p-ISSN: 0972-6268

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology (Print copies up to 2016)

2024
An International Quarterly Scientific Journal Vol. 23 No. 1 pp. 485-490
e-ISSN: 2395-3454

Original Research Paper [Link]

Original Research Paper Open Access Journal

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Climate Change Among Rice Farmers in

Central Luzon, Philippines
E. N. Farin† , R. R. Sazon , R. A. Sazon , D. V. Rogayan Jr. , K. B. Manglicmot , S. G. Mendoza and
E. M. Cabal
President Ramon Magsaysay State University, Iba, Zambales, Philippines
†Corresponding author: E.N. Farin; Elizabeth_farin@[Link]

ABSTRACT
Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech.
Website: [Link] The Philippines has been listed as the topmost affected country by climate change. One
of the sectors affected by this climatic change is the agricultural sector. This study aimed
Received: 24-05-2023 to document the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) on climate change among
Revised: 05-07-2023 rice farmers as a baseline study in disseminating the practices on disaster risk reduction
Accepted: 06-07-2023 management to rice farmers in Central Luzon to reduce risks and improve the rice yield
Key Words: and income of rice farmers. A total of 969 respondents were randomly sampled from the
Disaster risks seven provinces of Central Luzon. A survey questionnaire and an unstructured questionnaire
Rice farmers were used as instruments in gathering the needed data. Descriptive and thematic analysis
Knowledge were used in analyzing the data. Results revealed that rice farmers are knowledgeable and
Attitude have favorable attitudes toward the impact of climate change on farming. They sometimes
Climate change practice climate-smart agricultural practices. Generally, the farmers are affected by weather
and climatic conditions as well as the hazards that cause a reduction in rice yield. Climate
change has affected farmers in their social well-being, economic aspect, and rice production.
In terms of climate change disaster adaptation measures, the farmers sometimes adopt
measures in terms of flood and drought and seldom adopt measures in typhoons, erosion,
and volcanic eruptions. The study recommends the conduct of capability training on disaster
risk reduction in rice production (such as early planting and planting of high-yielding varieties)
based on the specific needs of each province.

INTRODUCTION typhoon Yolanda or Haiyan. The devastation from that

typhoon propelled the country to the top of the list of the
The Global Climate Risk Index 2020 listed the Philippines most vulnerable countries to climate change based on the
as the topmost affected country by climate change, using annual Global Climate Risk Index of Germanwatch (Ranada
2018 data. Since the Philippines is an archipelago lying in 2015). Central Luzon and Bicol Regions are two of the most
the western Pacific Ocean, it is surrounded by naturally warm disaster-prone areas in the country due to their geophysical
waters that will likely get even warmer as the average sea location. The natural hazards in Central Luzon, mainly
surface temperatures continue to rise. Jabines & Inventor storms and floods, put the lives of vulnerable households at
(2007) likewise considered the country as one of the climate risk. Four of the 7 provinces of Central Luzon – Pampanga,
hotspots due to its geographical location and low level of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Bulacan are among the top 10
economic development, further aggravated by its people’s provinces which are highly susceptible to flooding (Mines
poor access to resources. & Geosciences Bureau 2015).
Climate change and, in particular, increasing surface Agriculture played a very important role in providing
temperature, rising sea levels, and increased precipitation about 30% of employment and 10% of the country’s gross
will cause significant changes in the lives of people in the domestic product (GDP) in 2013. Natural calamities and the
forthcoming years (Celik 2020, Ebi & Hess 2020, Griggs & changing climate have affected crop and livestock production
Reguero 2021). Drastic changes in temperature and rainfall in the country, causing economic loss and food insecurity
levels are predicted. Droughts will be more intense and (Hidrobo et al. 2014). Flora (2018) reported that “agriculture
frequent, as well as typhoons and, consequently, flooding is the most affected sector in the country in terms of the
and landslides. The country has experienced the world’s effects of climate change, according to Chief Legal Counsel
strongest storm to make landfall in Philippine history, of the Climate Change Commission Efren Basco. The
486 E. N. Farin et al.

