Chapter 5

Tissues
Introduction to the Tissues
 Similar cells are arranged in that provide specific functions for
the body
 Cells of different tissues are structured differently, which leads to their differences
in function
 The tissues of the human body include 4 major types:
 : form protective coverings and function in secretion and
absorption
 : support soft parts and bind structures together
 : produce body movement
 : conduct impulses to control and coordinate body
activities

Epithelial Tissues
 :
 Widespread throughout the body
 Covers organs
 Lines body cavities and hollow organs
 Glands
 Has exposed to the outside or internally to an open space
 Anchored to a
 Made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material
 Generally lack blood vessels
 Readily divide
  Nourished by cells in underlying connective tissues
 Function
 Protection
 Secretion
 Absorption
 Excretion.
 Classification is by cell shape and the number of cell layers:
 Shapes



 Number of layers
 (1 layer)
 (2 or more layers)
Simple Squamous Epithelium
 Made up of a of thin, flattened cells
 Cells are packed together
 Cells have broad, thin nuclei
 Found in diffusion and filtration sites
 Exchange of gases in the of the lungs
 Lines vessels
 Body cavities
 It is also very
delicate, and can be
damaged easily

Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium
  Single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei
 Lines most
 Covers
 Lines ducts of some glands
 Function
 formation in the kidneys
 Glandular secretion
 When it lines tubules or ducts, free surface faces , the hollow
channel

Simple Columnar Epithelium

 Made up of one row of tall,
 Nonciliated
 Line the
 Where they underlying tissues, secrete digestive fluids,
and absorb nutrients
 Ciliated cells
 Cilia are long extensions from the free surfaces of certain cells
 Beat in a certain direction to move cells or mucus
 Found in the , and help move egg cells toward the uterus
 Some cells contain tiny microvilli (smaller than cilia) to
for absorption
 are scattered among the cells
  Secrete mucus onto the free surface of the tissue for lubrication or
protection

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

 The cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the
row of cells, but
 Cells vary in shape
 All cells reach membrane, but not all reach free surface
 Found in the passageways of the respiratory system
 the mucus traps and
 sweep them away from the airways

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

  Many layers of flattened cells that are designed to underlying
layers
 Cells divide in the layers, and push the older cells outward,
where they begin to flatten
 Makes up the outer layer of skin ( ) Epidermis

 Outer layers of cells undergo , producing a dry, water-

proof, protective layer, in which outer cells are dead
 Keratinization occur in areas in which tissues remain

 Oral cavity Esophagus Vagina Anal canal

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

 Consists of of cuboidal cells
 This tissue is found
 Several layers of cells provide than one single layer
 Lines ducts
 mammary glands
 sweat glands
  salivary glands
 Pancreas
 ovarian follicles
 seminiferous tubules

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

 Consists of several layers of cells
 Columnar cells on the , and cuboidal cells are found in the

 This type of tissue is

 Found in the male urethra and linings of large gland ducts
Transitional Epithelium
 Designed to (stretch) and return to its normal size, in response
to changing
 Found in the lining of the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters
 Functions as an , and prevents urine from diffusing back into
the internal environment

Glandular Epithelium
 Made up of cuboidal or columnar cells designed to produce and secrete
substances into ducts or into body fluids
 Glands that secrete products into ducts that open to a body surface are

 Classified by the ways the glands secrete their products

 Glands that secrete into body fluids or blood are
 Endocrine System

 Classification of Exocrine Glands
 glands are the most common type; they release fluid products by
exocytosis:
 Some are ; they produce a watery fluid, sometimes with high
enzyme concentration
 Others are ; they produce a thicker, protective substance
(mucus)
 Examples are the pancreas, salivary glands, and sweat glands

(a) Merocrine gland

 pinch off a portion of their cell

bodies during secretion; mammary glands

release entire cells that
disintegrate to release their
secretions; sebaceous (oil)
glands (b) Apocrine gland

(c) Holocrine
gland
Connective Tissues
 Connective tissues bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store
fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, and help repair tissue damage
 Cells are far apart from each other
 Abundance of , or intercellular material
 Composed of protein and
 Most connective tissues can
 Most have a supply (except cartilage)

