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100%(1)100% found this document useful (1 vote)
890 views22 pagesTransition and Rhetorical Synthesis 1
Uploaded by
nhtlnhnguyenvuCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Compiled by American Study
Transition and Rhetorical Synthesis - Drill 1
Transition
In his 2016 poem "Orphan," Blas Falconer explores ill Belew's talent for intricately and expertly detailed
B
Teresita Fernández's sculptureNocturnal (Horizon costume design was on full display with the Blue Rain
Line), a work that features horizontal bands of granite. jumpsuit, created for musical icon Elvis Presley to
____ Falconer participates in a tradition dating back to wear onstage. ______ the suit's blue rhinestones
Homer'sIliad: that ofekphrasis, poetry that engages showcased Belew's careful attention to detail.
with visual art.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W transition?
transition? A) Next,
A) In addition, B) In particular,
B) In doing so, C) Soon,
C) That said, D) Nevertheless,
D) Conversely,
ollowing the American Revolutionary War, North
F oseph Goodrich was an outspoken abolitionist
J
American foodways underwent a radical whose Wisconsin home was a stop on the
transformation, fueled in large part by spiking underground railroad (the network of people and
consumer demand for certain grains. The cultivation, places that some enslaved people used to escape to
trade, and transportation of maize and wheat, ____ freedom). ___ supporters of the railroad were
reconfigured the continent's existing regional secretive about their anti-slavery views. By and large,
foodways into a globally oriented food system. they were vocal abolitionists like Goodrich.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition? transition?
A) by comparison, A) Occasionally,
B) second of all, B) For example,
C) alternatively, C) Accordingly,
D) in particular, D) However,
1
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In 1974, Mexican chemist Mario Molina and US In a 2022 analysis, researchers investigated how
chemist F. Sherwood Rowland discovered that negative adjectives like “ashamed” evolve. _____ the
chemicals called CFCs were harmful to the ozone researcher applied a statistical model to a set of
layer. Their research was extremely influential in the words to infer the rate of cognate replacement—the
fight against CFCs. _____ it laid the foundation for a rate at which a word will be replaced over time with a
1987 treaty that phased out the use of CFCs across noncognate form—in Indo-European languages.
the globe.
Which choice completes the most logical transition?
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W A) Specifically,
transition? B) Therefore,
A) Specifically, C) Thus,
B) Regardless, D) Granted,
C) Earlier,
D) However,
ornelia Konrads is a German sculptor who creates
C here are three basic steps you should follow when
T
art that seems to be part of its surroundings. Her planning a scientific inquiry. First, thoroughly research
sculpture entitledknotty stiltsis built on the wallof a the question you wish to answer. _____ come up with a
university building in the United States. _____ prediction (also called a hypothesis) about the answer
appearing as two support beams knotted together to your question. Third, doing an experiment that can
against the wall, it is cleverly placed into its test the accuracy of your hypothesis.
environment, serving as an example of Konrads's
approach. hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition?
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W A) For example,
transition? B) Second,
A) There, C) Therefore,
B) Later, D) Instead,
C) For instance,
D) However,
2
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he Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind project is
T ountain climbing routes that incorporate metal
M
anticipated to generate 2.6 gigawatts of energy, rungs and cables are known asvia ferratas, from the
enough to power almost one million homes. As its Italian phrase for "iron path." As climbing these routes
name indicates, the project—currently in has shifted from a mode of travel to a sporting activity,
development—consists of wind turbines located off modern via ferratas are rarely designed to simply
the Virginia coast. _____ the project plan calls reach a summit. _______ new routes favor recreation
for 176 large turbines to be placed at a site 27 miles over utility, aiming to provide a challenging climb or
east of Virginia Beach. showcase dramatic scenery.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition? transition?
A) In conclusion, A) Nonetheless,
B) In contrast, B) On the other hand,
C) As a result, C) More often,
D) To be exact, D) Additionally,
In 2005, notoriously shy American singer-songwriter ith their distinctive cone shapes and steeply sloping
W
Ray LaMontagne saw his life change with the success sides, the volcanoesKuchinoshima(Japan) and
of his hit single "Trouble." That year, he performed Tantalus(Hawaii) may look similar from afar. Gari
more than thirty live sets, including at Avalon in Los Mayberry and other volcanologists, ___ can tell by how
Angeles, United States, and Théatre Outremont in each was formed that Kuchinoshima is a composite
Montreal, Canada; ______ he'd performed fewer than a volcano, while Tantalus is a cinder cone volcano.
dozen times In 2004.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W transition?
transition? A) for example,
A) similarly. B) in addition,
B) on the other hand, C) therefore,
C) additionally, D) though,
D) often,
In March 1862, John Ahoy joined the US Navy, where he title of “Of the Inequality amongst Us,” an essay by
T
he went on to serve aboard the USSPinoladuring the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne, suggests a
US Civil War. ____ he earned a place in US history as straightforward topic. However, Montaigne’s
one of the war's few Chinese-born American soldiers. expansive, curious mind meant that he never limited
himself to one subject. _______ the essay is not just a
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W discussion of inequality but a broad exploration of
transition? Montaigne’s entire worldview.