country faced the biggest challenge in the agriculture sector management to rice farmers in Central Luzon to reduce risks
when typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Super Typhoon and improve the rice yield and income of rice farmers. The
Yolanda) devastated the country in 2013, destroying around study specifically identified the impact of natural disasters
P17,321,150,996.38, which is considered the biggest in the on the socio-cultural and economic conditions of the rice
country’s history. farming community and the farmers’ coping mechanisms
Central Luzon, the rice granary of the Philippines, is not and adaptive practices.
spared from the damage brought about by typhoons. Central
Luzon accounts for 14-15% of the total rice production in the MATERIALS AND METHODS
country (Flora 2018). According to Suarez (2013), Central Study Design
Luzon rice production areas were damaged by several
typhoons. In 2015, the total damaged rice production area due The descriptive method of research was employed in the
to several typhoons, including the most destructive Lando, study. Descriptive research is characterized by the objective
was 51,398.6 hectares, and the province of Pampanga was description and systematic analysis of phenomena without
the worst hit with 26,514 hectares. In 2015, Typhoon Lando manipulating variables. It aims to provide a comprehensive
damaged at least P5 billion worth of crops in Central Luzon. and accurate portrayal of the characteristics, behaviors, or
In 2016, the total recorded damage was 7,081.54 hectares. conditions under investigation.
Pampanga had the highest damage in terms of production
areas. In 2018, a total of 174,468 hectares were damaged Study Population Size and Location
by 6 typhoons, Ompong was the most damaging, and Nueva Table 1 presents the distribution of the respondents by
Ecija was the most affected, with more than 93,000 hectares province.
of rice affected. However, the region recorded a damage of
As gleaned from the table, most of the respondents came
at least P5B worth of crops in 2015 due to typhoon Lando,
from Tarlac (26.21%), followed by Zambales (19.20%) and
and this was compounded by the damage in rice crops due to
Aurora (15.58%). Other respondents came from Pampanga,
flooding brought by typhoon Nona before the end of 2015 and
Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Bataan. A total of 969 rice farmers
by typhoon Nina in 2016, wherein Nueva Ecija is the hardest
took part in the study.
hit. In the province of Zambales, the onslaught of typhoon
Lando in Sta. Cruz alone caused P500 M losses in food, rice, The data was collected in the seven provinces of Central
mango, and fish production. Aside from typhoons, drought Luzon through random sampling. Random sampling
also affected rice production. In 2016, 10 441.48 hectares involves selecting participants from the population in such
were damaged, with a total loss of more than Php589M in a way that each individual has an equal chance of being
rice production. chosen. Central Luzon is the highest rice-producing region
in the Philippines. Fig. 1 shows the location of the study
Since the state of the farmers is mostly affected by
where data were collected.
changing climate, particularly the rising temperature and
fluctuations in precipitation (changing intensity and duration Data Collection Method
of rainfall) resulting in hazards, the promotion of disaster risk
reduction management to the rice farmers in Central Luzon The triangulation method was used in which the information
is deemed necessary. was generated through Focus Group Discussion (FGD)/
Key Informant Interview (KII), Face-to-face interview, and
The findings of this study will be used as benchmark
the use of secondary data. The unstructured questionnaire
information for the identification of priority areas for action
and as a guide for the development of a regional adaptation Table 1: Frequency distribution of the respondents.
program. This could also pave the way to the development Provinces F %
of a strong institutional mechanism with enabling policies to Aurora 151 15.58
ensure that the rice farming communities and their practices
Bataan 94 9.70
are resilient and sustainable so as to cope with the impacts
Bulacan 68 7.02
of the changing climate.
Nueva Ecija 86 8.88
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Pampanga 130 13.42
Tarlac 254 26.21
Generally, this research aimed to ascertain the rice farmers’
Zambales 186 19.20
knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) on climate
change as a basis for promoting disaster risk reduction Total 969 100.0

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Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
 KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES ON CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG RICE FARMERS 487

Fig. [Link]
Fig. 1. Mapof theof thearea.
study study area.
was used for FGD and KII, while an Interview Schedule RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dataquestionnaire)
(structured Collectionwas Method
formulated for interviewing
the randomly selected respondents. Participatory Rural Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Rice Farmers on
Appraisal (PRA)Thewastriangulation method was used in which
utilized in this undertaking. Climatethe information
Change was generated through Focus
and Farming
Group Discussion (FGD)/Key Informant Interview Table 2(KII),
showsFace-to-face
the knowledgeinterview, andon
of rice farmers theclimate
use of
Data Analysis and Presentation
secondary data. The unstructured questionnaire was used for FGD and KII, while an Interview
change and farming.
The data collected was organized, tallied, and tabulated in an
Schedule (structured questionnaire) was formulated As givenforin interviewing
the table, the rice
thefarmers are moderately
randomly selected
Excel spreadsheet. Statistical tools like Percentage, Arithmetic knowledgeable about climate change, as shown by the overall
respondents.
Weighted Participatory
Mean, and Pearson-r Rural
were used. TheAppraisal
Likert Scale(PRA)
meanwas utilized
of 3.28 in this
(SD=0.57). undertaking.
They moderately understand what
was used in the interpretation of the generated data. climate change is (M=3.40, SD=0.83) and are moderately
Data Analysis and Presentation
Table 2: Knowledge of rice farmers on climate change and farming.