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue

Categories of connective tissue cells:
 : stay in a tissue for a long time
 :can move through tissues in
response to infection or injury; stay in a tissue
temporarily
  : most common fixed cell type; a large, star-shaped cell that
secretes fibers

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue

 : large,
 : fixed cells, located near blood
Function as phagocytes; defend against vessels; release heparin
(anticoagulant) and histamine
infection and foreign particles
(promotes inflammation)
Connective Tissue Fibers
Categories of Connective Tissue
 Connective tissue proper

 connective tissue

 Areolar tissue

 Adipose tissue

 Reticular connective tissue

 connective tissue

 connective tissue

 Cartilage

 Bone

 Blood

Loose Connective Tissue


  Forms thin, delicate membranes

 Main cell type is ;

 Matrix consists of a gel-like ground substance with collagen and reticular fibers

 Examples

 Binds skin to underlying tissues

 Under most epithelial layers

 Between muscles

Adipose tissue
 Contains

 which store fat in

cytoplasm

 Functions

 Cushions joints & organs

 Stores energy

 Insulates body

 Found under skin

 Between muscles

 Around kidneys

 Around abdominal membranes

 Behind eyeballs

Reticular connective tissue

 Contains thin,

 Fibers form a 3-dimensional network

  Forms a framework for
certain internal organs

 Liver

 Spleen

Dense Connective Tissue

 Consists of densely packed and a network of fibers

 It does not have many cells, but most are

 Fibers are very strong, so the tissue can withstand forces

 Has a blood supply, so heals slowly

 Found in

 Tendons

 Ligaments

 White layer of the eyeball

( )
Special Connective Tissue

 A connective tissue

 Provides a supportive framework for various structures

 Protects underlying tissues

 Makes models for developing bones

 It lacks a vascular system

 Heals slowly

 ( ) lie within (chambers) in the

matrix

 Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within a connective tissue covering called

the

3 Types of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
 The type of
cartilage

 Contains fine collagen fibers

in matrix

 Appears glassy

 Found on the of
bones

 Important in embryonic development of many bones and bone growth

Elastic cartilage
 Contains elastic fibers in

 Provides framework for the external ears and parts of the larynx

Fibrocartilage
 Tough tissue containing many collagenous fibers

 Good

 Found in intervertebral discs, knees

and pelvic girdle

Special Connective Tissue

Bone
  The most rigid connective tissue, due to presence of mineral salts (
) and collagen within the matrix

 Bone supports and protects many body structures in cranial & thoracic cavities

 Forms sites for attachments

 Site for blood cell formation (bone marrow)

 Stores and releases chemicals, such as

 Bone has a good blood supply, enabling rapid recovery after an injury

Blood
 Transports substances between interior cells and cells that exchange nutrients,
gases, and wastes with the environment

 Blood is composed of suspended in a liquid matrix

called

 The formed elements include to carry oxygen,

for protection against infection, and for blood
clotting

Muscle
Tissues
General characteristics of
 , have the ability to contract and shorten to provide
movement

 3 types of muscle tissue

 

 40% of body weight is skeletal muscle

 10% is smooth and cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle tissue

 Makes up muscles that attach to

 Voluntary control

 The cells ( ) are long and cylindrical, striated (have a striped

appearance), have many nuclei

 Contract only when stimulated by nerve cells (neurons)

Smooth muscle tissue

 Found in the organs

 Digestive tract

 Blood vessels

 Urinary bladder

 Lack

 Cells are spindle-shaped, with 1 central nucleus

  contro

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

 Found only in the

 Consists of (fibers)/networks

 Each with a single nucleus

 Cells are connected to each other with

 Special gap junctions that send impulses from cell to cell

 control

 Striated

Muscle Tissue Summary

Nervous Tissues
 Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

 , or nerve cells

 Respond to stimuli or changes

 Generate and conduct to other neurons, muscles,

and glands

 Neurons have unique cellular processes (extensions)

 Dendrites

 Axons

 Coordinate and regulate body functions

 are cells that support, nourish, and communicate with neurons, but
do not conduct impulses