A) In any case,
B) Finally, hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
C) For instance, transition?
D) In doing so, A) Lastly,
B) That said,
C) Predictably,
D) Additionally,
3
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oughly once an hour, a torrent of boiling water shoots
R ust as the state of New York has a designated state
J
up 100 feet or more from Yellowstone's Old Faithful flower, tree, and bird, it also has a state soil: Honeoye
geyser before plunging back to the surface—a cycle soil. Honeoye is a fitting choice for state soil, in large
seemingly inhospitable to life. ____ as microbiologist part because it can be found in abundance across the
Eric Boyd attests, "the geyser is...almost like a cradle state. ____ it plays an important role in New York's
for biodiversity," home to numerous bacteria species agricultural industry and is used to grow a variety of
that thrive in its sulfurous waters. crops, like corn and soybeans.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition? transition?
A) Thus, A) At the time,
B) Still, B) Alternatively,
C) Specifically, C) Conversely,
D) In other words, D) Moreover,
ust as the state of Texas has a designated state,
J In her 2012 analysis of tree rings from Japan's Yaku
flower, tree, and bird, it also has a state soil: Houston Island, cosmic ray physicist Fusa Miyake noted an
Black soil. Houston Black is a fitting choice for state anomalous carbon-14 spike dating to 774‒775 CE,
soil, in large part because it can be found in indicating that a massive burst of radiation reached
abundance across the state. _____ it plays an Earth during that time. ______ this unprecedented
important role in Texas's agricultural industry and is radiocarbon surge was dubbed a "Miyake event" in
used to grow a variety of crops, like cotton and honor of its discoverer.
sorghum.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W transition?
transition? A) Fittingly,
A) Additionally, B) Similarly,
B) At that time, C) However,
C) By contrast, D) In other words,
D) Alternatively,
4
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irene, one of the eighty known moons of Jupiter, is
E In Argentina, the Chamber of Deputies is elected via a
designated as Jupiter LVII ("LVII" means "57"). Roman proportional representation (PR) system. In PR
numerals typically indicate the order in which the elections, votes are cast (not for specific candidates,
moons were named rather than the order of their as they are in single-member plurality systems, but for
proximity to Jupiter. ____ tt is incorrect to assume that political parties) and then tabulated; ____ each
Eirene is the fifty-seventh moon from Jupiter in terms qualifying party is awarded a number of seats
of proximity. proportional to the number of votes it received.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition? transition?
A) Moreover, A) second of all,
B) Finally, B) in fact,
C) However, C) by contrast,
D) Then, D) accordingly,
egislators in Antigua are elected via a
L ith his room-sized installationUnicorn/My Private
W
first-past-the-post electoral system. In this Sky, Norwegian artist Borre Sæthre succeeds in
winner-take-all voting system, the seat is awarded to creating a whimsical yet perplexing experience. ____
the candidate who receives not a majority but a when visitors set foot inside the fantastically blue
plurality i.e., greatest number of votes. _______ if room and encounter the life-sized stuffed unicorn
several popular candidates are vying for the same preening at the far end of it, they are both dazzled and
seat, it is possible for a candidate to win an election confused‒as if stepping into a strange and enchanting
despite receiving less than 50% of the votes. new world.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition? transition?
A) Moreover, A) Indeed,
B) Similarly, B) Second,
C) Accordingly, C) Nevertheless,
D) However, D) Instead,
he London Array, an offshore wind farm located off
T enerally, sleek vehicles are more aerodynamic than
G
the coast of England, produces about 630 megawatts bulkier ones. The streamlined pose of the T-45
(MW) of electricity per year. _____ England's Hornsea Goshawk jet, ____ helps it glide through wind with
Project One offshore wind farm, which generates the relative ease, while a boxy pickup truck encounters
most power of any single offshore farm, produces more wind resistance, making it less aerodynamic.
1,218 MW of electricity.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W transition?
transition? A) meanwhile,
A) As a result, B) however,
B) That is, C) for instance,
C) By comparison, D) additionally,
D) For instance,
5
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ustralia ratified the Outer Space Treaty, an
A efore the first railroads were built in Australia,
B
international agreement with over 100 signing nations engineers warned against using multiple track widths
that acts as the foundation for the laws of space, on across the continent. ______ regional officials couldn't
January 27, 1967. Colombia signed the treaty; _______ agree on a single-width system. Thus, railways in
it has yet to officially ratify it. Queensland, like the Durundur Railway, were made
using narrow tracks, while those in Victoria were built
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W with wide tracks.
transition?
