Intact Rock Part 2 The parameters shown on the figure are:
σ,τ, S0and Φ. The points of tangency (A, B
Properties of Intact Rock & C) mark the points of failure, indicating
the shear stresses at failure for the
Properties used for characterizing intact rock corresponding values of confining and
as building material include; axial pressure.
The slope of the Mohr envelop represents
Specific Gravity
the angle of internal friction or shearing
Absorption
resistance. The shear strength at zero
Porosity
normal load is S0, also referred to as the
Degree of saturation
cohesion, c.
Unit weight (density) On the basis of this relationship, the shear
Rock strength strength τ can be determined by the
Young’s modulus equation:
Poisson’s Ratio Elastic Properties of Rock
Durability Elastic Properties indicated deformational
ROCK STRENGTH behavior of rocks. A cylindrical sample
Tensile Strength subjected to axial compression will
Important in the design of roof span for decrease in length and increase in
underground excavations or in situations diameter. Upon removal of the
where rocks are subjected to bending compressive force, some but not all, of the
stresses. deformation will be recovered.
Tensile rocks is approximately 10% or Recoverable Deformation is the elastic
their compressive strength, the range deformation and unrecoverable the plastic
being 5 to 15% deformation.
Can be determined directly by applying a Deformation is expressed by percent
tensile load on a core sample or indirectly strain, the ratio of the change in dimension
by applying a compressive stress on a disc- to the original dimension expressed as a
shape sample and failing it in tension percentage.
(Brazilian Test) two most frequently elastic properties
A direct pull test, the tensile strength is used to evaluate the properties of rocks
obtained by dividing the failure load by the are: Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s
cross- sectional area of sample. Ratio .
For Brazilian Test, the tensile test from
this equation: Young’s Modulus
2P the elastic deformation of rocks are
σ t= directly proportional to the applied stress.
When this is the case, a proportionality
πDt
Where:
coefficient E can be determined from the
P= Failure of load
following:
D= Disc Diameter
t= disc thickness σ P/ A
ASTM recommends a D to t of close to 2:1.
E= =
ε Δ L/ L
Shear Strength Where:
Evaluated by determining the shear
strength parameter of cohesion and
σ =compression stress
friction angle (c and φ ).
ε =axial strain
P= applied load (N or lb)
Accomplished by establishing the Mohr
A= the loaded cross section (¿2 ∨¿
envelop by either performing a direct
shear test or a triaxial test.
2
m ¿
Triaxial Compression Test is performed on
rock specimens to determine ow the rock
Δ L=the decrease∈length ( ¿∨m )=axial deflec
will behave under different confining
L=originallength(¿∨m)
pressures. Stress- Strain Diagram
By performing two or three test at
confining pressures, the relationship E is known as Young’s Modulus or
modulus of elasticity. It is the slope of the
between axial compressive strength and
confining pressure can be determined for stress- strain curve.
rock sample. Three possible E values: initial tangent
modulus, secant modulus and tangent
Data are plotted on a shear stress vs
compressive stress diagram and known as modulus at any selected point on the
Mohr diagram. A tangent drawn to the curve.
circles is called a Mohr envelope.
Rock is not an isotropic material that is, its
properties is not the same in all directions.
It is anisotropic and will vary depending on
the direction of measurement.
Passion’s Ratio
Another point of interest is the extension
that occurs perpendicular to the direction
of loading. The lateral extension is
expressed as a friction of the vertical
strain.
This is known as Poisson’s Ratio ( μ ¿
μ=
( B )
ΔB
( ΔLL )
Where B is the lateral dimension and L is
the length or axial dimension
Durability
Rock durability is the resistance of a rock
to climatic changes such as: eating and
cooling, wetting and drying freezing and
thawing.
Clay stones, mudstones and clay shales
exhibit nondurable behavior upon wetting
and drying.
Engineering Classification of Intact Rock
Deere and Miller proposed a classification
of intact rock based on uniaxial
compressive strength and modulus of
elasticity of the rock.
Modulus of Elasticity is the tangent
modulus at one- half the ultimate strength
of the rock.
Rock are divided into 5 strength
categories:
A-very high
B- high
C- medium
D- low
E- very low
The second property involve in Deere and
Miller’s classification is the modulus of
elasticity. The modulus ratio is computed
which is the ratio of modulus of elasticity
to the UCS.
