeling Claudius and look down at
him. Hamlet's tone might be eager/satisfied/determined. Hamlet's suspicions of Claudius's guilt have been confirmed and there is no longer any reason for
him to delay avenging his father's murder. He finally has the opportunity to kill the man whom he detests so intensely.

[Accept valid alternative responses.]

[The candidate's response should be convincing in context.]

[Award 3 marks only if the candidate discusses both body language and tone and includes a justification.] (3)

1.8 AGREE

Hamlet's procrastination is simply a way of avoiding taking action. Although he now has proof of Claudius's guilt and realises that his vengeance is justified,
his reasons for not acting are simply excuses that might be seen as evidence of his cowardice. The time and opportunity have provided themselves, yet he is
not brave enough to take advantage of these and confront Claudius. His indecisiveness paralyses him and he postpones his revenge. Hamlet himself
questions his bravery when he compares himself to Fortinbras and Laertes. OR

DISAGREE

Rather than being a coward, Hamlet is an intellectual. He is a rational thinker and does not want to be impulsive. Initially, Hamlet delays taking revenge
because he needs to verify the ghost's accusations. It is Hamlet's sensitivity that causes him to delay avenging his father's death. His theological beliefs,
moral fortitude and restraint prevent him from killing Claudius while he is at prayer. Furthermore, in Hamlet's desire for revenge, he wants Claudius to
suffer the same torments of hell to which Claudius has condemned his father by not allowing King Hamlet to confess his sins or find salvation. Hamlet's
hesitation is justifiable and not a sign of cowardice.

[Accept valid alternative/mixed responses.]

[Award 4 marks for any three ideas well discussed OR four ideas.] [25]
QUESTION 2: HAMLET – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION

Read the extracts below and then answer the questions that follow.

EXTRACT C

CLAUDIUS: But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son–

HAMLET: A little more than kin, and less than kind.
CLAUDIUS: How is it that the clouds still hang on you?
HAMLET: Not so, my lord, I am too much i'th' sun.
GERTRUDE: Good Hamlet, cast thy nightly colour off,5
And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark.
Do not for ever with thy vailèd lids
Seek for thy noble father in the dust.
Thou know'st 'tis common–all that lives must die,
Passing through nature to eternity. 10
HAMLET: Ay, madam, it is common.
GERTRUDE: If it be,
Why seems it so particular with thee?
HAMLET: Seems, madam? Nay, it is. I know not 'seems'.
'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, 15
Nor customary suits of solemn black,
Nor windy suspiration of forced breath
No, nor the fruitful river in the eye
Nor the dejected haviour of the visage,
Together with all forms, moods, shows of grief 20
That can denote me truly. These indeed 'seem',
For they are actions that a man might play;
But I have that within which passeth show–
These but the trappings and the suits of woe.
CLAUDIUS: 'Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet,
To give these mourning duties to your father; 25
But you must know your father lost a father;
That father lost, lost his; and the survivor bound
In filial obligation for some term
To do obsequious sorrow. But to persever 30
In obstinate condolement is a course
Of impious stubbornness, 'tis unmanly grief,
It shows a will most incorrect to heaven,
A heart unfortified, a mind impatient,
An understanding simple and unschooled.
21.1 Refer to line 2: 'A little more than kin, and less than kind.' Account for Hamlet's reaction to Claudius's greeting. (3)

2.2 Refer to lines 5–10: 'Good Hamlet, cast … nature to eternity.' Suggest what motivates Gertrude to utter these words in the above lines. (3)

2.3 Refer to lines 30–32: 'But to persever … 'tis unmanly grief'. In the light of later events, comment on whether Claudius is being sincere. (3)

2.4 Refer to line 33: 'It shows a will most incorrect to heaven'. Discuss the irony in this line in the context of the play. (3)

AND

EXTRACT D

HAMLET: (to GERTRUDE) Madam, how like you this play?

GERTRUDE: The lady protests too much, methinks.
HAMLET:O, but she'll keep her word.
CLAUDIUS: Have you heard the argument? Is there no
offence in't? 5
HAMLET: No, no, they do but jest, poison in jest. No
offence i'th' world.
CLAUDIUS: What do you call the play?
HAMLET: The Mousetrap. Marry, how? Tropically. This
play is the image of a murder done in Vienna. Gonzago 10
is the Duke's name, his wife Baptista. You shall see
anon. 'Tis a knavish piece of work; but what o' that?
Your majesty, and we that have free souls, it touches us
not. Let the galled jade wince, our withers are unwrung.
Enter PLAYER LUCIANUS
This is one Lucianus, nephew to the King. 15
…
HAMLET: (To LUCIANUS)
Begin, murderer. Pox, leave thy damnable faces and
begin. Come: 'the croaking raven doth bellow for
revenge'. 20
PLAYER LUCIANUS: Thoughts black, hands apt, drugs fit,
and time agreeing,
Confederate season, else no creature seeing;
Thou mixture rank of midnight weeds collected,
With Hecate's ban thrice blasted, thrice infected,
Thy natural magic and dire property 25
On wholesome life usurp immediately.
He pours the poison in the PLAYER KING'S ear
HAMLET: He poisons him i'th' garden for's estate. His
name's Gonzago. The story is extant, and writ in choice
Italian. You shall see anon how the murderer gets the 30
love of Gonzago's wife.
OPHELIA: The King rises.
HAMLET: What, frighted with false fire?
GERTRUDE:(to CLAUDIUS) How fares my lord?
POLONIUS: Give o'er the play.
CLAUDIUS: Give me some light. Away. 35