A) however, hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
B) similarly, transition?
C) specifically, A) For this reason,
D) for example, B) In other word,
C) Similarly,
D) Nevertheless,
irefly luciferase (Fluc) is a distinctly evolved enzyme
F
that can oxidize a substrate called D-luciferin to
induce bioluminescence and can act as a fatty acyl
CoA synthetase (ACS) enzyme, a class of enzyme cientists long debated the origins of chondrules, tiny
S
present in all insects. _____ Fluc is a bifunctional glass beads that formed in meteors billions of years
enzyme whose presence indicates an insect is ago. For decades, different theories were proposed,
capable of emitting light; in contrast, the presence of from lightning strikes to powerful rock collisions, but
ACS alone would be insufficient for determining none had sufficient evidentiary support. ___ scientists
bioluminescence. found strong evidence that chondrules were formed
by shock waves in nearby nebulae.
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition? hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
A) In fact, transition?
B) Moreover, A) For example,
C) That is, B) Finally,
D) Nevertheless, C) Similarly,
D) Therefore,
s anthropologist Cristina Grasseni explains, with the
A
rise in demand for artisanal cheeses claiming to be
cientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample
S
typical of specific Italian regions, such as Pecorino
of neon in 1898, the same year they first discovered
Siciliano cheese from Sicily, came the need to
the element's existence. _____ the isolation process
guarantee the veracity of such claims to consumers. took longer for erbium, which was isolated in its pure
___ the European Union established DOP status, a form 91 years after scientists first discovered it.
label certifying that the cheese was made according
to the region's local traditions. hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
transition?
A) For instance,
hich choice completes the text with the most logical
W
B) By contrast,
transition? C) Thus,
A) Conversely, D) Similarly,
B) Likewise,
C) Regardless,
D) Therefore,
6
Compiled by American Study
Rhetorical synthesis
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Auteur theory is a view of filmmaking that ● Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress
positions the director as the primary author of born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay),
a film. India.
● This now dominant theory was coined by film ● She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
critic Andrew Sarris. ● She was the first Indian-born actress to be
● In a 1963 rebuttal, film critic Pauline Kael nominated for an Academy Award.
argued that film authorship should be shared ● Early in her career, she played many nameless,
among screenwriters, directors, and others uncredited roles, such as her role inStrange
involved in the filmmaking process. Evidence(1933).
● In a 2006 book, film critic David Kipen ● Later, she played many named, credited roles,
proposed "schreiber theory." such as Jill Baker inThat Uncertain Feeling
● Schreiber theory repositions the screenwriter (1941).
as the primary author of a film. Which choice most effectively uses information from
The student wants to compare Kipen's theory of film the given sentences to specify Merle Oberon's role in
authorship with Sarris's. Which choice most effectively That Uncertain Feeling(1941)?
uses relevant information from the notes to A) Merle Oberon was an Indian-born actress who
accomplish this goal? performed in many films, includingStrange
A) In repositioning the screenwriter (not the Evidence(1933) andThat Uncertain Feeling
director) as the primary author of a film, (1941).
Schreiber theory presents an alternative to the B) Merle Oberon's story begins in Mumbai (then
dominant auteur theory. known as Bombay), India, in 1911.
B) Film critics Andrew Sarris and David Kipen C) In 1941, Indian-born actress Merle Oberon
hold the view that film authorship should be played the role of Jill Baker in the filmThat
shared among those involved in the Uncertain Feeling.
filmmaking process. D) Though she would go on to receive credit in
C) In a 1963 rebuttal to Sarris's theory that a many films, Merle Oberon started her career
director is the primary author of a film, Kael playing uncredited, nameless roles in films
proposed that screenwriters should instead such asStrange Evidence(1933).
be given sole authorship.
D) Kiper's theory of film authorship contrasts
with that of Kael, who famously argued
against Sarris's auteur theory in 1963.
7
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hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Chromosomes are cellular structures that ● Chromosomes are cellular structures that
contain genes.
contain genes.
● Genes carry critical instructions for
determining an organism's physical traits. ● Genes carry critical instructions for
● The fennec fox and the red fox are both determining an organism's physical traits.
species of foxes. ● Members of the same species typically have
● As a species, the fennec fox has sixty-four the same number of chromosomes.
chromosomes. ● The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) and the
● As a species, the red fox has thirty-four Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis) are species
chromosomes.
of foxes.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between
the two species of foxes. Which choice most ● The bat-eared fox has seventy-two
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to chromosomes.
accomplish this goal? ● The Bengal fox has sixty chromosomes.
