Discourse Analysis Discourse analysis examines patterns of language acro: and considers the relationship b een lang and cultural contexts in which it is used. Dis: considers the ways that the use of language 5 views of the world and different unders how the use of language is influenced by r Participants as well as the effects the use of social ider aha e: WEEE, sents different ndings. It « las UPON PM Eee la tnt] s and relations. It also considers world, and identities, are constructed through the discourse.Relationship b/w Language & context 1. Context is the key through language makes sense. @ Without proper understanding of conte: Wiel levers Urs] Eis Lie aaron eC Lgl| 3. Context plays vital role in understanding spoken as well as written rae terel et} Puts eee acu eerie Ce ilo M llc is ole ie ial aay multiple contexts and situations. 5. Ifyou are unaware of the culture-and context of the writer or sp then you are most unlikely to understand what is being said or wnttenExample + If, for example, an air traffic controller says to a pilot The runway 1s full at the moment, this most likely means it is not possible to land the plane. with me-to pick someone up from the airport, this is now an Crum acer cecal tutta Re acts this) and not an instruction to not land the plane eM eS laa lech Arai t uat lula Co Me(UueMalemie eismethod of studying how people se language in different situations to understand what they really mean and what messages they are sending, I helps us understand how language is ured to create social relationships and cultural arms => Types of Discourse Analysis Conversation Analysis tical discourse Analysis (CDA) Paycho=> Cohesion Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical connections that make a text or dialogue hang together, it involves the wie of cohesive devices such as pronours, conjunctions, lenical repetition, and referencing. refers to the grammatical and lexical devices used to create those connections between sentences “Ali Loves Hockey. He is the good player of this game” "Vows plrza, my favorite color is blue, t need to buy same groceries." penis nies er once bought a Lincoln convertible suiving every penmfRgjcould preth afore comndar tea ta help pay for my-coliege FIEStion, Sometimes | think I'd Sock convertible, = Coherence Coherence, on the other hand, refers to the overall sense and logical organization of text. It wolves presenting ideas, events, or arguments in a clear and understandable manner, allowing readers to make sense of the information presented. “Whowe dogs, The weather is really nice today. | think Fil go for # swim later,=> Example of Coherence: ‘1 woke up early in the morning and decided to-go for a jogging. As! stepped outside, | noticed dark clouds gathering in the sky. The wind started to blow, and soon it began to: fain heavily, | hurried back home and enjoyed a hot cup of tea while listening to the ssothing sound of raindrops.” Speech Events Speech events involve nat anly the words and utterances used but also the nonverbal cues, gestures, and contextual factors that contribute to the overall meaning and ication, effectiveness of the co They can include formal events such as lectures, presentations, and ceremonies, as well 15 informal events such as conversations, Interviews, and debates. Examptes of speech events include & job interview, # courtroom trial, 4 radio interview, a classroom lecture, a political rally, or a casual conversation between friends.=? Conversation Analysis Turrvtaking in conversational analysts relers to the process by which participants ina conversation alternate in taking speaking turns. Winvolves the management and coordination of speaking apportunities, allowing each participant to contribute to the conversation in an orderly and balanced manner Example of Turn-taking: Let's consider a conversation between two friends, Alice and Bob, discussing their plans for the weekend: Alice; “Hey Bob, have you made any plans for the weekend?* Bob: "Not yet. I was thinking of going hiking. How about you?* Alice: “Hiking sounds great! I've been wanting to explore a new trail nearby. Cant join your" Bob: “Sure, that would be awesome! We can meet at the trailhead around 9 amon Saturday.” ‘Alice; "Perfect! (ll bring same snacks and water, Should we invite Sarah toa?” Bab: “Absolutely, the mare, the merrier! Let's invite her and see if she's interested.”> Cooperative Pi iple + The Cooperative Principle is @ concept which outlines the hesie principles that govern effective communication in conversation. wal Grice in his work “Logic and + Grice propos vant Maxim of Quality Maxim of Relevance maxim sugge wnt of information red for the conversation, neither Example: aw ak 2:00,¥ Maxim of Quality: This maxim states that speakers should provide truthful and accurate Information, avoiding falsehoods or unsupperted claims Example: A: “Did you enjoy the movie? &: "Yes, | found it entertaining and well-acted.” Maxim of Relevance: This maxim suggests that speakers should provide information that ls relevant te the current topic or the angaing conversation. Example: A: "Hota was your vacation?” B: “it was fantastic! The beach was beautiful, and the weather was perfect.” In this example, Persan 8 adheres to the maxim by sharing information directly related to the vacation ¥ Maxim of Manner: This maxim relates to the manner in which speakers should communicate, it encourages clarity, coherence, and avoiding ambiguity or obscurity. Example: A: “Can yau please explain how to solve this math problern?