Knowledge The data collected was organized, tallied, and tabulated in an Excel
M spreadsheet.
SD Statistical
QI

tools like Percentage, Arithmetic Weighted Mean, and Pearson-r were used. The Likert Scale
1. I understand what climate change is 3.40 0.83 M
was
2. The climate change is changing and becoming more unpredictable 3.36 0.79 M
used in the interpretation of the generated data.
3. Climate change can negatively affect rice production 3.39 0.80 M
4. Frequent and stronger typhoons can be a result of climate change 3.36 0.85 M
5. The RESULTS AND and
temperature is increasing, DISCUSSION
it may increase more in the coming years 3.29 0.89 M
6. I am aware that the sea level is rising 3.04 0.98 M
Knowledge,
7. Peoples Attitude,
activities like the and plants
operation of power Practices of Rice
and tree logging Farmers
can contribute on Climate
to a change in climate Change
3.27 and
0.93Farming
M
8. Drought can also be a result of climate change 3.36 0.82 M
Tableand
9. Aerosols, refrigerants, 2 shows the knowledge
other chemicals can contribute toof rice infarmers
a change climate on climate change3.16
and farming.
0.91 M
10. Flooding is also a possible result of climate change 3.29 0.84 M
Table is.
11. I understand what crop insurance 2: Knowledge of rice farmers on climate change and
3.31 farming.
0.96 M
Overall Mean 3.28 0.57 M
Knowledge
Legends: H-Highly Knowledgeable (3.50-4.00); M-Moderately Knowledgeable (2.50-3.49); Slightly Knowledgeable (1.50-2.49); M N-NotSD Knowledgea-QI
ble (1.00-1.49); 1. M-Mean; I understand what climate change is
SD-Standard Deviation; QI-Qualitative Interpretation 3.40 0.83 M
2. The climate change is changing and becoming more 3.36 0.79 M
unpredictable
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488 E. N. Farin et al.

knowledgeable that climate change can negatively affect environment and farm management activities that result in
rice production (M=3.39, SD=0.80). They moderately know climate change. Table 3 presents the attitude of rice farmers
that drought can also be a result of climate change (M=3.36, on climate change and farming.
SD=0.82) and that frequent and stronger typhoons can be a As presented in the table, the rice farmers agree about
result of climate change (M=3.36, SD=0.85). According to the different attitude indicators, as shown by the overall
Mandal & Singh (2020), 75- 80% of farmers in Nepal feel mean of 3.12 (SD=0.56). This suggests that rice farmers
that temperature increases, rainfall duration and frequency have a favorable attitude toward climate change. Most
decrease due to global warming. About 33.33% of farmers farmers in Central Luzon were willing to invest in crop
experience an increase in flooding hazard due to an increase insurance as their way to address climate change effects,
in rainfall intensity during the rainy season in Siraha and its having a mean of 3.44 (SD=0.87). However, in the study
vicinity. The majority of respondents perceived an increase of Holloway & Ilberry (1996), the farmers indicated a
in weed and pest (65%) and new weed (30%) and new pest combination of positive and negative impacts from global
(26.7%) infestation due to climate change. About 18% of warming, but most think that changes will enable them to
respondents had a clear knowledge of climate change. adapt to climate change, and most would also consider the
The lowest means were obtained in the following possibility of introducing new crops such as navy beans.
indicators: I am aware that the sea level is rising (M=3.04, The willingness of the farmers to use new technologies in
SD=0.98), Aerosols, refrigerants, and other chemicals can addressing climate change to minimize losses got a favorable
contribute to a change in climate (M=3.16, SD=0,91), and attitude for the farmers, with a mean of 3.42 (SD=0.85). In
peoples activities like the operation of power plants and Pakistan, the adoption of such varieties has not been widely
tree logging can contribute to a change in climate (M=3.27, adopted due to high prices and a lack of availability. The
SD=0.93). absence of government subsidies holds back productivity
The results imply that the rice farmers have a moderate gains, a shortage of credit facilities, a lack of awareness,
level of knowledge about climate change and its effects on poor infrastructure, rising costs of fertilizers, and a shortage
rice farming. Information dissemination driven through of irrigation water (Stone & Nicholas 1995). Table 4 shows
training may further improve their level of knowledge about the practices of rice farmers on climate change and farming.
the phenomenon. Similar findings were found by Islam et Table 4 shows the practices of farmers to address climate
al. (2019) that an overwhelming majority (78.8%) of the change. The farmers indicated that the most important
respondents had medium to high knowledge of climate practice for them to address climate change is being updated
change effects on agriculture. On the other hand, the findings on the weather forecast of Pag-asa with a Mean of 3.59 (SD
of Grace et al. (2015) show that the farmers are generally =0.79). This will determine whether they can plant rice
aware of direct and observable causes of climate change already, especially for the upland areas. The occurrence of
and the main impacts of climate change on agriculture but typhoons is also being monitored, whether to harvest early
are not clear about the interconnections between the natural or later the mature play. The use of hybrid seeds that are

Table 3: Attitude of rice farmers on climate change and farming.