A) Genes, which are in fennec fox chromosomes, The student wants to specify how many
carry critical instructions for determining the chromosomes the bat-eared fox has. Which choice
fox's physical traits. most effectively uses relevant information from the
B) While both are species of foxes, the fennec
notes to accomplish this goal?
fox and the red fox don't have the same
number of chromosomes: fennec foxes have A) The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) and the
sixty-four, whereas red foxes have only Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis) both have
thirty-four. chromosomes, but the bat-eared fox has more
C) The fennec fox and the red fox both have than the Bengal fox does.
chromosomes, which contain genes. B) The Bengal fox, a species of fox, has sixty
D) The red fox, a species of fox, has thirty-four
structures called chromosomes.
cellular structures called chromosomes.
C) The bat-eared fox's chromosomes contain
genes, which are critical to determining an
organism's physical traits.
D) The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) has
seventy-two chromosomes.
8
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
● Chromosomes are cellular structures that ● Soo-Bong Kim is a South Korean particle
contain genes. physicist.
● Genes carry critical instructions for ● Particle physicists study subatomic
determining an organism's physical traits. particles.
● Members of the same species typically have ● Neutrinos are some of the least understood
the same number of chromosomes. subatomic particles.
● The fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) and the red fox ● Kim is known for his research on neutrino
(V ulpes vulpes) are species of foxes. oscillations.
● The fennec fox has sixty-four chromosomes. hich choice most effectively uses information from
W
● The red fox has thirty-four chromosomes. the given sentences to specify what type of neutrino
The student wants to specify how many research Kim is known for?
chromosomes the fennec fox has. Which choice most ) Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle
A
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to that particle physicists are still trying to
accomplish this goal? understand.
A) The fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) and the red fox B) Soo-Bong Kim, whose research involves
(V ulpes vulpes) both have chromosomes, but article physics, is from South Korea.
p
the fennec fox has more than the red fox C) In the ongoing pursuit to better understand
does. these subatomic particles, particle physicist
B) The fennec fox (Vulpeszerda) has sixty-four Soo-Bong Kim is known for his research on
chromosomes. neutrino oscillations.
C) The fennec fox's chromosomes contain D) One scientist who has worked to advance
genes, which are critical to determining an our understanding of neutrinos is the South
organism's physical traits. Korean particle physicist Soo-Bong Kim.
D) The red fox, a species of fox, has thirty-four
structures called chromosomes.
9
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Crown shyness is a phenomenon in which the ● In 2017, a research team led by Mary Caswell
tops (crowns) of neighboring trees grow close Stoddard determined the average lengths of
together but don't overlap. eggs produced by various bird species.
● To explain how this happens, Australian ● Acrocephalus scirpaceusis a species of bird
forester M.R. Jacobs proposes the mutual in the orderPasseriformes.
abrasion theory. ● Acrocephalus scirpaceuseggs had an average
● According to Jacobs's theory, when trees length of 1.80 cm.
brush against one another, branches break ● Alcedo atthisis a species of bird in the order
off. Coraciiformes.
● Malaysian scholar Francis S.P. Ng posits the ● Alcedo atthiseggs had an average length of
mutual shade avoidance theory. 2.19 cm.
● According to Ng's theory, when tree branches Which choice most effectively uses information from
detect shade from nearby trees' branches, the given sentences to emphasize a difference
they stop growing. between the eggs of the two species?
The student wants to compare the causes of crown A) A 2017 study compared the lengths of eggs
shyness proposed in the two theories. Which choice produced by an array of different bird species,
most effectively uses relevant information from the such asAcrocephalus scirpaceusandAlcedo
notes to accomplish this goal? atthis.
A) Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance theory, B) The bird speciesAcrocephalus scirpaceus,
whereas Jacobs proposes an alternative which belongs to the order Passeriformes,
theory. andAlcedo atthis, of the order Coraciiformes,
B) Both Jacobs and Ng have proposed theories were included in a 2017 study that compared
to explain what causes crown shyness. the average lengths of their eggs.
C) While Jacobs proposes that crown shyness is C) Mary Caswell Stoddard led a research study
caused by neighboring tree branches brushing that determined the average lengths of eggs,
against one another, Ng posits that it occurs including those ofAcrocephalus scirpaceus
when branches detect shade from nearby birds (1.80 cm) andAlcedo atthisbirds (2.19
trees' branches. cm).
D) Jacobs's mutual abrasion theory proposes D) A 2017 study found thatAcrocephalus
that when neighboring trees brush against scirpaceuseggs had an average length of 1.80
one another, branches break off, resulting in a cm, whereasAlcedo atthiseggs were longer,
phenomenon in which the tops of trees grow with an average length of 2.19 cm.
close together but don't overlap.
