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Table of Contents
1. ANCIENT INDIA .................................................................................. 2- 32
2. MEDIVEAL INDIA .............................................................................. 33-70
3. MODERN INDIA .............................................................................. 71-127
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Palaeolithic Period – stone use main

Mesolithic Period – domestications of animals

Neolithic Period – farming started

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ANCIENT INDIA

 But they didn’t know how to use fire, so men were totally dependent on food gathering and
they all were hunters
 They made those main weapons, and their evidence were founded on those valley areas
 Cave paintings of that period were founded in the Bhimbetka, M.P.
 Although we didn’t find any bones or body of men’s, it is assumed that, they all were
decomposed by time
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 No literature source was founded in whole prehistoric period, only archaeological sources
 As dog was buried along with his owner, it was considered, that dog was the first pet of humans
 In that period only, human discovered Copper, as the 1st known metal to him

 Copper age – when both stone and copper were used

 And when Copper was mix with tin to make bronze and we entered into bronze age and it
mostly used by Indus valley people
 Doab area – the plain formed between two rivers
 First Iron was discovered in Turkey region in 1500 BC, but in India it is in 1000 BC
 But after 600 BC, Iron started used for agricultural equipment’s
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 The written sources haven’t been fully decoded yet

 This is considered as oldest and 1st civilisation of Indian sub-continent
 They used bronze by adding copper with tin and that’s why it is also known as Bronze civilisation
 1st remaining were founded in 18th and then in 1826 some collected
 And 1856, collected and researched

 Because 1st discovered place was Harappa, so it is also known as “Harappa Civilisation”
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 Harappa – 25 km north of Sahiwal, Lahore (Pakistan)

 The main crops of Harappa were: Barley & wheat
 Graveyard, 57 found, but 20 completely decomposed, and only 37 were considered and it is also
called R – 37
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 Mohenjo-Daro – Larkana (Pakistan)

 Chanhudaro – Sindh (Pakistan)

 Lothal – Gujarat (India)

 Banwali – Fatehabad, Haryana (India)
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 Kalibanga – Rajasthan, (India)

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 Ramayana and Mahabharat was written also in Post Vedic period, but not the incident time
 Aryans comes from central Asia in 1800 BC
 They acquired that place in the map and started a ruler civilisation/Vedic civilisation and given
India the oldest name, “Aryavarata”
 The economy of Vedic Civilisation was totally depended on
1) Agriculture
2) Animal Husbandry
 Here, head of the family was believe to be father
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 10 division were made by 10 different sages and they were collected to formed a common
Veda, that is Rigveda and they were compiled by Ved Vyas in Post Vedic Period

 Oldest Division – 2 to 7
 Newest Division – 1st & 10th
 In the Veda, Gayatri Mantra was dedicated to Savitri
 The first description of 4 groups were first found in Rigveda and those were worked based, not
the birth based
 NOTE – Nothing was written in Vedic Period, they all were orally or verbally, Here we get the
knowledge of Vedas, and they passed to persons time to time and they were written in any
script is in Sanskrit in Gupta Era
 A person who recites the hymn of Rigveda is known as “Hotri”
 The simplified easy and descriptive form of any Veda is Brahmin Text and they elaborate
everything
 In Rigveda, River Saraswati has been said as the holiest river
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Samaveda –
 The first description of 7 musical notes of music were 1st found in Samaveda
 It has those Mantras of Rigveda, which were sung but not recited
 It has the Mantras related to worship of God Sun
 Who song those Mantras – Udgata
Yajurveda–
 It has the mantras related to the rules of yajnas and other religious works
 This is the only Veda which has stanzas and Poetry both
 There are 2 forms of Yajurveda
 1st description of 2 Yagas
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 1st description of the king of the kuru was mentioned in this Veda
 1st description of
1) Magadha & Anga
2) Kashi
3) Sabha & Samiti (Daughters of Prajapati)
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 The knowledge which was gathered by disciples by sitting near to their teacher is known as
‘Upanishad” and it was in orally form

Aranyaks –
 Those Brahmins Texts which were compiled in the Forest

 Earlier Vedic Literature was divided into “Vedang Sutra”

 These are basically the supporting knowledge of the Vedas
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 It was written in Buddhist text, before the birth of Buddha there was 16 Mahanjanpads
 It was written in Jainism text, before the birth of Mahaveer Swami there was 16 Mahanjanpads
 In the (-) is modern place of India
 Varanasi is considered as the oldest alive city of the world; it was situated between River Varuna
and Assi
 Kurukshetra is derived from the word “Kuru”
 North Panchal Capital – Ahichhhatra
 South Panchal Capital – Kampilya
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 The only Mahajanpad which was situated is South was Ashmaka

 North Avanti Capital & South Avanti Capital
 “Taxshila University was considered as the oldest University of Old India” which is in Today’s
Pakistan
 Vajji was consist of 8 states that time and in today’s time all were the parts of Nepal and Bihar, it
was the union of 8 small states
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 Those are the Shakya Dynasty kshatriya

 His mother died just after 7 days after gave birth to him
 He saw four different scenes when he was exploring his kingdom and all those 4 scenes made
him conscious
 At the age of 29, he left his home and in the Buddhism this incident is known as
“Mahabhinikramana”
 He reached Anoma River and made two people his guru
1) Alar Kalam in Rajgirha
2) Rudrak Ramputra in Vaishali


 Initially 5 other monks were also doing meditation with him, but after 1 year they left him
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 After doing 6 years of meditation, he got enlightenment in Gaya near Niranjana River under
Pipal tree and it is known as “Nirvana”
 that tree was known as Bodhi Tree now
 Gaya is now known as Bodhgaya
 He breaks his 6 years fast by eating Kheer from a woman hand named Sujata
 Sarnath was earlier known as “RIshipattanam”
 His first suman was also known as “Dharamchakaraparivartna”
 And he also founded a Buddhist union in Sarnath
 And he also gives three ratan’s of Budha there

 In the last days of his life, he went to Kushinagar

 As there was no successor of Gautama Buddha, so all just follow his paths and all his good talks,
but whenever there was needed any reforms, a council was happened in the past
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 In the 1st, 2 Pitaka were added

1) Suttapitaka – written by Anand (teachings of Gautama Buddha)
2) Vinaypitaka – written by Upali (laws and follows of Buddhist committee)
 In the 2nd, due to disputes between followers they divided into two group

 In the 3rd, Third Pitaka were added by Ashoka

 In the 4th, Buddhism divided into two communities
 5th and 6th Buddhism Simities were happened in the era of Harshavardhna by him
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 2nd biggest statue in India after statue of Unity

 Parsvanatha died at the age of 100 years almost before 250 years from the birth of Mahaveer
Swami
 He gave 4 “Mahavarta”

 While he was on the way to the jungle for enlightenment, he met Makhali, who got influenced
by him, and became the disciple of him even before he got enlightenment
 Makhali left Mahavir after 6 years and he established a new religion, “Ajivaka sampraday” based
on faith, and Bindusara followed this religion
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 In Jainism, enlightenment is called as “Kevalaya”

 And after it, he was also known by those names
1) Kevalin – who got Kevalaya
2) Jin – Jeet
3) Nirgranth – Bandhan Mukat
 He appointed his 11 disciples to spread Jainism in Magadh Empire
 It was said those 11 will became next successor, but they died one by one and only 1 left, when
Mahavir died,
 So, Arya Sudharman became 1st head of Jain Sangha
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 Dispute happen between, Sthulbhadra and Bhadarbahu, when Sthulbhadra decided not to leave
Magadh, as Mahavir said to spread Jainism in Magadh
 In the 1st committee, Jainism divided into two communities
1) Sthulbhadra decided to stay in Magadha, and his disciple called as “Svetambara”
2) Bhadarbahu went to Karnataka, and their disciple knowns as “Digambar”
 As Chandragupta Maurya was disciple of Bhadarbahu too, so he went to Karnataka too
 Sentara – in the last on fast, and left their soul

 Jain Text was known as “Aagram”

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 He was contemporary to Gautama Budha

 He attacked Mahajanpad Anga and merged it into Magadh
 Magadh got Kashi in Dowry
 Jivaka’s sent to treat the king of Avanti
 Bimbisara was killed by his son, Ajatshatru

 Gautam Budha and Mahavir Swami both died in Ajatshatru reign

 483 BC – Gautam Budha
 468 BC – Mahavir Sawami
 He was also killed by his son, and Udayin (Uday Bhadra) became next king
 He founded a city on the bank of River Ganga and Son, which is “Pataliputra”
 And he shifted his capital to Pataliputra
 Some unknown man killed Udayin by knife
 And after that, his all 3 sons, became king one after one
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 Shisunag was the Amataya (minister) of Nag Dhashaka and he dethroned him and established a
new dynasty in Magadh
 He attacked Avanti and added it into the Magadh and he also shifted his capital to Vaishali
 His successor became his son, Kalashok
 “Mahapadmanda” was the sachiv of Nandi Vardhan, he killed him and established a new
dynasty in India, Nandi Dynasty

 Mahapadmanda shifted capital to Pataliputra

 And he was known as the 1st Samrat of India

 The evidence of 1st invasion was founded in “behastit abhilekh” in Persia

 And after that attack Indo – persian trade started
 And Khorothi script (written from right to left) came to India, and Ashoka Abhilekh is in this
script too
 Macedonia – Place in Greek
 Poras – King of Sindh
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 Everyone surrendered in front of him, but Poras decided to fight, although Alexendra defeated
him, but given him a life, as he fought with brave heart
 After winning, he also founded two cities in India
 Bukafela was on name of his horse
 At the age of 33, his health became worse and he died in Persia, baby loon
 And next king became – celucus nicator (Alexendra Army chief)

 Inscription of Ashoka was considered as the oldest in India

 They were mostly in Barhmi script and korshti script
 First read by James Princip in 1837

 He killed Gananand with the help of Chanakya at the age of 25 and founded the Maurya
Dynasty in Magadh
 In the Greek literature, he was names as Sandroctts in their books
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 Plurark was the Greek writer in Chandragupta court

