🚀🔬 Rectangular Waveguide (WR90)
Title: Design of a rectangular waveguide and determination of cut off frequency of
dominant mode(TE10).
Tools Used: CST Studio Suite Learning Edition (Student Edition)
Specification: Windows 10, 8gb RAM, intel i5 (10th gen) processor
Problem: Design a WR90 waveguide having an inside dimension of 22.86 mm × 10.16 mm
and of thickness 1.27 mm. Determine cut off frequency for the dominant mode.
Theory: A waveguide is a structure designed to confine and guide the propagation of waves
by restricting their energy to one or a limited number of allowable modes. These modes are
governed by the geometry and material properties of the waveguide. They are mostly used for
high frequency signals. They are used in a variety of applications, including
telecommunications, radar, and medical imaging.
WR90 Specifications
Recommended Frequency Band: 8.4 to 12.4 GHz
Cutoff Frequency of Lowest Order Mode: 6.56
GHz
Dimension: 0.9 Inches [22.86 mm] × 0.4 Inches [10.16 mm]
Certainly! Let’s dive into designing your WR90 waveguide using CST Studio Suite. I’ll
provide detailed instructions for each step:
Designing a WR90 Waveguide in CST Studio Suite
Step 1: Create a New Project
1. Open CST Studio Suite: Launch the CST Studio Suite application on your Windows
10 system.
2. Create a New Project:
o Select the “Microwaves and RF/Optical” application area.
o Choose “Antennas” and then select “Waveguide (Horn, Cone, etc.)”.
o Opt for “Time Domain” and proceed to the next step.
Step 2: Define the Waveguide Dimensions
1. Set the Frequency Range:
o Based on your specifications, set the frequency range from 3 GHz to 9 GHz.
2. Create a Rectangular Brick:
o In the CST Studio Suite, select the Modeling tab.
o Choose the “Brick” option in the Shapes group.
o Press ESC to open the Brick Dialog Box.
o Enter the name of the solid (e.g., “WR90 Waveguide”).
o Input the dimensions for the WR90 waveguide:
Larger dimension (a): 22.86 mm
Smaller dimension (b): 10.16 mm
Thickness (l): 1.27 mm
o Click “Preview” and then “OK” to create the required solid.
Step 3: Hollow the Waveguide
1. Make the Waveguide Hollow:
o Select the solid you created in Step 2.
o Use the Boolean operation to subtract the inner volume from the solid. This
will create the hollow waveguide.
Step 4: Create Ports
1. Define the Ports:
o Add two rectangular ports at the ends of the waveguide.
o Set the port dimensions to match the cross-section of the waveguide.
o Assign appropriate excitation modes (e.g., TE10 mode) to the ports.
Step 5: Simulate and Analyze
1. Run the Simulation:
o Set up the solver settings (mesh, time domain parameters, etc.).
o Perform a transient analysis or frequency sweep.
2. Obtain Simulation Results:
o Check S-parameters, field distributions, and other relevant data.
o Analyze the cutoff frequency for the dominant mode (TE10) based on the S-
parameters.
Certainly! Let’s summarize the observations and conclusions from the S-parameter
graph:
Result and Analysis of Simulation
1. S11 (Reflection Coefficient at Port 1):
o The red line represents S11.
o Most values are negative, indicating that most of the signal is
transmitted through the waveguide.
o The dips below -140 dB around 6 GHz and 10 GHz suggest specific
frequencies where reflections are minimal.
o Conclusion: Good impedance matching with minimal reflection.
2. S21 (Transmission from Port 1 to Port 2):
o The blue line represents S21.
o It remains fairly consistent, with a magnitude around -3 dB.
o Conclusion: Efficient transmission with minimal loss.
3. S12 (Transmission from Port 2 to Port 1):
o The purple line (almost identical to S21) indicates reciprocity.
o Conclusion: Balanced bidirectional communication.
4. S22 (Reflection Coefficient at Port 2):
o The yellow line represents S22.
o Similar to S11, it shows minimal reflection with specific frequencies
where it’s minimized further.
o Conclusion: Manageable reflections at port 2.
Overall Conclusion:
The system exhibits excellent transmission characteristics with minimal
reflection losses.
Reciprocity between S21 and S12 confirms a balanced design.
Target the specific frequencies where reflections are minimized for optimal
performance.
Include these insights in your lab report, and feel free to reach out if you need
further assistance! 🚀🔬
3.
4. Excellent Impedance Matching(vswr):
o Both VSWR1 and VSWR2 values consistently hover
around 1.000001.
o This indicates excellent impedance matching between the
waveguide and the load (antenna or transmission line).
o Low VSWR values imply minimal signal reflection.
5.Reference Impedance Analysis
1. Graph Description:
o The graph shows the real part of the reference
impedance as a function of frequency.
o Two lines are plotted: zRef (1,1) (in red) and zRef (2,1) (in
green).
o The x-axis represents frequency (in GHz), ranging from
approximately 5 GHz to 12 GHz.
o The y-axis represents impedance (in Ohms), ranging from 0
Ohms to 10000 Ohms.
2. Observations:
o Both lines have the same impedance values across the
frequency range.
o There is a sharp increase in impedance around 6 GHz,
reaching nearly 10000 Ohms.
o Beyond approximately 7 GHz, both lines decrease and
stabilize just below 1000 Ohms.
3. Conclusion:
o The system exhibits excellent impedance matching at
most frequencies.
o The spike around 6 GHz warrants further investigation for
potential resonances or design adjustments.
Include these insights in your report, and feel free to ask if you need
further clarification! 🚀🔬