10
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● The Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe is ● Kepler's first law of planetary motion states
in Valencia, Spain. that the orbit of a planet around the Sun is
● It is home to a Foucault pendulum. an ellipse.
● Vasile Alecsandri National College is in ● The law also states that, in an elliptical orbit,
Galati, Romania. the object being orbited is one of the
● It is home to a Foucault pendulum. ellipse's foci.
● A Foucault pendulum dangles from a fixed ● Kepler's laws of planetary motion also apply
point that ensures the swing path of the to natural satellites (e.g., moons).
pendulum doesn’t change. ● Umbriel is a moon of Uranus that orbits the
● To an observer, the swing path of a Foucault planet in 4.14 Earth days on average.
pendulum appears to change over time ● Umbriel's orbit is elliptical.
because Earth rotates beneath it The student wants to provide an explanation and
The student wants to emphasize a similarity example of Kepler's first law of planetary motion.
between the two locations. Which choice most Which choice most effectively uses relevant
effectively uses relevant information from the notes information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
to accomplish this goal? A) Umbriel's orbit of Uranus is elliptical,
A) Because Earth rotates beneath it, the swing demonstrating Kepler's first law of planetary
path of the Foucault pendulum at the Museu motion, which describes the elliptical orbits
de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe appears to of planets but applies to moons as well.
change over time. B) Kepler's first law of planetary motion states
B) The Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe, that the orbit of a planet around the Sun is
which is home to a Foucault pendulum, is in an ellipse; for example, planetary satellites
Spain, not Romania. orbit their planets in an elliptical fashion.
C) The Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe in C) Kepler's first law of planetary motion, which
Valencia, Spain, and Vasile Alecsandri describes the orbits of Uranus and other
National College in Galati, Romania, both planets in the solar system, states that the
house Foucault pendulums. object being orbited is one of the ellipse's
D) One Foucault pendulum is in Spain, and the foci.
other is in Romania. D) Uranus's moon Umbriel completes an orbit in
4.14 Earth days on average, a clear example
of Kepler's first law of planetary motion.
which describes the elliptical orbit of
planets.
11
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hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● The black-footed ferret is a mammal ● Louis Ballard was a classical composer and
species. citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.
● Up until 1981, it was believed to be extinct. ● He is one of the first composers to synthesize
● That year, a live black-footed ferret was Western classical music with elements from
identified in the wild in the United States. various Native musical traditions.
● The black-footed ferret is considered a ● Ballard's Pan Indian Rhythms (1970) for
Lazarus species. percussion is written in a classical form.
● "Lazarus species" is a term for living species ● It incorporates Ute notched sticks, a
of organisms that were once believed to be traditional Native instrument.
extinct. The student wants to provide an example of the way in
The student wants to define the term "Lazarus which Ballard's compositions blend Western classical
species" and provide an example of one. Which music with elements of Native musical traditions.
choice most effectively uses relevant information Which choice most effectively uses relevant
from the notes to accomplish these goals? information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The term "Lazarus species" describes a A) Ballard, who wrote Pan Indian Rhythms for
living species of organism, such as the percussion, is recognized as one of the first
black-footed ferret, that was once believed composers to blend elements of various
to be extinct. Native American musical traditions with
B) Sometimes, a species once believed to be Western classical music.
extinct is later found living in the wild. B) Blending elements of various Native musical
C) The black-footed ferret, a species of traditions and Western classical music,
mammal, was identified in the wild in 1981. Ballard composed Pan Indian Rhythms for
D) One example of a Lazarus species is the percussion in 1970.
black-footed ferret, a mammal species that C) Ballard blended elements of various Native
was identified in the wild in the United States musical traditions with Western classical
in 1981. music in many of his works, including Pan
Indian Rhythms (1970).
D) Ballard's composition Pan Indian Rhythms is
written in a classical form and incorporates
Ute notched sticks.
12
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● In a 2010 study, Clark and Tilman found that ● The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a
the presence of plant litter had a negative ten-point scale that orders minerals by
effect on seedling emergence. hardness based on their ability to scratch
● The study was conducted in a grassland other minerals.
setting in the United States. ● Minerals with larger numbers are harder than
● In a 2002 study, Stammel et al. found that minerals with smaller numbers and can leave
the presence of plant litter had a negative visible scratches on them.
effect on seedling emergence. ● Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than
● The study was conducted in a grassland minerals with larger numbers and cannot
setting in Germany. leave visible scratches on them.