 And according to those two, he had an army of 640000 soldier and he conquered whole India
and he was known as the 1st chakravartin Samrat of India
 That lake was renovated by those two kings and it was founded in Junagarh Inscription which
was written by Rudradaman and then by Sikandragupta and both wrote about it in Junagarh
inscription
 Nicator got feared by seeing the army of Chandragupta and did treaty with him, and did 3 treaty
under it
1) He gave those lands to him
2) Helena got marred to him
3) And Magasthenese was sent to Chandragupta court
 After this treaty, Nicator returned to Persia and Chandragupta gifted him 500 elephants
 In 300 BC, Chandragupta organised 1st Jain council in Pataliputra and he went sharavabhelgula,
Karnataka with badrabahu
 And in 298, he died by salekha/santhara
 And next king was Chandragupta’s son

 His name in Greek literature

 His name in Jain and buddha literature
 Susim was eldest son
 They were the governor in the ruling period of BIndusara
 A revolt was happened in Taxila
1) To control this revolt, Bindusara sent Susim
2) And when he can’t control, then ashoka
 Two foreigner ambassadors came in his court
 When Bindusara died, for 3 years revolt happen between all brothers
 But Ashoka killed his 99 brothers to became the king, but not just 1 brother, Tissa
 And in 269 BC, he became next king
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 Sources of his name from those inscription

 Ashoka killed his 99 brothers with the help of Radhagupt (disciple of Chanakya) for three years
to finally sit on the throne
 Ashoka sent his son and daughter to spread Buddhism in Sri Lanka
 In the 8th year of his ruling period, Kaling War
 The source of that war and the reason was founded in that inscription which was written by
Kharvel king who was the greatest ruler of Chedi dynasty
 When Kalinga got destroyed, the next dynasty was there, chedi Dynasty in which era that
inscription was written
 Lakhs of people died in Kalinga and many got imprisoned

 Upgupta had given teaching to Ashoka

 Religion changes by Mogli (head of the 3rd Buddhism committee)
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 Ashoka added 3rd Pitaka to the Buddhism

 10th and 20th years of his ruling period, he visited those cities
 He made Lumbini Tax free as it was the birth place of the Gautama Buddha
 Ashoka founded city “Srinagar” in his ruling period
 And he built those Stupas
 He was the 1st ruler in India who built national parks in India
 In the last stage of his life, he donated “Barabara Caves” to Ajivaka’s (relgion established by
magnighoshal”
 Last ruler of this Dynasty was “Bhridhratha”
 Pushyamitra Shunga was the army chief of Bhridharatha, who killed him and established a new
dynasty in India

 It is considered as the 1st Brahmin Dynasty of India

 And it is also known as destroyer of Buddhism in India and because he destroyed 84,000 stupas
of Buddha which was built by Ashoka in India
 He organised 2 Ashwa Megha yajnas, by his Purohit, Patanjali (he wrote Mahabhasya)
 Maximum development of Sanskrit language in his ruling period
 And his son succeeds him
 The story of him and his lover in his written in this book, by Kalidas
 Devbhuti was killed by his sachiv and a new dynasty was started by him for a very short period
 As Susharma was an unworthy king, the rulers in Maharashtra took benefit of it and killed him
and established a new dynasty in Magadh which is known as “Satvahana” Dynasty
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 Haal wrote that book

 The greatest ruler of that dynasty was 23rd ruler (GautmiPutra Satkarni)
 Three major things happened in his ruling period (for the 1st time in India)
1) He issued lead coins in India (1st in India)
2) He started donating lands to the Brahmins
3) He started using his name before his mother’s name (1st time in India)
 Vashistiputra Pulamavi was the known as the 1st Andhra Smarat because he attacked South
India and conquered it
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INDO – GREEK RULERS

 165 BC – he attacked Punjab and conquered Sindh and made Sakal, Punjab as his capital
 The greatest ruler of that dynasty was Menander
 His description was found in Buddhist text, in which he was referred as “Milind” and as per this
text, he adopted Buddhism in India and got the teaching from Nagasena
 Menander was defeated by “Pushyamitra Sunga”
 Indo-Greek rulers are considered to be the first rulers who issued Gold coins in India

 They had 5 branches

 Tha Shaks of Mahura initially living in Malwa (Ujjain), but the ruler of Malwa defeated him and
they migrated to Mathura
 That ruler of Malwa was Vikramditya and he stated Vikram Savant (Hindu Calendar) after his
name in 57 BC, the same year he defeated Shaks in Ujjain
 Two great rulers of Nashik, Nahpan was the greatest
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 The greatest ruler of Saka Dynasty was RudraDaman

 Rudrasena III was killed by Chandragupta II of Gupta Dynasty, who destroyed Saka Dynasty from
India

 Actual founder of this Dynasty in India was Methrodates I

 1st Christian Saint arrived in India in his ruling period, Saint Thomas visited south India, where he
got killed

 Kujul I also issued gold coins

 Vim was considered as the actual founder of this Dynasty
1) And he issued copper and gold coins in his ruling era
2) And he also issued Shiva – Parvati and Nandi dime coins
 The greatest ruler of this Dynasty – Kanishka
 He defeated Shaks in Kashmir and he started Sak Savant In India in 78 AD
 2 Buddha monk was in the Kanishka court, who organised IV committee
 Famous Doctor Charak was also in his ruling period
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 Mahrolli Pillar Edict – which was written by Chandragupta II (first king to takt title of
Vikrmadavitya in India out of 14 who took)
 Pune copper Edict – which was written Prbhavati
 Eran Inscription – which was written by Bhanu Gupta
 Allahabad pillar Edict – it is related to Samundragupta
 Junagarh Inscription – it is related to Sakandgupta (because he renovated Sudharshana lake, so
his name was also written there)
 Bilsard Inscription – it is related to Kumar Gupta
 Inner cave inscription (bhitri gufa abhilekh) – it is related to Sakandgupta

 Srigupta was used to be a minister in the court of Kushan Dynasty

 He had taken the title of Maharaja
 Actual founder was considered to be Chandragupta I and he started Gupta Savant in 319 AD
when he became King
 He was first Gupta ruler who issued Gold coins
 VA Smith has called Samudragupta as the Napolean of India
 He defeated 12 rulers of south and 9 rulers of north India
 He organised an Ashwa Megha Yajan after he conquered
 And by his court writer, he wrote all his winning and conquering stories in the Allahabad Pillar
Elect, where he wrote Prayag Prashakti
 Samundragupta was a poet and he also took the title of Kaviraaj
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 He also gave conservation to Buddhism, because in his court, a monk lived Vasubandhu
 He was also a Veena Player and he issued veena playing type coins (he was portraying on those
coins, playing veena)
 Next successor – his eldest son, Ramgupta
 Those two sources were given information about the Ramgupta
 In the novel, Devichandtagupta, it was written that, his younger brother, Chandragupta II killed
him and also married his wife, Dhuruvdevi and became the next ruler
CHANDRAGUPTA II -
 He was the greatest ruler of this dynasty
 He destroyed the Saka Dynasty from India and took the title of “Vikramditya”
 He was the 1st ruler in Indian history who took the title of “Vikramditya” (total 14 king took that
title in the Indian history)
 He was the first ruler to have 9 gems in the court in India
 Famous Chinese traveller came in his era
 In 413, Kumargupta founded Nalanda University (it is considered as the oldest university of
Present India, because Taxila is in Pakistan) Nalanda university was destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji
(Slave of Muhamad Gori) and Nalanda University was again reopened in 2014 by indian govt
 In Gupta period, Kumargupta had the maximum no of inscription

 Sakandgupta had performed the renovation of Sudharshan lake on Girnar mountain

 And in his ruling period, 1st invasion of Huna rulers and in the attack, Sakandgupta defeated
Torman
 And then decline of this dynasty so rapidly as many were eligible
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 He had those two capitals

 629, famous Chinese traveller came to India
 Huan Swang – Si Yu Ki (his book)
 He took the title of Shiladitya
 Harshavardhan was a writer too, so he wrote those three books
 The only ruler who defeated Harshavardhan was Pulakashin II
 In 647, he died
 And India divided into many small stated by small rulers
 And at the same time Islam originated in India
 And in 712, first invasion of Muslims in India by Mohd bin kasim
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MEDIEVAL INDIA

 Who considered Ali as their first Khalifa – Shia Muslim

 Who considered Abu Bakra as 1st Khalifa – Sunni Muslims
 & Ali as 4th
 And dispute between Shia & Sunni started
 To solve and decrease dispute a new community Sufi (love with Allah) arise in Arab

 “Jazia Tax” was not on the Brahmins, Widow, and Handicap

 He brought Arabian horses in India
 The 1st harvesting of Dates were done in his ruling period in “Sindh” in India
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 The 1st “Atlas” was made by Arabians in the world

 In 1714, Mohd bin Kasim returned Arab

 Subuktgin used to attack on first kingdom of India in Peshawar boundary area, and when he
died and next king, Gaznavi became, he sworn, he will attack India and this kingdom every year
 1001, 1st Battle of Vehind – He defeated Jaipal, but didn’t kill him, instead he made fun of him
and in the shame. Jaipal killed him by jumping in the fire
 1002, 2nd Battle of Vehind – Anand pal got killed

 After robbed Somnath and having a golden gate of the temple along with him. While returning
he locked horns with jaats and they snatched it from Gaznavi
 First Muslim in India, who took those title
 Murti destroyers, because he destroyed temples and their worship idols multiple time
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 His main was to expand his dynasty in the east too

 Gori was 1st defeated by Bhim II and he imprisoned him, but he freed him after his mother insist
him
 And Gori knows he can’t defeat Somnath dynasty. So, he went to north India
 And he conquered the area of Sindh & Kashmir
 But a dispute arise between him and Chauhan Dynasty

 Made up of three major cities, and Prithvi raj III ruled and his capital was Ajmer
 Chanrabarbai, was his friend and darbari
 And his book he wrote, when gori captured Sindh and Kashmir, he dreamed to captured
Bathinda fort too, but Prithvi, wants that fort too, so dispute happened between both of them
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 And only his book it was written, gori attacked 17 times and 16 times he got defeated and every
time he asks for forgiveness and life from Chauhan
 And in the first battle of tarain, he defeats Gori and told him to leave India and returned back to
Turk
 Prithvi wanted to marry Samyogita, but his father was his enemy and he didn’t like him
 And he went In his samvyanvar, without invitation and kidnaped her and marry her
 And in the shame, jai Chand, wants to take revenge from him
 “And with the help of jai chand, gori defeated him and killed him
Some says, he took Prithvi and Chandarbardai to Gaznavi and ask him to bow down his eyes in
his court but gori broken his eyes when he denies to obey him
And according to his book which was completed by his son, says blind Prithvi killed gori with
bow and then killed chadarbarbai and himself In the Gaznavi”
 Gori established his rule in Delhi and by making his capital