2.5 Refer to lines 4–5: 'Have you heard … no/offence in't?' Account for Claudius's question. (3)
2.6 Discuss the significance of Hamlet's choice of play, The Mousetrap (line 9). (3)

2.7 Refer to lines 17–20: '(To LUCIANUS)/Begin, murderer. … bellow for/ revenge.'

If you were the director of a production of Hamlet, how would you instruct the actor to deliver these lines?
Pay specific attention to body language and tone. Motivate your instructions. (3)

2.8 Hamlet resorts to deception to serve his own interests. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your response. (4)
QUESTION 21: HAMLET – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION

2.1 Hamlet is being disrespectful toward Claudius. He is resentful of Claudius's calling him 'my son' because he feels that Claudius has no right to usurp his
father's role. He disapproves of Claudius's marriage to his mother. He is indignant and tries to distance himself from Claudius's familiarity.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)

2.2 Gertrude displays motherly concern for Hamlet's well-being. She wants him to come to terms with his father's death. She is distressed by the animosity
Hamlet feels toward Claudius. She might also feel guilty for having contributed to his melancholic state of mind with her hasty marriage to Claudius and she
urges him to accept her marriage. She appears to be supportive of Claudius as he attempts to engage Hamlet.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)

2.3 Claudius is insincere. He appears to be concerned and attempts to persuade Hamlet that his behaviour, though understandable, is unreasonable. His
words are also patronising and merely an attempt to win Hamlet over. He also subtly insults Hamlet by referring to his grief as 'unmanly'. He sees Hamlet as
a threat and uses his words to undermine him. Later Claudius has Hamlet spied upon and plots his death.

[It is unlikely that candidates will consider Claudius's advice as sincere.

However, treat all responses on their merits.]

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)

2.4 Claudius is saying that Hamlet's excessive mourning is against the will of heaven. However, Claudius's murder of his brother and marriage to his
brother's wife are far greater sins against heaven. The murder violates the divine right of kings and the marriage would have been regarded as incestuous.
His immoral plots to murder Hamlet are also 'incorrect to heaven'.

[Award 3 marks only if irony is well discussed.] (3)

2.5 Claudius is starting to become suspicious that the play is directed at him as he suspects that Hamlet is aware that he has murdered King Hamlet. He is
concerned that his evil deeds might be exposed.
2.6 The plot of The Mousetrap closely resembles King Hamlet's murder. Its title suggests entrapment. Hamlet intends to use the play to trap Claudius into
revealing his guilt. Hamlet is not prepared to act against Claudius until he has conclusive proof. His strategy is effective because, as he summarises the plot,
Claudius acts in a guilty manner.

[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)

2.7 Hamlet might clap his hands/rap on his chair/stand up and gesture to indicate to Lucianus to begin without further delay. His tone might be
impatient/frustrated/demanding as he is eager for the play to begin and his suspicions about Claudius to be confirmed. He is excited as he is sure that
Claudius will reveal his guilt.

[Accept valid alternative responses.]

[The candidate's response should be convincing in context.] [Award 3 marks only if the candidate refers to body language and tone and includes a
justification.] (3)

2.8 AGREE

Hamlet's deception might be considered to be motivated by self-interest as he has been denied his rightful position as king. His intense hatred of Claudius
provokes him to seek retribution. He feels betrayed by Gertrude's marriage and his feigned madness is a means of hurting her. Initially, his deception of
Ophelia is part of his plan to maintain the façade of madness. However, he feels betrayed when he realises that she has become an instrument of Claudius's
machinations, and his cruel rejection of her is purely selfish. OR

DISAGREE

Although Hamlet is desperate to avenge his father's murder and uses deception to confirm his suspicions of Claudius's guilt, his reasons for doing so are
more altruistic than selfish. Hamlet is motivated by his concern that Denmark has become 'rotten' under Claudius's reign and is determined to restore his
father's legacy. He is concerned about the salvation of his father's eternal soul as his father died without receiving absolution.

[Candidates may make reference to other examples.][Accept valid alternative/mixed responses.][Award 4 marks for any three ideas well discussed OR any
four distinct Ideas.] (4)