Attitude M SD QI
1. I am willing to use hybrid rice/climate-smart rice in order to increase my harvest 3.35 0.93 A
2. I am willing to use the new technologies being offered by the concerned agencies to minimize crop losses 3.42 0.85 A
3. I believe that climate change will inevitably affect my crop yield 3.24 0.94 A
4. I am willing to invest and apply for crop insurance in order to minimize crop losses brought about by 3.44 0.87 A
climatic hazards
5. I believe that organic farming can help reduce the impacts of climate change on rice farming 3.14 0.97 A
6. I am convinced that I can avoid the impacts of changing climate on my farming activities by adjusting to 3.21 0.93 A
the existing climatic conditions
7. I do not believe in climate change* 2.84 1.21 A
8. Rice farmers should not worry about climate change. It is a natural event.* 2.33 1.20 D
Overall Mean 3.12 0.56 A
Legends: SA-Strongly Agree (3.50-4.00); A-Agree (2.50-3.49); D-Disagree (1.50-2.49); SD-Strongly Disagree (1.00-1.49); M-Mean; SD-Standard
Deviation; QI-Qualitative Interpretation

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 KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES ON CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG RICE FARMERS 489

Table 4: Practices of rice farmers on climate change.

Practice M SD QI
I shifted my planting and harvesting schedule based on the existing climatic conditions. 3.24 0.93 S
I am using hybrid seeds that are adapted to drought or flooding conditions 2.93 1.25 S
I am using the new technologies being promoted by the Department of Agriculture and other agencies to 3.34 0.92 S
minimize my crop losses due to climatic hazards.
I am practicing organic rice farming. 2.83 1.10 S
I keep myself updated on the weather forecast of PAGASA. 3.59 0.79 AL
I increase my agricultural inputs to increase my harvest. 3.29 0.98 S
I am practicing crop and animal diversification 2.92 1.14 S
Overall Mean 3.16 0.65 S
Legends: AL-Always (3.50-4.00); S-Sometimes (2.50-3.49); R-Rarely (1.50-2.49); N-Never (1.00-1.49); M-Mean; SD-Standard Deviation; QI-Quali-
tative Interpretation

adapted to drought and flooding conditions was sometimes other measures that do not require large investments (Wang
practiced by farmers with a Mean of 2.93 (SD=1.25). et al. 2014). This study specifically focuses on non-physical
Mandal & Singh (2019) indicate that a majority (76.67%) measures such as farm management, which are usually the
of the respondents in their study in Nepal used the improved most convenient type that farmers can implement during
rice variety Sonamansuli, followed by Lalka basmati 20%. crop growing season. Based on field surveys, the most
The study found an increase in disease, pest, and weed common farm management measures used by farmers related
infestation in the present context as compared to the past to drought and flood are reseeding, fixing, and cleaning
ten years. Farmers of the study area just started adopting seedlings.
different drought-resistant flood-resistant rice varieties to Falco et al. (2014) found that (i) demand for insurance
cope with the climate change adversities. About 17% of products is likely to increase in response to climatic
respondents have used green manuring in their field, and conditions, and (ii) the use of insurance reduces the extent of
15% have used the DSR cultivation method. The study risk exposure. We also find that farms growing more crops
explored that only 63.33% of respondents acknowledged are less likely to adopt the insurance scheme. This confirms
crop insurance, but none of them brought in actual practices what is found in the theoretical literature. Crop diversification
of crop insurance for any crop or livestock, as shown. Rought can be a substitute for financial insurance in hedging against
and flood. In response to the rising trend of extreme weather the impact of risk exposure on welfare.
events, farmers may take various physical and non-physical
Relationship Among the KAPs of Rice Farmers on
measures. Physical measures include investments in and Climate Change
maintenance of irrigation facilities such as canals, tube
wells, cisterns, ponds, and pump equipment; non-physical Table 5 shows the correlation among the knowledge, attitude,
measures include farm management, crop insurance, and and practices of rice farmers on climate change.

Table 5: Correlation among the knowledge, attitude, and practices of rice farmers on climate change.

Knowledge Attitude Practices

Knowledge Pearson Correlation 1
Sig. (2-tailed)
N 948
Attitude Pearson Correlation 0.568** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 946 961
**
Practices Pearson Correlation 0.504 0.658** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000
N 937 951 954
**.Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

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490 E. N. Farin et al.

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