 Khwaja was considered as the first Sufi in India

 Qutbuddin Aibek played important rule in battle of chandawar and killing Jai Chand
 After that he became his army chief. And soon gori left India, to give all his work and aim in the
hand of Aibek to fulfil Islam In India
 And he made two mosques in India to spread Islam
 And he also started building Qutab Minar on the name of his guru, Qutub bin Bakhtiyar al kaki
 Gori was died in 1206
 Gulam Dynasty was started by Aibek in 1206 in India
 Bakhtiyar Khilji was died at that time
 Yaldauj got Gaznavi
 Kubacha got, Kabul, Kandhar Commented [SJ1]:
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Qutbuddin Aibek –
 As he denies initially to became the successor of Gori, as he considered himself always as his
slave, but when people of Lahore insist him, he established slave (Ghulam or mamluk) dynasty
and became new king and also made Lahore as his capital
 The meaning of Qutbuddin Aibek name is “god of moon”
 As he became king. He donated lakhs of money in public, so people called him “lakhbhakas”
 And he donates elephants too, so he was known as “Pirbhaksh”
 He never called himself sultan. Nor he took any title like it
 He has title of “siphasalar” when he became the army chief of Gori, and he continued his reign
under this title
 He was the only king who never sit on kings’ throne, as he was siphasalar, he always sits on
army chief chair for the court work
 When he was king, he made his slave Iltutmish as the governor of Badayun
 1210, he died in Lahore, while playing polo from falling of horse
Iltutmish –
 Iltutmish (slave of Aibek), killed Aaramshah (son of Aibek) in battle of Jood, in Punjab to became
the next king, as it was the dynasty of slaves
 He was considered as the actual founder of Delhi sultanate
 1st Sultan of India, as he got title of Sultan from the “Khalifa of Baghdad”
 After that, every Ruler came, In Delhi considered as “Sultan” …… that’s why it is known as Delhi
Sultanate
 Genghis Khan came to kill Jalaludin Mengbarne who flew from him to Sindh and he said
Iltutmish to not help, unless he will attack Delhi sultanate too, he killed him and returned back
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 The coin he issued of silver and copper

 The main 40 slaves of Iltutmish were come under this Chahalgani system, it was to make himself
stronger and more administrative efficient
 He started ikta
 Ikta System – The land or part of looted money given to army members, as no
salaries to them
 Iktedar – the owner of this land is iktedar now, to whom this looted place was
given
 Iktedari – the tax revenue he collects from this land
 In 1229, Iltutmish completed the construction of Qutub Minar
 And he shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi
 Iltutmish had four sons, and all were illegible
 And he declared his successor as his daughter Razia
 And died in 1236, And his tomb is in the Qutub Minar premises
 Razia Sultan became next sultan by killing his brother who claimed himself as the next sultan
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Razia Sultan –
 1st and only woman ruler in Delhi sultanate
 His brother Beharam Shah didn’t like her as sultan, so he took all 40 people of chahalgami under
him and start making conspiracy against her
 Razia has two close person who were appointed by her as the iktadar of badayun and bathinda
 Yakut khan was the lover of Razia Sultan and he was given the post which was equivalent to the
PM
 Revolt by Bhatinda iktadar in 1240 and make him independent of Punjab kingdom
 Fight with him, Yakut Khan killed and he was imprisoned by him and get marry on agreement to
yakut khan
 When they both were coming to delhi to take over throne, both got killed by dal chalisa
 Tomb of Razia Sultan – Kaithal, Haryana
Behram Shah –
 A new post as the leader of the 40 dals, chahalgani
 In his ruling period, Mangol first attack on Delhi Sultanate
Next Sultan – Masood Shah
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Nasiruddin Mehmud –
 He appointed Balban as his Wazir, he was his slave and he given all administrative power to him
 He gives title to him
Giyasuddin Balban –
 When Mehmud, after killing all his sons. Balban became next king
 He killed all the 40 by sending them on a fake mission
 If anyone revolt against, he will get killed, under iron & blood policy
 Sijda – Bow down to the Sultan
 Paibos – kissing his feet while laying down or bow down
 He took two titles by himself
 Representative of God
 Shadow of God
 Bareed was the known as the main head of secret department
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 Two famous poets in his court

1) Amir Hossain
2) Amir Khusro
 Second attack of Mangol on Delhi Sultanate
 And His son’s death, he got depressed and, in the depression, he got died
 And he appointed his grandson as his successor, Qaikubad
 During his ruling period, he killed Qaik-khusro
 And he was an unfit sultan, his wazir took benefit, got killed him and made his son as the next
sultan, who was consider as the last sultan of slave dynasty
 In 1290, Malik Firoz killed Qaikurmse and founded new dynasty “Khilji Dynasty”
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Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji –

 Least time period of any Dynasty to rule on Delhi Sultanate
 Actual Name – Firoz Khan
 That fort was once made by Qaikubad
 He got the title of Shaista khan by Qaikubad
 3rd attack of Mongols on Delhi Sultanate
 Firoz was Allaudin uncle and also father in law, he married his daughter
 Allauddin Khilji defeated Mongols and 4000 soldiers of their army started asking for shelter in
Delhi
 So, after they converted Islam religion, a new city was formed for them to live in Delhi Sultanate
 Devgiri (Maharashtra) attack was the 1st attack of Muslims on South of India
 In 1296, Allaudin killed Firoz and became next Sultan
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Allauddin Khilji –
 He was 1st sultan who has standing army and he also start paying salary to them
 Allaudin given that title to him in 1290
 Amir Khusro was the main poet in his court, he started his poet career in Balban court
 Amir Khusro invented
 Sitar,
 Tabla
 Khadi Boli
 Qawwali
 He called Kashmir as Paradise of Earth
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 1298, During that mission Nusrat khan and Ulugh Khan conquered Jaisalmer while on the way
to Gujrat mission
 Malik Kafur was a gay, bought by Nusrat Khan at 1000 dinar for Khilji from the bay of Khambhat,
he was also called as, hazar-dinari
 1301, after Nusrat Khan died, Allauddin Khilji, defeated and killed, Rani Hamir Dev
 1306, sent to expand his sultanate to south of India too
 1309, Warangal, capital of Telangana Partap Rudra Dev surrender and gifted, Kohinoor to Malik
Kafur
 And he gifted it to Allaudin
 After expanding his sultanate to the south of India too, he gave himself as a title
 Sikander-I-Sani – Alexander II
 Due to frequent attack of Mongols on Delhi, he made new fort and new capital
 And also made those 4 places, written on left side
 2 types of taxes by him
 2 land measurement units
 He prohibited Liquor in his ruling period
 Hulia – sketch of every soldier
 Dagh – horse of different province with different marks
 He founded a new post to collect tax, Moostkharaj

 1316, Khilji died

 Mubarak Shah Khilji, was the son of Khilji
 He was the first sultan who declared himself as “Khalifa”
 Gazi Malik, killed Nasiruddin and established new dynasty in Delhi
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 Tughlaq Dynasty ruled for the most time in Delhi Sultanate

Giyasuddin Tughlaq –
 He was 1st sultan of Delhi who built canals for irrigation
 In his ruling period, he defeated Mongolians many times and because of that he took the title of
Malik-Ul-Gazi
 Huliya-Dagh in his ruling period too, earlier Allaudin Khilji
 He made postage service very affective, so fast letters from Delhi to Devgiri in just 4 days
 Jauna Khan added Telangana in Delhi Sultanate and change the name of Warangal
 Giyasuddin made Sultanpur as his south capital

 While returning back from conquering Warangal, Jauna Khan attacked Jajnagar, because
Bhandudeva II helped Kakatiya rulers of Warangal in the war, so too took revenge, he attacked
on him too
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 In the Rajmundri, jauna khan was called Ulugh Khan

 Giyasuddin given that title to Nizamuddin Auliya
 Hazrat Nizamuddin predicted giyassu will never return back to Delhi, consider his son jauna as
new sultan
 And when sultan send letter to Hazrat. He was returning back, he said “Delhi durust” Delhi abhi
dur hai
 Giyassu died in wooden palace by elephant destroyed it, it was made for him for his victory
 Because of that his tomb is in the Tuglaqabad too

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq –

 He was very literate and intelligent man but he was an insane man in his all decisions
 He was considering as literate mad man
 Muhammad made him as his Qazi for 8 years
 He wrote, Delhi was so prosperity in his ruling period
 He made Delhi Sultanate as secular state
 Those 3 years he lived in Swarjwari in the plague days in his sultanate
 Amir-e-kohi was the head of the Diwan-E-Kohi
 In his ruling period 2 independent empire were established in his ruling period
1) Vijayanagar Empire
2) Bahmani Empire
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 Because of all his taken decisions, he was called as intelligent dumb or dumb sultan
 Tughlaqi Farman – good for nothing
 Doab- river fertile area, where drought and plague destroyed everything
 Due to frequent attack of Mongols in North India and changed his name
 But due to revolt now started in North India, he returned his capital back to Delhi
 Token Currency – of bronze and copper,
now people started making money in the home by their vessels and doors to use free
money by peoples
 Karachil in today’s UK Kamau region
 He died on his way to Thatta

Feroz Shah Tughlaq –

 He was considered as the most kind hearted and philanthropist sultan for his people
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 But he was on the other hand very religion sided person, who just think about Islam, he broke
many temples, insisted people to join Islam
 He founded 6 cities in his ruling period
1) Hisar – known as “Firoza” in his ruling period
2) Fatehabad – because his son born there
3) Firozpur (Punjab)
4) Firoz Shah Kotla
5) Firozabad (UP)
6) Jaunpur (East UP) – on the name of his brother Jauna khan, city also known as “Siraj of
East”
 He built maximum no of canals for irrigation of Delhi Sultanate
 He was 1st Sultan who prohibited “Sati-Partha”
 He destroyed Jaganath Temple and Looted Jwala Mukhi temple
 1st sultan to applied Jazia on Bahrainis
 He reconstructed the 5th storey of “Qutub Minar”
 He shifted 2 pillars of Ashoka to Delhi
 He issued 2 types of coins
1) 50% of Jital – Adda
2) 25% of Jital – Bikh