● Seedling emergence is when a seedling ● The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale number
sprouts above ground and begins of 3.
photosynthesis. ● The mineral apatite has a Mohs scale number
The student wants to make a generalization about of 5.
research on plant litter. Which choice most ● The mineral corundum has a Mons scale
effectively uses relevant information from the notes number or 9.
to accomplish this goal? The student wants to make a generalization about
A) Studies have found that the presence of minerals. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
plant litter can have a negative effect on information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
seedling emergence. A) Based on their Mohs scale numbers,
B) Clark and Tilman found that plant litter in a corundum (9) is harder than apatite (5), and
grassland setting in the United States had a apatite is harder than calcite (3).
negative effect on seedling emergence. B) Corundum can leave visible scratches on
C) In studies by both Clark and Tilman (2010) calcite, which is why corundum has a higher
and Stammel et al. (2002), a negative effect number than calcite on the Mohs scale of
was found. mineral hardness.
D) Seedling emergence, which is when a C) Any mineral with a Mohs number of 9, like
seedling sprouts above ground and begins corundum, can scratch a mineral with a Mohs
photosynthesis, has been the focus of past number of 5, like apatite.
research. D) The Mohs scale can be used to order calcite,
corundum, and apatite by their ability to
scratch other minerals.
13
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ● The fifth Solvay Conference on Physics was
ten-point scale that orders minerals by held in 1927.
hardness based on their ability to scratch ● It brought together twenty-nine of the era's
other minerals. preeminent scientists to discuss the emerging
● Minerals with larger numbers are harder than field of quantum theory.
minerals with smaller numbers and can ● The conference famously featured a debate
leave visible scratches on them. between physicists Albert Einstein and Niels
● Minerals with smaller numbers are softer Bohr
than minerals with larger numbers and ● Bohr proposed that subatomic entities like
cannot leave visible scratches on them. electrons had only probable realities until they
● The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale were observed.
number of 3. ● Einstein argued that subatomic entities like
● The mineral orthoclase has a Mohs scale electrons had a reality independent of
number of 6. observation.
● The mineral topaz has a Mohs scale number ● Bohr's position, later called the Copenhagen
of 8. interpretation, remains the most widely
The student wants to compare the hardness of the accepted theory of quantum mechanics.
three minerals. Which choice most effectively uses The student wants to place Einstein's argument within
relevant information from the notes to accomplish its historical context. Which choice most effectively
this goal? uses relevant information from the notes to
A) Based on their Mohs scale numbers, topaz accomplish this goal?
(8) is harder than orthoclase (6), and A) During the dawn of quantum theory, Einstein
orthoclase is harder than calcite (3). maintained the independent reality of some
B) Topaz can leave visible scratches on calcite, subatomic entities, although Bohr's opposing
which is why topaz has a higher number interpretation would become the widely
than calcite on the Mohs scale of the accepted view.
mineral hardness. B) In 1927, Einstein and Bohr engaged in a
C) A mineral with a Mohs number of 8, like famous debate; Bohr's argument, later called
topaz, is harder than one with a Mohs the Copenhagen interpretation, would remain
number of 6, like orthoclase. popular decades after.
D) The Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be C) The attendees of the 1927 Solvay Conference
used to order orthoclase, calcite, and topaz were among the preeminent scientists of their
by their ability to scratch other minerals. era, including Einstein, who opposed Bohr's
proposal.
D) At the 1927 Solvay Conference on Physics,
Einstein disagreed with Bohr's argument that
subatomic entities like electrons had a reality
independent of observation.
14
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● At London and New York Fashion Weeks, ● Modularity of mind is the notion that the
fashion designers debut new clothing mind is at least partly composed of innate
collections. neural structures (modules) that perform
● Color consultants create trend reports on the fast, necessary tasks.
popular colors at a given Fashion Week. ● 1983: cognitive scientist Jerry A. Fodor
● A report on 2018 London Fashion Week noted hypothesized that low-level cognitive
the popularity of a light green-yellow shade systems (e.g.. perception, language) are
that was cool in tone and soft in intensity. modular.
● A report on 2019 New York Fashion Week ● In Fodorian modularity, high-level systems
noted the popularity of a deep brown shade (e.g., reasoning) are not modular.
that was warm in tone and rich in intensity. ● 2003: cognitive scientist Peter Carruthers
Which choice most effectively uses information from proposed the massive modularity hypothesis
the given sentences to describe a color that was (MMH).
popular at 2019 New York Fashion Week? ● MMH expands modularity to include all
A) Shades of light green-yellow and deep brown cognitive systems.
have both been featured in Fashion Week The student wants to compare Fodor's hypothesis
reports prepared by color consultants. with Carruthers's. Which choice most effectively
B) The shade favored by designers at 2019 New uses relevant information from the notes to
York Fashion Week was a departure from the accomplish this goal?
cool, soft shade of light green-yellow that had A) In considering some but not all cognitive
proved popular at 2018 London Fashion Week. systems modular, Fodorian modularity is not
C) Each Fashion Week, color consultants as expansive in its definition of modularity
compile reports on the colors that have been as MMH is.
popular among designers. B) The hypotheses of Fodor and Carruthers
D) At 2019 New York Fashion Week, many differ in whether they consider lowcsmg10
designer collections featured a warm, rich level cognitive systems, such as perception
shade of deep brown. and language, modular.
