GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,

SOLAPUR

MAHARASHTRA BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by:
Nagesh Virendra Lagshetti Roll No:73
Sunil Shivanna Umadi Roll No:84
Vishal Prashant Loni Roll No:86

In Partial Fulfilment of the Fifth Semester

OF
Diploma in Engineering and Technology

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
In
Elements of Machine Design

Academic Year 2024-2025

Under the guidance of

Ms. Neha Kharade

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 INDEX

SR. NO PARTICULARS

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. CARBON TOOL STEEI

4. HIGH SPEED STEEL

5. CEMENTED CARBIDE TOOL

6. CERAMICS

7. DIAMOND

8. REFERENCE

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 Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Ms’ Neha Kharade, our lecturer, for his consistent advice in helping
us complete our micro-project effectively and on schedule. We also appreciate all of the
group members that improved their own ideas in order to aid or support our endeavour.
We managed to stay motivated while finishing our project thanks to the passionate support
and environment. The use of technology has been quite beneficial in terms of finishing this
project.

We also want to express our gratitude to the principal, who has served as a source of
inspiration and encouragement.

Finally, we are also thankful to our Mechanical Department who has always been
supportive whenever we needed help and we also thank our classmates who have helped
us.

Thank you!

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 INTRODUCTION

There are many types of cutting process done in different

conditions. In such conditions along with the general
requirements of the cutting tool, they need some unique
properties. To Achieve this property the cutting tools are made
up of different material. The material chosen for a particular
application depends on the material to be machines, types of
machining quantity and quantity of product.

According to the material used the tools

are classified into:-
[Link] tool steel
[Link] speed steel tool (HSS)
[Link] carbide
[Link] tool
[Link] boron nitride Tool (CBN)
[Link] tool

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Carbon tool steel

Carbon tool steel is one of the inexpensive metal cutting tools

used for the low-speed machining operation. These plain
carbon steel cutting tool have the composition of 0.6-1.5%
carbon and very small amount of (less than 0.5 %) Mn, Si.
Other metal like Cr, V are added to change the hardness and
grain size. High carbon steels are abrasion resistant and have
the ability to maintain sharp cutting edge. Carbon tool steels
possess good machinability. This material loses their hardness
rapidly at a temperature about 250°C. Therefore, it can’t use
high-temperature application. It does not prefer in a modern
machining operation.

Carbon steel tool is used in twist drills, milling tools, turning

and forming tools, used for material such as brass, aluminium
magnesium, etc.
Temperature- 450°c
Hardness- upto HRC 65

High speed steel :-

This is a high carbon steel with a significant amount of alloying
element, such as tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, etc. to
improve hardenability, toughness and wear resistance. It gives
a higher metal removal rate. It loses its hardness at a moderate
temperature about 650°[Link], a coolant should be used
to increase tool life. It can use many times by re-sharpening.

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Some surface treatment is done on the HSS to improve its
property.

To Find out the effect of alloying material in steel.

Surface treatment used in the HSS

Super finishing - Reduce friction
Nitriding - Increase wear resistance
Chromium electroplating - Reduce fricon
Oxidation - Reduce friction
High-speed steel tools are used in drills, milling cutters, single
point lathe tools, brooches.

Cutting speed range - 30-50 m/min

Temperature - 650°C
Hardness – up to HRC 67
T-Type- tungsten predominant type
M-Type-Molybdenum predominant type

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Cemented Carbide tool :-
The cemented carbide cutting tool is produced by powder
metallurgy technique. It consists of tungsten, tantalum and
titanium carbide with cobalt as a binder (when the binder is
nickel molybdenum,then it is called cermet). Cemented carbide
tools are extremely hard; they can withstand very high-speed
cutting operation. Carbide tool does not lose their hardness up
to 1000° C. A high cobalt tool is used for a rough cut while low
cobalt tool used for finishing operations.

Cung speed range - 60-200m/min

Temperature - 1000°c

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Hardness-upto HRC 90

Ceramics:-
Most common ceramic materials are aluminium oxide and
silicon nitride. Powder of ceramic material Compacted in insert
shape, then sintered at high temperature. Ceramic tools are
chemically inert and possess resistance to corrosion. They have
high compressive strength.
They Are stable up to temperature 1800°C. They are ten times
faster than HSS. The friction between the tool face and chip are
very low and possess low heat conductivity, usually no coolant
is required. They provide very excellent surface finish.

Cutting speed :300-600m/min

Temperature-1200°c

Hardness-upto HRC 93

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1) Cubic boron nitride (CBN):-
It is the second hardest material after diamond. They are
generally used in hand machines. They offer high resistance to
abrasion and use as an abrasive in grinding wheels. Sharp
edges are not recommended.

Speed 600-800m

Hardness-higher than HRC 95

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2) Diamond:-
It is the hardest material known and it is also expensive. It
possesses very high thermal conductivity and melting point.
Diamond oers excellent abrasion resistance, low friconcoecient
and low thermal expansion. It is used in machining very hard
material such as carbides, nitrides, glass, etc. Diamond tools
give a good surface finish and dimensional [Link] are
not recommended for machining steel.

Hot hardness of cung tool material.

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Properties of cutting tool
material:
 The various properties of cutting tool materials:

Hot Hardness: The cutting tool is able to withstand

high temperature during the machining without any losses
its cutting edge. So the tools or maintained it hardness at
high temperature. The hardness of tool must be higher than
workpiece. The additional material added to tool for improve
hardness. The material of aluminium, tungsten, molybdenum
and vanadium.

Wear resistance: It is the tool ability of resist the

wearing. The fricon due to contact between tools and work
materials during the machining operation. In this reason wear
in the tool. If tool not having the sufficient amount of wear
resistance, so it will be fail quickly. That give poor surface finish
of work material. So the additional of Cobalt material added in
the tool combination to increase the wear resistance property.

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Toughness:
It is a combination properties of strength and ductility. The tool
should be having sufficient toughness withstand the shock and
vibration. If the tool having sufficient amount of toughness,the
ne edge of cung tool does not break down or chip formation.
When the cung tool suddenly loaded together, this types of
property limit with the hardness in the tool. The high hardness
of tool will be brittle and weak in tensile load. For adding
additional of molybdenum and Nickel in tool material to
improve the toughness.

Low friction:
For generally, the coefficient of friction between workpiece and
tool must be a lower. So the lower friction reduce the heating
and wearing in the tool material.

Tool cost:
The tool material must be important for economical in mass of
production. It should be easily manufactured from the material
combination. Above properties addition to the tool material to
get the following properties.

Thermal conductivity will be high:-

Easily to grind and sharping operation.
Resistance to thermal shocking.

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 Reference:

[Link] amond-hand-tool-
[Link] [Link]
nted_carbide

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