 Tughlaq wrote his biography

 After the Tughlaq died, 5 sultan were made, but his dynasty declined so fast
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 Timur was lame by one foot, that’s why he was known as “Timur lung” as lungra
 Khijra khan was the minister of Nasiruddin who helped Timur on India invasion and his robbery
and he made Khijra khan as the caretaker of his winning land in India
 Khijra khan dethroned Nasiruddin, and established a new dynasty in Delhi as “sayyid dynasty”

 It Is known as the first Shia Dynasty of India & of Delhi Sultanate

Khijra khan –
 After Qutbuddin Aibek, he never took the title of “Sultan”
 In 1451, he surrendered his throne to Bahlol, and Bahlol established 1st Afghani Dynasty in India
and created Lodi Dynasty
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 2nd biggest ruling Dynasty in Delhi Sultanate

Bahlol Lodi –
 After becoming the Sultan, he issued “bahloli coins” after his name
 He added finally Jaunpur in Delhi Sultanate, who once became independent in Tughlaq Dynasty
Sikander Lodi –
 Son of Bahlol and was the greatest Sultan of Lodi Dynasty
 To have controlled over Rajput rulers he established, a new city (Sikandarabad) modern Agra
 He captured a fort there
 Sikander Lodi was a poet too
 He wrote a famous book on Ayurveda as “Farhange Sikandari”
 He also renovated Qutub Minar in his ruling period too

 Son of Sikander and the last sultan of Delhi Sultanate

 He was an unworthy sultan
 Ibrahim Lodi failed to capture Mewar
 Babur who brought cannons to India, were first used by him on the Bhairagarh fort and the set
them in the fort
 Ibrahim Lodi was the only sultan of Delhi sultanate who got killed in War Battle-field
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 Mughal Era was considered as 2nd Golden period of India history (1st Golden Period – Gupta
Dynasty)
Babar –
 Babar was
1) 5th descendant of Timur – father side
2) 12th descendant of Genghis Khan – Mother side
 When other Ujbek rulers considered him as a child, attacked him and force him to leave Fargana
 Babur then attacked Samarkand and ruled it and he made it as capital
 Instability was there in his ruling and he also got defeated by his brother-in-law Shaibani Khan
and forced him to leave turkey
 And then he moves toward Afghanistan and conquered Kabul & Kandhar and made Kabul as his
capital
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 Due to economic crises there, he didn’t get stability there, so he moved more towards east
 And in 1519, he attacked on Sindh and conquered Fort there
 And 3 more attack in Sindh and Kashmir
 And now I Battle of Panipat
 Because Agra was Delhi Sultanate last capital, so Babur made Agra as Mughals 1st capital
 He took the title of Gazi after winning Battle of Khanwa
 Mehmud Lodi was the cousin of Ibrahim Lodi
 Battle of Ghagra was fought on both water and land
 Babur wish was to get buried in his homeland, but initially he buried in agra, then his body
shifted to Kabul
 Babarnama as the name of translation in Akbar period

1) Mohd. Gori – Shanshbani Turk

2) Qutbuddin Aibek – qutbi turk
3) Iltutmish – Ilbari turk
4) Babur – Chagtai turk
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Humayun –
 As Babur didn’t want his 4 sons fight over his dynasty ruler after he die, so he told his eldest
son, Humayun to divide this kingdom into all brothers, no dispute on who will sit on throne
 It got divided into 4 parts and it became weak too
 Humayun took only Delhi & Agra
 But there was always dispute between other brothers, and Humayun reconcile always them and
forgive them but his brothers started hated him
 Mehmud Lodi was ruling in Bengal, but when got killed by Humayu in battle, Sher khan took
over Bengal along with Bihar
 1532, attack on chunargarh, by Humayu, and he revolt fort for 6 months, and with the army
nothing happened, no attack or fight, then Sher khan did a treaty with Humayun and urged him
to return back
 1533, Humayun defeated Bahadur shah

 Now Dynasty became weak, and Humayun ruled only 10 years (1530-1540) and got defeated by
Sher Shah Suri
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 But Sher khan was not there in the 2nd attack, he fled to Gawd and when Humayun see, Sher
khan already destroyed that city, when Humayun see dead people everywhere, he called it
Jannatabad
 He didn’t back, sher khan anywhere, and his army was returning with him, and Sher khan was
waiting for him in Chausa, Bihar
 Sher khan defeated him and took the title of Sher shah
 When sher khan was about to kill Humayun, he jumped into the river on horse and got saved by
Nizam name navik, and when Humayun returned back to his fort, he made him sit for 1 day on
his throne and let him be the king for 1 day
 After defeated him in the 2nd battle, he established Suri Dynasty in India
 Humayun got married in the next year with Hamida Bano Beghum
 King Virsal was the friend of Humayun
 After that Humayun went in the shelter of his friend King Virsal
 Humayun also went to Angad Dev for his blessings
 And then he want to Iran to ask for Military help and also converting himself as Shia Muslim
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 After waiting for 9 years in Kabul, he moved towards India and

 in 1554, he conquered Peshawar, and 1555 – Lahore
 Macchiwara (Punjab)was the part of Suri Dynasty at that time
 Sarhind (Punjab) – last ruler of Sikander Suri
 And he established Mughal Dynasty again in India
 He was a die heart fan of Nizamuddin, so he was buried near his grave
 Humayun tomb was made by his wife, Haji Begum
 The language of Mughal era was persian and his book was always written in persian
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 This is considered as 2nd Afghani Dynasty, (1st – Lodi Dynasty)

 Jaunpur was famous for Muslim education, as it was known as the “Siraj of East”
 His dad was a Zamindar there
 After completing his education, Farid became bodyguard of Behar khan lohani (bihar ruler) and
he give title of sher khan, as he saved his life from lion
 In 1526, he joined Babar’s Army and fought for him in the battle of chanderi too against maidni
Ray
 But he left babur army and joined afghan army
 After some he married widow of behar khan wife of 40 years and became the next ruler of bihar
 And then in 1539 & 1540 and he founded Suri Dynasty in India
 Sher shah suri is famous for his administration and he bulit 4 famous road in India

 1700 saray’s – for the travellers to rest In night

 After 2 kos, there was a kosminar
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 He changed the name of cities

1) Kannauj – Shersur Nagar
2) Patliputra – Patna
 He built 2 forts in his ruling period
 He issued two types of currencies

 He also applied Huliya-Dagh system

 He also started Postage services in his ruling period
 Ukka – a tope, died by visfot in his side
 Jalal Khan became next ruler on the name of Islam Shah Suri
 Feroz Shah only for just 3 days

 In 1555, in the Battle of Sarhind, Humayun defeated him and abolished Suri Dynasty and re-
established Mughal Dynasty
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Akbar –
 When his father, Humayun died, he was 13 years old
 And Akbar was on a mission against Afghan with Barram Khan in Punjab
 Hemu was a Hindu ruler of Rewari who attacked Delhi when he found throne was empty and he
took the title of “Vikramaditya” and became the king of delhi and agra
 He was considered as the last Hindu ruler to sit on the throne of Delhi
 And when Barram khan found that, by mind, at the same place, where they both were on
mission in Punjab, he coronated Akbar at the age of just 13
 Barram Khan killed Hemu in II Battle of Panipat

 Akbar was Illiterate, and he ruled under Barram Khan’s guardianship

 But In 1560, dispute started between Akbar and him too, he was lusting on the throne of Delhi,
so Battle between both
 Maham Anga was his “Dai Maa”, he was so much influenced by him and listen to him so much
from his childhood, she was taking all decision, in those 2 years
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 Akbar started expanded his kingdom

 King Dharmal accepted his rule and get married his daughter to Akbar
 1562, he started taking his decision, no more anyone influence

 He Prohibited Slavery, and Sati system

 He also removed Pilgrimage Tax, and because of this decision, people of kingdom give his title of
“Akbar”
 Akbar was the follower of Seikh Salim Chishti, who lived in his cottage in Fatehpur Sikri
 And his son was born in his cottage and he named his son’s name after Seikh
 He conquered Gujrat and added this to his kingdom
 In the Gujrat for the first time
1) He saw sea
2) And met Portuguese for the first time
 And on the occasion of conquering Gujrat, he built Buland Darwaja (India’s highest Darwaja)
 And also shifted his capital for 10 years to Fatehpur Sikri
 He also built many monuments in Fatehpuri
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 3 major fort of Mughal Era was built by Akbar

 Red fort was built by Shahjahan
 Earlier it was Kaji who was the justice of religion, but now he took this in his hand and to give
importance to all religion, his system was sulah-i-kul
 Mansabdari System – Earlier all higher officers (Mansab) were turk
 But when he started this system. Now all religion were accepted and Irani,
muslim, Rajpoot, martha, in his court officers and all the eligible person of
different religion became mansabdar, and an army and a land was given to
them or the part of his kingdom to generate tax revenue from there
 Akbar divided his kingdom into 14 provinces
 Akbar started those 2 systems
1) Jharokha Darshan – Mughal Badshah comes to a place of fort to give glimpse to public
everyday
2) Tuladan System – Donation of same to his weight
 He started Widow marriages
 And he prohibited Child marriage
 Mughals won in the battle of Haldighati, but Maharana Pratap manages to escape
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 Whoever wanted to take new religion, come to Sunday in my court, do Sajda and Paigos and say
allah hu akbar and he will join it
 Only muslim adopted it but, only hindu who adopted this religion was Mahesh Das (Birbal)
 1583, he started those things, and Ilahi Gaz, for land measurement
 He changed the name of Prayagraj to Ilahabaad
 Ralph Finch - 1st English Man to come in Akbar’s court is ↓