C) In 2003, Carruthers proposed the massive
modularity hypothesis, disagreeing with
Fodor's earlier hypothesis that the mind is
composed of innate neural structures.
D) Following Fodor's 1983 hypothesis,
Carruthers proposed that modularity of mind
includes all cognitive systems.
15
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Springtails are a group of noninsect hexapods ● In a 2021 study, researchers showed
(six-legged animals). participants an unaltered image of a popular
● Researchers Claudia Marcela Ospina-Sánchez, character or logo alongside two slightly
Felipe N. Soto-Adames, and Grizelle González altered versions.
conducted a study to determine how many ● The Bic logo contains a cartoon man holding
springtail species are present in Puerto Rico. a pen.
● They found a total of 146 springtail species. ● In the first alteration, the man was holding a
● They found 1 springtail species belonging to pencil.
the genusHemisotoma. ● In the second alteration, the man was holding
● They found 3 springtail species belonging 10 nothing.
the genusSphaeridia. ● Participants were asked to identify the correct
Which choice most effectively uses information from version.
the given sentences to present the study and its ● 65.3% of participants selected the unaltered
findings? image.
A) In Puerto Rico, the genusHemisotoma The student wants to present a finding from the
contains one springtail species, and the genus study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
Sphaeridiacontains three springtail species. information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
B) According to a study by researchers Claudia A) When participants were asked to identify the
Marcela Ospina-Sánchez, Felipe N. correct version of the Bic logo, 65.3%
Soto-Adames, and Grizelle González, there are selected the unaltered image.
146 springtail species present in Puerto Rico, B) Participants were asked to identify the
including one from the genusHemisotoma correct version of the Bic logo, which
and three from the genusSphaeridia. contains a cartoon man holding a pen.
C) Researchers Claudia Marcela Ospina-Sánchez, C) The Bic logo contains a cartoon man holding
Felipe N. Soto-Adames, and Grizelle González a pen, but in one of the altered versions, the
studied springtails in Puerto Rico, and they man was holding a pencil.
wanted to know how many species there are D) In a 2021 study, researchers asked
in the genusHemisotomaand the genus participants to identify the correct version of
Sphaeridia. the Bic logo.
D) There are 146 species of springtail (noninsect
hexapods) in Puerto Rico, but there are more
species from the genusSphaeridiathan from
the genusHemisotoma.
16
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Atitalaquía is a municipality in the state of ● Huazalingo is a municipality in the state of
Hidalgo, Mexico. Hidalgo, Mexico.
● Municipalities are governmental regions ● Municipalities are governmental regions
responsible for providing many public responsible for providing many public
services to their residents. services to their residents.
● One service they provide is street lighting. ● One service they provide is water treatment.
● Atitalaquía covers an area of roughly 63 km². Huazalingo's population was 12,766 in 2020.
● Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities. ● Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.
The student wants to emphasize the size of The student wants to provide a specific example of
Atitalaquía. Which choice most effectively uses what municipalities provide. Which choice most
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this effectively uses relevant information from the notes
goal? to accomplish this goal?
A) Providing street lighting is just one example A) In 2020, the municipality of Huazalingo had
that municipalities provide. a population of 12,766.
B) Atitalaquía is one of 84 governmental regions, B) Huazalingo is one of 84 municipalities in
known as municipalities, across fidalgo. Hidalgo, Mexico.
C) Atitalaquía —a governmental region in the C) Water treatment is just one of the many
state of Hidalgo, Mexico—provides many public services that municipalities provide.
public services to its residents. D) The municipality Huazalingo in Hidalgo is
D) The municipality of Atitalaquía in Hidalgo, responsible for providing many public
Mexico, covers an area of roughly 63 km2. services.
17
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● A merchant ship is any ship hired to carry ● The Future of Nostalgiais a scholarly book
cargo or passengers. by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
● A ship's carrying capacity is also known as its ● The book provides a multifaceted
deadweight tonnage (DWT). exploration of the concept of nostalgia.
● In 2021, there were a total of 392 merchant ● Chapter 9 describes nostalgia in the city of
ships registered in Saudi Arabia. St. Petersburg in Russia.
● The combined DWT of these ships was 13.7 ● Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics' takes
million tons. on the concept of nostalgia.