* 8: “Sure, first, you multiply the two numbers, then divide by the sum of the factors, and finally subtract the initial valve, eeExamples of Hedges: think” ar "I bebewe" Used to express personal opinions while acknowledging the possibility of other perspectives or differing views. Example: "I think we should consider a different approach to salve this problem.” “Perhaps” of "Maybe": These hedges introduce a sense of uncertainty or possibility, allowing for alternative interpretations or outcomes. Example: “Maybe we should try a diferent strategy and see if it yields better results." “To some extent” of "In some caves": These hedges qualify a statement by acknowledging that it may not be universally applicable but has certain limitations or exceptions Example: "To some extent, exercise can help improve overall health.”“its possible” of “There is a.chance*: = iroduce dl of potential or probability without making definitive claims or commitments. Example: "There is a chance we might experience delays due to the weather conditions,” A: "Lheard there's a new movie playing at the theater tonight.” B: “I'm busy tonight, unfortunately." Friend B intentionally violates the Maxim of fielevanceBackground Knowledge In Discourse Analysis, background knowledge refers to the information, telbets experiences, and cultural understanding that individuals bring to a conversation or text Exaile Alex: “Did you hear about the protest at City Mall? it was a real Boston Tea Party mament.” Sam: “Oh, vou mean they threw tea into the harbor?” Alex: "Na, not literally. | meant it was a symbalie act of resistance: [The Boston Tea Farty was # political protest that occurred on December 16, 1773, at Griffin's Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation." dumped 342 chests of te lmnpartied by the British East India Company into the harbor]=> Schemas and Scripts Schemas: © Schemas are mental frameworks or structures that represent organized knowledge about 2 particular concept, object, event. or situation, * Allow individuals to quickly process and interpret new Information based on their existing knowledge and expectations, Example af Schemas: A person's schema for a restaurant might include information about the typical layout, the presence of tables and chairs, waitstail, menus, and a general expectation of ordering, eating. and paying for a meal. Seripts: * Scripts are a type of schema that represent structured knowledge about a sequence of events OF actions typically observed in specific situations. Scripts often include social norms, rales, and typical behaviors associated with specific contexts. Example of Scripts: A seript for going tos movie theater might involve arriving at the theater, purchasing tickets, selecting seats, watching the movie, and then exiting the theater.Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or spoken language Rs Reete eee ee cM eee Rein elis tes Boat L Bl Reet elae When you do discourse analysis, you might focus on: Bee eee geo oe pet eo eee cre on SECC Ertan ce tec ce SE eee certo’Interpreting Discourse * We can even cope with texts, written in English, which we couldn't produce ourselves and which appear to break a lot of the rules of the English language. Yet we can build an interpretation. The following example, provided by Eric Nelson, is from an essay by a student learning English and contains all kinds of ‘errors, yet it can be understood,Interpreting Discourse * We can even cope with texts, written in English, which we couldn't produce ourselves and which appear to break a lot of the rules of the English language. Yet we can build an interpretation. The following example, provided by Eric Nelson, is from an essay by a student learning English and contains all kinds of errors, yet it can be understood.Cohesion Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or _ sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence. Ne) _ eeeExample My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it by saving every penny he could. That car would be worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to help pay for my college education, Sometimes | think ld rather have the convertible. ee _Coherence 1. the quality of being logical and consistent. a 2.the quality of forming a unified whole. 3.Coherence in linguistics is what makes a text semantically meaningful. It is especially dealt with in text linguistics.Example HER: That’s the telephone. HIM: I’m in the bath. HER: O.K.What is missing??? My father bought a Lincoln convertible. The car driven by the police was red. That color doesn’t suit her. She consists of three letters. However, a letter isn’t as fast as a telephone call. SSHow is it logical?? She makes a request of him to perform action. He states reason why he cannot comply with request. She undertakes to perform action.Speech Events In exploring what it is we know about taking part in conversation, or any other speech event (e.g. debate, interview, various types of discussions), we quickly realize that there is enormous variation in what people say and do in different circumstances. ue