 Akbar’s period is known as Golden Era of Literature

 Mahabharat got translated into Persian by Abdul Qadir Badayuni
 In 1598, with the help of Portuguese he captured Allahabad fort, Salim independent himself in
Allahabad and revolted against his father, he also killed Abul Fazal (one of navratana) with the
help of Veer singh bundela
 Akbar said, Salim son khusro will became next king, but no effect on Salim’s ears
 Salim (Jahangir) was the 1st Mughal who revolt against his father and
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 1st time it was Akbar ruling era where a son revolt against his father

 Birbal – Wazir & Main advisor

 Todarmal – finance minister & land revenue minister

Jahangir –
 Childhood name – Salim
 Chief Instructor – Abdul Rahim Khan-E-Khana
 Man Bai- sister of Maan Singh got married to Jahangir
 Udai Singh – king of Jodhpur, and (the same Jagat Gosai was known as Jodha Bai) as the princess
of Jodhpur
 In the revolt of khusro, Guru Arjun Dev helped Khusro
 And because of that, Jahangir killed guru arjun Dev and made his son Khusro “blind”
 And on the occasion of his win, he gave him the title of Shahjahan to Khurram
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 Famous of Painter of Jahangir & Akbar

 Tomb of Itmaduddaula, Agra was built by his daughter, who was Jahangir’s wife Noor Jahan
 His Autobiography – Tujuk-E-Jahangir
 Completed by Mautbind Khan later
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Shahjahan –
 Shahjahan’s Era was known as Golden Era of Architecture
 Mumtaz Mahal died while giving 14th birth to his child (7 alive, and 7 died)
 “Pitra Dua” was an Iranian Art, in which While marble grind and filled with colourful stones
1) 1st time White Marble (Sangmarmar) was used in any monument in India – Humayun’s
Tomb
2) 1st time, any monument was made with the help of Pitra dura technique – Tomb of
Itmaduddaula

 Mir Zumla was the trader of Diamonds and he gave Kohinoor to Shahjahan
 1638, shifted capital from Delhi from Agra
 And he established, Shahjahanabad and also multiple monuments in Delhi
 Takht-i-taus for the sitting of diwan-e-Khas
 He almost spent all the money of treasure of Mughals to built all those monuments and things
 Shahjahan had 4 sons
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 Shahjahan got ill, and about to die and so In 1657, he declared his son Darah Sikoh as his
successor
 And after that, battle of successorship started between all the brothers
 And Aurangzeb killed all his brothers and also arrested his father
 And declared himself as the next king

Aurangzeb –
 He had the longest ruling period in all the Mughal rulers
 He was given the education of Quran in his childhood, so he always took decision on the basis of
it, and because of that he was killed as “Zinda Pir”
 After becoming the Mughal Emperor, he banned the printing of Kalma on coins
 He prohibited the consumption of Tobacco and Liquor and also banned Gambling
 He prohibited Slavery and Sati System
 1668, he prohibited All Hindu’s Festivals
 1669, he destroyed 3 major Hindu Temples
1) Somnath temple. Gujarat
2) Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi
3) Keshav Rai Temple, Mathura
 In 1679, he implemented Jazia again
 In his ruling period, Sivaji Maharaj, established Maratha Empire
 Akbar was the son of Aurangzeb, who revolt against his father and he run towards South of
India and got helped by Shambhaji
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 Harihar I and Bukka was two brother’s & the sons of Sangam
 Both were forced by Mohd. Tughlaq to convert Islam and later they returned back to Hinduism
by establishing Sangam Dynasty
 The official language of Vijayanagar empire was Telugu
 Harihar – I attacked Heysel and merged it with Vijayanagar Empire
 Bukka – I was a great warrior and he conquered Rameshwaram and Madurai in his empire

 Dev rai II was the greatest ruler of this dynasty

 He expanded his empire to Sri Lanka
 In his ruling period, a Persian Ambassador Abdul Razaq comes in his court
 Saluva killed Praudh Devrai and established a new dynasty in that kingdom
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 Saluva Narasingha started import of horses from the Arabs

 That Vir Narsimha established a new dynasty by killing the Immadi Narasingha

 He took the title of Bhujbal

 And in his ruling period 1st governor of Portuguese came in 1505
 Vir Narasingha abolished Marriage tax

Krishan Dev Rai –

 He was the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire
 He was contemporary to Babur and in his autobiography, Babur described him as the greatest
ruler of India
 There was a group of 8 Telugu poets in his court
 He was also contemporary to the 2nd governor of Portuguese, Alfanso De Albuquerque and he
sent “Father Louis” to his court
 He made 3 temples in his ruling period
 He was succeeded by his son
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 And a new dynasty was formed by in Vijayanagar Empire - “Aarvidu Dynasty”

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MODERN INDIA

Only maratha and sikhs was able to fight with Mughals, he started doing peace treaty with all the
enemies of the mughals

In 1707, he did a treaty with guru Gobind Singh too under the mel Milap scheme

In 1708, Guru gobind singh was killed by azim khan in nander, maharastra
 P a g e | 70

 Zulfikar khan was the son of asad khan (wazir of Aurangzeb) he helped Zahadar shah to be the
king and his puppet, all the decisions were taken by Zulfikar khan only
 Zulfikar khan ne mel Milap ki niti bnayi, rajshthan ke vidhori kings ke sath, unhe shant krne ke
liye
 Farrukhshiyar, who was the nephew of zahadar shah, killed zahadar shah with the help of Sayed
brothers

 Farukshir ke per me foda hua, koi thik ni krr paya, phir ek English surgeon aaya or usne surgery
krr diya, chira lgaa krr, uss pr petroleum jelly lgaa di, and he healed very quickly, farkushiyar ne
khush ho krr, ek tax free golden ordinance issue krr diya jiske under wo Bengal me khi bi factory
lgaa skte the or tax-free trade krr skte the
 Phir naam ka king rh gya farkushiyar, main king syed brothers bnnne lgee
 Phir 1719 me farkushiyar was killed by Balaji Vishwanath with the help of syed brothers,
 and new next kings, one after one, both Rafi’s were brother, and both die by illness after
becoming king
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 Muhammad Shah was also made king by syed brothers

 He was an all-women man, and after becoming Mughal emperor he killed Sayed brothers with
the help of chin-clinch khan
 Nizam ul mulk left Muhammad shah and he went to south of India and in the Golkonda he
independent himself
 Jaziya tax was first demolished by Akbar but later introduced by Aurangzeb
Partially it was also banned by bahadur shah I and zahadar shah but not wholly demolished
but finally demolished by Muhammad shah rangela

 Nadir Shah – Durrani dynasty

 Nadir shah stole peacock throne and last Mughal to seat on it is Mohammad shah
 and last Indian kin to hold Kohinoor diamond too
 Ahmed shah Abdali was the Senapati of nadir shah and he became the next king of Durrani
dynasty
 Alamgir I was the Aurangzeb
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 And in 1803, Britishers conquered Delhi too And made Mughals their pensioners
 Now Mughal will get pension only and all the tax revenue will be collected by British’s and they
will rule Delhi and nearby areas too
 Shah Alam II was the first pensioner Mughal Emperor of East India Company
 Akbar II was the first Mughal emperor who was appointed by the Britishers
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Fransisco De Almada attacked and conquered Arabian Sea for trade and (his policy)

 All other Arab and other countries now needed Portuguese permission to trade via Arabian sea
and gulf of Persia and strait of harmuj
 That’s why they are started called as estando de India
 In 1515, Albuquerque died in India
 In the context of first line, they started a kafila system in 1530, which is permit, known as cartez
armeda and Portuguese cafila walk by them for enuring safety including for even Mughals too,
everyone must pay tax to them for trade via Arabian sea
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CONTRIBUTION OF PORTUGUESES IN India

1. Harvesting of Potato and Tobacco

2. They bring red pepper to India
3. They were the build ship building in India
4. And they also started trade with Japan
5. They were the first to bring the Catholic Model of Church in India
6. And they were the first to start a printing press in India, in Goa in 1556

 They also known as United East India Company of Holland

 They were the first European to introduce golden coins as “pagoda coins” in India
 And Britishers wanted to take over cotton textile of Dutchess and they had a battle and they
defeated Dutchess and they returned to holland for Everly

 English khan because he was known of turk and pharsi

 Captain William Hawkins come by ship name “ hector” or Red dragon
 As the 15 years completed, Sir Thomas Rae bring an unlimited time trade letter from the king of
UK
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 In 1639, Fransis Dey, East India Company lease Madras from King of Chandragiri and
in 1640, they build modern Madras and they also built their fort there
 From 1669 -1677, the governor of Bombay, Gerald Aangiyar founded modern Bombay city
 In 1700, in those 3 villages, Modern Calcutta city was formed by Job Charnock
 Those three became 3 presidencies of Britishers, and why they called Presidency
o 1 governor
o 1 deputy governor
o 24 other members in each presidency
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 There was some conflicts was happening between English and Frenches in the Europe and with
that there conflicts was start followed in the India too and because of that, three wars fought
between English and French in India

 In 1754, Treaty of Pondicherry, they both agreed to not interfere in the internal matters of
Karnataka and Hyderabad
o And because of that and in this war, French started to feeling weak and Britishers
started to feel stronger in India
 After winning in the battle of wandiwash, Britishers abolished the dominance of the French
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 Before the revolt of 1857, George Annison was the British army chief
 And when the revolt started, Collin Campbell was appointed as British Army Chief

 Govt of India has appointed SN Sen to write a book on 1857 revolt

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 The cartage of bullets of iron riffles were made of the skin of cow or pigs, and only options was
there to peel it of with your mouth to use it
 When Mangal Pandey came to know about this fact, he denied to use it and when got in heated
argument with his senior Lieutenant Vogue and killed vogue and he was arrested by other
soldiers of battalion for the rebellion
 Eventually the revolt individually started by Mangal Pandey was controlled by east India
company
 But this news spread like fire around the country soon and reach Meerut too
 All 99 soldiers were arrested and case was in the court and all of them
 On 10 may, under the leadership of Kadam Singh, all sepoys started to attack their seniors and
freed the imprisoned soldiers in the night and all march towards Delhi, Red fort, whole night to
tell everyone revolt started earlier
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 Azimo shan was the grandson of auragnzeb and after that murshid quli khan was appointed
 Shujaudin was the son in law of murshid quli khan
 As Sarfraz khan became nawab, ali wardi khan revolted and fought battle with him

 Ali wardi khan was the greatest nawab of the Bengal

 He understand britishers are like honey bee, we should not molest them
 Next nawab was his son in law his daughter’s husband
 The age of sirajudaula was so less, britishes and frecnh started kilabandi to gain the moment
 Later French understand and stopped kilabandi, but british didn’t understand
 After 2 days, when prision opened, 123 were dead without food and water
 Robert clive was the army chief in the Madras presidency and he came to Kolkata to do treaty
with sirajudaula
 Robert clive made a pact with mir zafar to attack sirajudaula because he wanted to take over
whole Bengal
 Robert Clive just wanted to rule Bengal and give bait to mir zafar
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 Mir zafar made nawab by Robert clive as he promised him

 But when east India company started not liking him, he was dethrone and new nawab
 But Mir kasim made a army training camp in munger to unite them, but Robert clive find about
that he attacked him and mir kasim save his life by flew to awadh nawab

 As per this treaty entire Bengal was conquered by the britishers

 Last nawab the son of mir zafar’s son Nizamudaula
 In dirachy two tax was given by the locals
 Rao durluv was appointed to collect the tax
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 In Up, from kanooj(west) to karav nasha river (east) was awadh

 It became independent under mahoomad shah rangella by shadat shah
 Shadat was sia muslim
 Nadir shah want to leave India after defeating Mughal army in the battle of karnal but it was
shahadat khan who sent him a letter to attack Delhi and conquered it, but when he conquered,
he invited shahadat khan in Delhi and ask for a big amount, but in the fear. Shahadat suicide
 Shahadat (nephew and his son in law) became new nawab
 In 1748, ahmed shah made safdurjung as his pm and made also the subedar of Allahabad
 After that in 1753, he was terminated from the post of wazir, and in 1754, he died
 Sujauduala was the son of safdurjung
 In 1759, he gave conservation to ali gohar, because some Mughals wants to kill him, so he went
to awadh to save his life

 in the 3rd battle of Panipat sujaudaula helped ahmed shah Abdali against marathas
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 Hafiz Rehmat khan was killed and in the rohela khand, sujaudaula also ruled it, but one part of it
that was Rampur (once a part of rohelas) was never conquered by him and after some years.
Rampur became independent state
 ruhel khand – Rampur, murdabad, bariley
 in 1775, treaty of Faizabad between wareen hasting and sujaudaula
1. and under this treaty, awadh nawab accepted the rule of east India company in the
banaras
 in 1775, sujaudaula dead

 Begam Hazrat mahal was the wife of wajid ali shah, who did 1857 revolt from the lucknow
 And Birjis Qadr who was the son of Hazarat mahal became the next by hazrat after 1857

 In 1686, under the rule of Aurangzeb, they both attack the tomb of Akbar in Agra and his ashes
were stolen and burned by them
 In 1700, churaman jaat founded bharatpur state
 In 1721, he committed suicide
 In 1739, after the invasion of nadir shah, Badan Singh conquered Agra and Mathura and he got
the title of Raja from Ahmed shah Abdali
 In 1756, his son surajmal became the next king
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 Surajmal is known as plato of jaats. Jaato ka aflatoon

 Initially. Surajmal agreed to help marathas, but due to some distputes he denied to help them
 In 1805, east India company conquered bharatpur and he accepted the subsidiary alliance
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 Guru Nanak dev was considered as the founder of Sikhism in India

 He was the contemporary (समकाल न) to Ibrahim Lodi and Babar
 And he saw first battle of Panipat in his life
 Nanak Panth means disciples and followers of Sikhism
 Lehna became next guru as Angad dev

 Guru Angad Dev was contemporary to Humayun, after defeated to sher shah suri, he come to
angad dev to get his blessing and peace
 Guru Angad Dev made Guru langer system regular
 Guru Amardas was contemporary to Akbar, and Akbar come to visit Amardas in Gonderval
 And Akbar give land as gift to his daughter
 Guru Ramdas was also the contemporary to Akbar and was also the friend with Akbar
 And in 1577, Akbar gifted 500 bheega land to Guru Ramdas
 And on that land he founded a city on his name as Ramdas Nagar and now this city in modern
India is known as Amritsar
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 Guru Arjun dev was contemporary to Akbar and Jahangir

 Tarantaran and Kartapur cities were made by him and govindpur too
 Khusro was the eldest son of the Jahangir, he revolts against his father
 After capital punishment to guru arjun dev, the post of guru now became hereditary
 Guru hargovind. ne Amritsar city ki kilabandi krayi
 And he also gives army training to the shiks
 And he also made them non-vegetation
 And he founded a city named kiratpur in Kashmir

 Guru har rai was contemporary to Shahjahan, and he helped darah sikoh in the battle of
successorship
 Darah sikoh was the eldest son of the Shahjahan and Aurangzeb killed him to became king
 Aurangzeb didn’t liked guru har rai, but once he invited him to the palace, but his eldest son
went to there in his place, he did praised Aurangzeb so much, which harrai didn’t liked, so made
his 6 year old son as his succersor, guru harkishan
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 But ram rai seprated himself and made a gaddi in Dehradun

 Guru tegh bahadur was the son of guru hargovind and he was contemporary to Aurangzeb
 In 1675, he was excuteted by Aurangzeb in delhi
 Guru gobind singh founded a city Anandpur in Punjab and in the same city in 1699, he
established Khalsa panth and also 5 kakaar
 He also founded a city in hp which is poanta


 Before he died, he abmolish the post of sikh guru and also made his disciple banda singh
bahadur as the leader of Khalsa panth

 Banda bahadur was the servant of the guru Govind singh and he was born in jammu
 Guru gobind called him guru ka banda and he also told him to became the leader of sikh army
 Banda bahadur then went to Punjab and founded the first independent sikh state
 He was known for first sikh independent state and in the Punjab he became famous as
gurubakhya singh
 He issued guru nanak and guru gobind singh name coin
 After the death of banda bahadur, the sikh divided into 12 sikh missals
 And 1 missal was sukarchakhiya missal, maharaja ranjeet belongs to it
 And he became the first independent ruler of the punjab
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 Ranjeet singh was born in 1780, and his dad was the pardhan of the sukarchakiya missal,
 And after the death of his father, he became the rular at the age of just 12
 And in his ruling period, jaman shah(son of ahmed shah abdali ) attacked Punjab, but due to
some internal dispute in the afganisstan, he returned back, but he left some cannons in the
Lahore, but maharaja ranjeet returned him back his cannon and in the Khushi, he give him the
title of raja, he accepted ranjeet singh as the subedar of the lahore
 He conquered Lahore and made it his official capital
 In 1705, he aquired Amritsar from bhangi missal and made it as religious capital
 And under this treaty in 1709,
o north of satluj river – ranjeet territory
o south of satluj river – east India company

 successor one by one 4

 and everyone getting killed one by one
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 Lord Dalhousie conquered Punjab and made duleep singh as his pensioner
 Duleep singh was sent to London. Where he gifted Kohinoor diamond to queen Victoria
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 Dada Kondeva was the shahji bhonsle friend

 Shivaji founded navy, HQ – kalyan & Bhiwandi

 In 1657, Shahjahan ill, bed rest, dara sikoh new king, as elder brother, Aurangzeb and other
brothers started fight, and auragnzeb killed everyone and became king
 As he went from decan to delhi, Shivaji got oppuritinity to explore south India, Shivaji started
expanding his state in the south and started conquered forts in the south
 Samarajay ka vistar and shakiyoo ko bdaa rha tha Shivaji
 Story of both meet alone, but perfidious afazal carry khanjar to kill him, but got killed by bhaag
nakash of Shivaji
 Shaishta khan alley with Bijapur sultan Ali Adil Shah II and joined together to fight against
marathas army
 Shaishta khan attacked shaivaji in pune and conquered pune fort
 In the mid night, shivaji attacked shaishta khan and defeated in pune fort, and during this attack
shaishta khan’s son abdul fateh khan was killed
 When aaurangzeb found out this, in the anger he removed him from decan subedaar and sent
to bengal
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 In 1664, he only looted Mughal in Surat, no harm to Europeans and others

 Approx 1 crore was looted there, due to this big financial effect on Mughals, and in the anger,
Aurangzeb sent his meeerbakshi to attack on Shivaji
 He attacked Shivaji and forced him to do a treaty, purander in Maharashtra
 As per this treaty
1. Shivaji returned 23 forts out of 35 to the Mughals
2. Shiavaji has to be come with jai sing along with his son shamba ji in the red as
Aurangzeb wants to do meeting with him
 Jai singh presented Shivaji and his son shamba ji in the red fort. But aauranzeb was fury on
them. He arrested them or nazarband krr diya,
 Shivaji and his son were kept in Jaipur bhavanagara, agra
 And one day after finding some opportunity they both freed from there
 And they did the second loot of Surat in 1670
 After 10 days of the coronation, jija bai was dead and all marathas in shok
 And after some days in 1674 too, 2nd coronation of him, by tantik vidhi, by the Kanchi famous
purohit, named nischal puri goshwami
 Shivaji applied two type of taxation system in hi ruling period
1. Chauth – ¼ of total harvest crops
2. Sardeshmukhi – 1/10 of total revenue

 Note – Shivaji had three wives and when Shivaji died his wife putli bai got shati with him
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Administration of Marathas

 Total 8 posts used to work under chatarpati

1. Peshwa – PM
2. Sumant – foreign minister
3. Sar-E-Naubat – army chief or Senapati
4. Amatya – revenue minister
5. Vikiyanavis – information minister
6. Surunavis – letters minister
7. Pandit rao – minister of religious work
8. Nyaydish – law minister
 And the top layer of all of that was chatarpati Shivaji maharaj
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 Shambhaji was the elder son of the Shivaji

 Akbar was the son of the Aurangzeb (5 sons), he revolts against his father and flew to south and
8 years he lived with Shambhaji
 But in 1682, Aurangzeb started his south mission to conquer Golkonda and Bijapur and he
succeed in both scenario
 Aurangzeb arrested Shambhaji wife and his son
 RajaRam was the other son of Shivaji
 In 1700, raja ram was also killed by Aurangzeb
 And Shivaji II (son of rajaram) aged 4 years, became next king
 But his mother was doing administration under his name
 In 1707, Aurangzeb died and shahu got freed

 Capital always used to be raigarh but he shifted capital to satara

 Peshwai system was started by shahu
 Next peshwa became Bajirao I(Bajirao Ballal), he was the greatest peshwa of Maratha’s
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 He fought 40 unbeaten battles in his life

 In 1740, at the age of 39 years, he died
 Next king was his adopted child and he became next peshwa

 Madhav Rao was considered as the last great peshwa of maratha’s

 Under Madhav Rao Narayan
 First Anglo-Maratha war
 Lord Wellesely brought shayak sandhi in India
 In 1805, Bajirao II accepted the doctrine of lapse of lord Wellesley
 In 1818, Britishers conquered Maratha’s empire
 Bajirao II has a adopted child, dhondu pant, and under the conversation of Britishers, he got a
small ruling city in bithur, Kanpur
 He was known as nana saheeb peshwa
 And in the revolt of 1857, he and tatya tope participated from Kanpur
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 Mysore was once a part of Vijayanagar

 In 1565, after the battle of talikota. Vijayanagar dynasty declined
 Chikka Devraj surrender in the front of Aurangzeb and he stated paying taxes to Mughals
 And he also started paying taxes to Maratha’s too (Chauth and serdeshmukhi)
 Chikka krisharaj power was in the hand of his two ministers
 Nenjraj declared himself independent himself in Mysore

 Haidar Ali was Illiterate from childhood

 With the help of French in the army, he made arsenal in 1755
 Haidar Ali started expanding his ruling area
 He was defeated 4 times by madhav rao Narayana
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 In the I Anglo War. Haider Ali power became powerful

 He was the only ruler of south India, who never defeated by Britishers
 Haider Ali died in II Anglo war

 He started using Arabic Months instead of Hindu months

 And he issued modern calendar in his ruling period
 Sringeri temple was harmed by Maratha’s
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 In the III war, Britishers power became strong and Tipu sultan decreased
 In IV War, Tipu sultan was killed by Britishers and his ruling period and dynasty was over

 He helped Muhammad Shah to kill Syed’s brothers

 In 1724, he declared himself independent in deccan
 In the battle of Palkhera, he was defeated by Bajirao I
 Battle between anglo and hydrabad
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 Initially it was known as Congress, but in 1991, Dadabhai Naorji added India National congress
to it and it became INC
 Surendra Nath Banerji – 1st Indian who qualify ICS examination
 Satyendra Nath Tagore – 1st Indian who became ICS officer (IAS)

 1885 –
1. 72 members were participated
2. Congress gave 9 proposals to the British govt
3. In the first season, Surendra Nath Banerji didn’t participate
4. In the nine proposals. One was. Next will host in Calcutta
 1891 –
1. 436 members were participated
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2. Lord Duffrin gave garden party to the all-congress members

3. In the 2nd season, Surendra Nath Banerji didn’t participate also
 1887 –
1. First time speech was given in Tamil language
2. For the first time, lord Duffrin condemned congress and he did not like them
 1888 –
1. For the first time. Lala Lajpat Rai participated

 1889 –
1. William Wadurburne was the writer of the biography of AO Hume
2. For the 1st time, woman participated in congress season
 1891 –
1. “Indian National” word was added to the Congress
 1896 –
1. During that season. Song “Vande Mataram” was official sung for the first time
 1901 –
1. Gandhi Ji participated for the first time in the congress season
 1905 –
1. Protest against partition of Bengal
2. Lala Lajpat Rai suggested for the first time for “Satyagraha Movement”
3. Gopal Krishan Gokhale titled as the leader of the opposition on the basis of “Swaraj”
 1906 –
1. Swaraj became the main Aim of Indian National Congress
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 1907 – Congress divided into two groups

 1916 –
1. A pact between congress and Muslim league. As Lucknow pact
2. During that season. Moderate and extremist reconciled
 1917 –
1. Annie Basant(irish) became the first woman president of the INC
2. For the first time, tri colour has been adopted

 1918 – In this season, moderate gave their resignation

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 1924 –
1. only season where chairperson was Mahatma Gandhi Ji
2. During that season, Muslim league separated from Congress
 1925 –
1. Sarojni Naidu was the first Indian women president of the INC
2. For the first song was sung
 1929 –
1. 26 January 1930, from the next year, the day was started celebrated as puran swandinta
divas
 1931 – for the first time, congress demand for the fundamental rights

 1939 –
1. For the first time. There was election for the president of congress
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 1940 – 1945
1. No congress season was held
2. The longest served chairperson of congress was Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Because of
it
 1947 – JB Kriplani was the chairperson when India got independence
 JVB committee – Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh bhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramayya
(on which basis the formation of states in India)
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 Britishers applied divide and rule policy here

 In 1890, Britishers prohibited govt employees from joining congress
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 Indian Council Act, 1892

1. For the first time. Election process was adopted in India
2. For the first time. Indian got right to debate on budget
 Because of the Partition of the Bengal. The rule of liberals over taken by ultra nationalism

 Main leaders were LAL, BAL, PAL

 Main objectives –
1. To boycott the foreign goods
2. To adopt and use India goods
3. To establish self-rule(swaraj)
 After the partition, to unite all people of Bengal, Tagore wrote. “Amar Sonar Bangla”
 Two famous leader who started Swadeshi & Boycott Movement
1. Anand Mohan Bose
2. Surendra Nath Bannerji
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 Coronation of George V in third Delhi Darbar

 Lord Harding II made two proclamation
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 When Britain attacked turkey, Muslim league got devastated and stopped supported Britishers
 But congress got benefit from here and helped English Army in world war I and got closed to
them and
 then Lucknow pact happened
1. congress and Muslim league established a joined committee
2. in this committee. The demands of Muslim as religion and area was listened and pact
was happened
3. and in the same season. Both moderate and extremist reconciled again
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 The declaration was there which says. As the world war I will end. Indians will get their own
freedom and respective things
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 He started Satyagraha Aasaram in Ahmedabad

 Ghandi Political Guru – Gopal Krishan Gokhale
 Rajkumar Shukal(leader of farmers) from Champaran, Bihar meet Ghandhi in Lucknow in 1916
INC season and urge him to come to champaran for the farmers
 Ghandhi Ji revolt successful and got what he demands for farmers
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vit

 In 1918, plague was outburst in Ahmedabad. And labour demands for 35% bonus
 For that, Ghandhi ji supported them and did hunger strike for them
 And then judiciary given the order to give 35% plague bonus to the workers
 Kheda Satyagraha –
1. In Kheda, even the cops got spoiled, the British govt was still taking tax (Lagaan) from
people
2. Vitthal Bhai Patel urged farmers to not give tax because of natural calamity
3. That moment was the actual real satyagraha of Ghandhi ji
4. And Ghandhi ji successful and it was declared only the potent farmers will give tax
revenue to the govt
 Ghandhi Ji revolt against Rowlett Act
1. 30 March
2. 6 April
3. Rowlett Act was active majorly in North India. Protest everywhere against it
 And for this revolt. When Ghandhi ji was trying to go Punjab, he was arrested from Palwal
railway station while boarding for a train to Punjab
 It was, for the first time, Ghandhi ji was arrested by British Govt
 For the revolt against Rowlett Act
 In 1919
 In Palwal, Haryana
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 Hansraj an Indian who helped General Dayar

 Rabindra Nath Tagore returned his title back to British
 When Protest Against this incident spread everywhere, Hunter Commission was appointed to
inspect everything
 As per Hunter Commission, General Dayar was suspended and returned back to London
 After 21 years. Sardar Udham Singh. took revenge from him, in Caqston Hall, London

 Due to World War I and attack on turkey, Muslims in India. Started all India khilafat committee
to protest against British govt
 And in the meeting in Allahabad, Ghandhi urge others to take non cooperation as there main
weapon
 And Ghandhi urge others to celebrate 31 august as khilafat day
 In sep 1920, Calcutta session, Non-cooperation moment was accepted
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 And after some days, the post “Khalifa” was demolished in Turkey

 “Kaiser-E-Hind” was given to Ghandhi Ji when he insisted Indian to help British army In the
World War I, by urge him to join it
 Bhagwan Ahir was doing ralley In Gorakhpur, which police didn’t like and with the sticks they
made them wounded
 And in the protest and during the nights time, people fired police station and 22 police officers
were killed
 Because of this incident. Ghandhi Ji took back his non cooperation
 And by the British Govt, Ghandhi arrested and convicted as main culprit and imprisoned for 6
years
 But due to bad health condition he was bailed in 2 years in Feb 1924
 And in the 1924, in the Belgaon session was host by Mahatma Ghandhi
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 3 person formed Swaraj Party

 The main aim of Swaraj Party was to join the British council and make some hurdle in the British
govt work, to get elected and demand for the self-rule
 But in 1925, after the death of Chitranjan Das, the Swaraj Party weakened
 Because of the poor health of Ghandhi Ji. In the Belgaon session,
1. it was declared there will be no more non-cooperation in India as a national aandolan
2. And told Ghandhi ji to have focus on the khadi and charkha
 As the head of all India spinners Association
3. And Swaraj Party was told to get elect and go to parliament and ask for self-rule
4. And a pact was happened between Ghandhi Ji and Chittranjan Das
 Because of taken back of non-cooperation by Ghandhi Ji, other members and youth were fury
on him and they decided not to trust him and support him anymore
 HRA party was established
 Kakori Tragedy was happened


 In 1919, when Montague-Chelmsford reform act comes which is also called as the (council act
of India,1919), applied diarchy in India, and to review this in India, a commission was made by
Britain in London
 Indian were demanding for at least 1 Indian in that commission to ensure the transparency in
the process and Simon commission report
 But British didn’t listened anything
 In the 1927, Madras session, Simon commission was boycotted by all congress members
 It was also boycotted by Muslim League too
 But three group/people welcomed it:
1. Written on right side
 Simon “GO BACK” and black flags and strike in the Bombay when Simon Commission came to
India on Feb 3,1928
 Oct, 1928, During the protest against Simon commission in Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai died by stick
charge by Lt. Scott
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And the revenge of it was taken by HRA, but they mistakenly killed Sandras
instead of Scott
 On May 27, 1930, Simon Commission published it report and return back to London

 In 1925, Lord Burkenhead Challenged Congress to make their own constitution, which was
accepted by Moti Lal Nehru
 Nehru committee –
1. Head – Moti Lal Nehru
2. Secretary - Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehu
3. Other main members: Subash Chandra Bosh
 Nehru report was published by Moti Lal Nehru in 1928
 But Muslim League rejected it because there was no separate Muslims electoral for them
 British urged them to be dominate state under UK, which Jawahar Lal Nehru rejected with the
demand of total Independence

 Because of this a dispute between both Nehru’s

 Gandhi ask for his 9 demands and for Indian whicg includes
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1. Liquor ban
2. No tax on salt and salt production by Indians too
3. Defence cost should be less. Salaries to govt employee should decrease
4. Less tax on lands
5. Reforms in arms act etc.
 In the return he also said. If they won’t accept it, he will do civil disobedience movement

 After the arrest of Ghandhi Ji, the salt aandolaan spread more faster in the whole India
 When the Simon commission was published. Indians were not happy with this and to make
them happy and ensure it is good for them,
 1st round table conference (Nov 1930- Jan 1931) – London
 Viceroy – Lord Irwin
 King – George V
 PM – Ramsey McDonald
 1st Round table conference was boycotted by congress, and it was failed
 When that conference failed. There was no option left to accept Ghandhi demands and a pact
was held, Ghandhi-Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact)
1. Ghandhi agreed to take back his civil disobedience movement
2. And Ghandhi Ji agreed congress will take part in 2nd round table conference
 2nd round table conference (Sep 1931- dec 1931) – London
 Viceroy – Lord Wellington
 King – George V
 PM – Ramsey McDonald
 In the 2nd round table conference, Ghandhi Ji participated as the representative of congress
 Only round table in which Ghandhi ji participated
 But to due communal dispute (sampardayik viviad), this was also failed
 In this conference. Dr Ambedkar demanded for the separate electoral for backward classes
 Mahatma Ghandhi upset and returned back upset because instead of fundamental rights,
others were asking for separate electoral for Muslims or Backwards
 and started doing civil disobedience again as he didn’t want a separation like Hindu and
Muslims, inside the Hindu religion too
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 But he got arrested

 British accepted Ambedkar demand and given 2 vote rights to backward class.
 Ghandhi so upset and sit on till death strike against BR Ambedkar as he didn’t want more divide
in India over religion and especially not in Hindus community

 Then Ghandhi ji agrees 18% seats will increase of Dalits in the assembly
 3rd round table conference (Nov 1932- Dec 1932) – London
 Viceroy – Lord Wellington
 King – George V
 PM – Ramsey McDonald
 In this conference. Congress didn’t participate again, and it failed
 Govt of India Act, 1935 became the main source of Indian Constitution
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 First thought of separate country/state comes in Muhammad Iqbal mind in 1930, Muslim
League session
 He is same guy who wrote. Inqilab Zindabad and Saree Jahan se aacha Hindustan hamara
 Under 1935, Govt of India Act, 11 provinces were made and in 1937, first Provincial election
were happened in India

 British govt didn’t interacted with congress and included whole India in the world war II and
declared emergency in India
 And the council of minister of every province were resigned by congress members
 And because of this Muslim League happy and celebrated. “Mukti Diwas” along with BR
Ambedkar
 1940, August offer: (to make congress and fury members and Indians happy)
1. The council of viceroy will be expended and more Indian members will be included
2. A war advisory council will be established to monitor it
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3. After war. All different parities of India will be called and discussion will be happened on
making and structure of Indian constitution
4. No constitutional changes will be made without the discussion with minorities
 This offer was rejected by Jawahar Lal Nehru by calling it “Jung lagi hui key” which was we
implemented many years ago
 Vinoba Bhave - 1st person to start Individual Satyagraha
 Jawahar Lal Nehru – 2nd person to start Individual Satyagraha

 Mar 23, 1940, Muslim League session

 Head – Mohammad Ali Jinah
 Demand for separate country started
 Crisp Mission –
 Ghandhi ji called it – Post Dated Cheque
 Nehru ji called it – Post Dated Cheque of a sinking Sheep
 Proposal of Crisp Mission
1. After 2nd world war, India will a union and will get a right to get separated from the
membership of commonwealth
2. After 2nd world war. A constitution assembly of India will be established, which will be
responsible for constitution of India
3. Princely states will get option to get joined in union of India or not
4. Muslim majority area will also get an option to join with India or not
 Crisp Mission was also rejected and in the against. “Quit India” movement was started in the
wardha session of INC
 Aug 1, 1942, tilak day was celebrated on the date of death of Gangadhar tilak
 Aug 9, 1942, Bombay, Gowalia Tank Maidan, started
 And in the against, British started “Operation Zero Hour”
 Arrested Under this – Ghandhi and others naidu, maulana azad
 Ghandhi nazarband in Aggah khan Palace
 And he sit on strike till death against britsh
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 1897 – In Maharashtra
 1912, In the 3rd Delhi Darbar, Raas Bihari Bose threw bomb on lord Harding and his cafilla
 1913, In USA, Gadar Aandolaan
 In 1928, in the Firoz Shah Kotla Stadium. By merging of HRA and Bhagat Singh party by Chandra
Shekhar Azad. HSRA formed
 Socialist word added by bhagat singh
 National Assembly Bomb – Bhagat Singh and Buttkeswar Dutt
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The Last Phase towards Independence:

 In 1945, II world war ended

 In 1946, Cabinet Mission plan to India – As per this plan constitution assembly of India was
established
 March, 1947, Lord Mountbatten comes as viceroy of India
1. Mountbatten Plan – Partition of India
2. Dickybird Plan – Division of constitution assembly
 1947, Indian Independence Act, and as per this plan, India got impendence
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 Robert Clive –
1. He was the first governor of Bengal
2. Battle of Plassey -1757
3. Treaty of Allahabad -1765
4. Applied diarchy in Bengal, 1765
5. He prohibited govt employees from taking gift
6. He was only governor who committed suicide in 1767
 Henry Vencitart –
1. Battle of Buxar - 1764
 John Cartier–
1. 1770, first aakaal of modern India
 Warren Hasting –
1. Last governor and 1st governor general of Bengal
2. In 1772, he abolished diarchy in Bengal
3. 1773, Regulating Act
4. 1773, treaty of Banaras
5. 1774, establishment of Supreme court in Calcutta
6. 1775, Treaty of Faizabad
7. 1781, Act of settlement
8. 1784, Pitts India Act
9. Only governor who was impeached by British Parliament (1785)
 Lord Cornavalles –
1. Father of ICS, 1793
2. Act of 1786
3. 1793, he started permanent settlement in Bengal, Zamindari Partha
 Sir john Shore –
1. He made Zamindar as the actual owner of their land
 Lord Wellesley –
1. Subsidiary Alliance in India
 First state to accept – Hyderabad
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2. 1800, fort William college in Calcutta

3. Prohibited Indian news paper
 Sir George Barlow –
1. 1806, 1st Army revolt in India (Vellore, TN)

 Lord Minto I –
1. 1809, Treaty of Amritsar
 Lord Hasting –
1. Abolition of Maratha empire in 1818
 Lord Adams –
1. He also prohibited Indian newspaper
 Lord Amherst –
1. He visited the court of Mughal emperor Akbar II
 Lord William Bentick –
1. Last governor general of Bengal and 1st governor general of India
2. Abolished three system
 1829, Sati Partha
 1830, thug Partha
 1833, Nar Bali Partha
3. Charter Act, 1833
4. He made English the official language of India
5. He founded Calcutta medical college
6. He founded the post of divisional commissioner
 Lord Charles Metcalf –
1. He is known as liberator of press, because he removed ban from the Indian newspapers
 Lord Auckland –
1. Changed the name of Sher shah Suri Marg to GT Road
2. He started the system of scholarship in school and college
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 Lord Ellenborough –
1. he abolished Das Partha (slavery)
 Lord Harding I –
1. 1st Anglo- Sikh war
 Lord Dalhousie –
1. He started doctrine of lapse
2. 2nd Anglo-Sikh war
3. Conquered Punjab form Dulip singh
4. 1850, he added Sikkim in India
5. 1853, charter Act
6. 1853, he started written exam for ICS
7. 1853, he started 1st passenger train of India
8. He founded PWD
9. He also started Telegram Service
10. He made Shimla, the summer capital of India
11. He started Postage tickets
 Lord Canning –
1. Last governor general and 1st viceroy of India
2. The revolt of 1857
3. 1857, three central university were established
 Calcutta
 Bombay
 Madras
4. Govt of India Act, 1858
5. Indian council Act, 1861
6. Indian high court,1861
 3 high court were established,
o Calcutta
o Madras
o Bombay
7. 1862, canning did the classification of Indian departments
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 Sir John Lawrence –

1. He founded Indian forest department
2. 1865, he started telegraph service
 Lord Mayo –
1. 1872, he conducted first census of India
2. Founded Mayo college in Ajmer
3. 1872, founded agriculture department in India
4. 1872, he was killed in Port Blair
 Lord Northbrook –
1. Sewez Cannel was started in his period
2. 1875, Edward VII, Prince of Wales arrived India
 Lord Lytton –
1. 1877, first Delhi Darbar, Queen Victoria Coronation, as the queen of India too
 Title given to her as “Kesar-E-Hind”
2. Vernacular Press Act, 1878
 Lord Ripon –
1. Father of India Census, as he started census on 10-year regular basis from 1881
2. 1st Factory Act, 1881 and he prohibited Child labour
3. He started local governance in India
4. 1882, Hunter commission, for the reforms in primary education
 Lord Dufferin –
1. 1885, foundation of congress
 Lord Lansdowne –
1. 2nd Factory Act. 1891
2. Indian council Act, 1892
3. 1893. Bal Gangadhar Tilak started “Ganpati festival”
 Lord Elgin II –
1. 1895, Tilak started “Shivaji festival”
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 Lord Curzon –
1. He was the most hated viceroy
2. 1905, he founded Railway Board of India
3. Partition of Bengal, 1905