The student wants to specify the number of merchant ● In chapter 17, Boym writes. "The poethics of
ships in Saudi Arabia in 2021. Which choice most nostalgia combines estrangement and
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to human solidarity, affect and reflection."
accomplish this goal? The student wants to provide a quotation from
A) In total, Saudi Arabia's merchant ships had a chapter 17. Which choice most effectively uses
carrying capacity, or deadweight tonnage, of relevant information from the notes to accomplish
13.7 million tons in 2021. this goal?
B) Combined, Saudi Arabia's merchant ships had A) In a discussion of various skeptics’takes on
a deadweight tonnage of 13.7 million tons in the concept of nostalgia, Svetlana Boym
2021. writes, "The poethics of nostalgia combines
C) The carrying capacity of a merchant ship is estrangement ang human solidarity, affect
also known as deadweight tonnage. and reflection."
D) There were a total of 392 merchant ships B) Svetlana Boym'sThe Future of Nostalgia
hired to carry cargo or passengers-registered provides a multifaceted exploration of
in Saudi Arabia in 2021. nostalgia.
C) Svetlat Boym describes nostalgia in the city
of St. Petersburg in Russia in chapter 9 of
her book.
D) After describing nostalgia in the city of St.
Petersburg in Russia, Svetlana Boym goes
on to discuss various skeptics' takes on the
concept of nostalgia.
18
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Documentary TV programs in the slow TV ● The Music by Black Composers (MBC) project
genre consist of uninterrupted broadcasts of aims to inspire aspiring music students by
ordinary events in real time. archiving and sharing information about the
● Reinflyttingis a Norwegian slow TV program. music of Black classical composers.
● The f-day-long program documented a wild ● George Theophilus Walker is a Black classical
reindeer migration from their winter to music composer included in MBC’s Historic
summer pastures. Composers Directory.
● It first aired in 2017. ● He was born in 1922 and died in 2018.
● Slow TV has been called "the world's most Which choice most effectively uses information from
boring television." the given sentences to set up a discussion of Walker’s
● American journalist Nathan Heller praises it, career for an audience already familiar with the MBC
writing that "it affords a visceral kind of Project?
armchair tourism." A) While George Theophilus Walker is considered
The student wants to use a quotation to refute the a great of MBC’s Historic Composers
claim that slow TV programs are boring. Which choice Directory, he has not received much critical
most effectively uses relevant information from the attention.
notes to accomplish this goal? B) Born in 1922, George Theophilus Walker
A) While some have praised slow TV for passed away in 2018, according to the MBC
affording "a visceral kind of armchair tourism, project.
others have called it "the world's most boring C) Among the many talented figures included in
television." the MBC project is classical music composer
B) Far from boring, slow TV programa can George Theophilus Walker.
provide a "visceral kind of armchair tourism," D) The MBC project's Historic Composers
as Heller puts it, whereby viewers can watch Directory highlights Black classical
reindeer migrations in real time. composers of the past, such as George
C) With broadcasts of ordinary events, like Theophilus Walker (1922-2018), in order to
reindeer migrations, occurring in real time, inspire music students to become the
slow TV just might be "the world's most boring classical composers of the future.
television."
D) Reinflyttingcan afford a "visceral kind of
armchair tourism," as Heller puts it.
19
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Minor planets are astronomical objects that ● Jaune Quick-to-See Smith is a Native
orbit the Sun but are neither planets nor American painter.
comets. ● Her paintings use American Abstract
● Astronomer Jane Luu has discovered many Expressionism and Pop Art collage
minor planets in her career techniques to explore her Native American
● Alongside colleague David C. Jewitt, she point-of-view.
discovered the minor planet (15836) 1995 ● The Women's Caucus for Art gives lifetime
DA2 on February 24, 1995. achievement awards annually.
● Alongside colleagues David C. Jewitt, ● Smith received the award in 1997.
Chadwick Trujillo, and K. Berney, she The student wants to introduce the 1997 award to an
discovered the minor planet (24952) 1997 audience unfamiliar with Smith. Which choice most
QJ4 on August 28, 1997. effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
Which choice most effectively uses information from accomplish the goal?
the given sentences to emphasize the discovery of A) The Women's Caucus for Art gives an annual
(15836) 1995 DA2 to an audience already familiar lifetime achievement award, and in 1997 it
with Jane Luu? gave the award to Jaune Quick-to-See Smith.
A) First there was the discovery of (15836) 1995 B) Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, a Native American
DA2 on February 24, 1995, and then on August abstract expressionist and pop artist, received
28, 1997, Jane Luu discovered yet another a lifetime achievement award from the
minor planet with the help of her colleagues Women's Caucus for Art in 1997.
David C. Jewitt, Chadwick Trujillo, and K. C) Native American painter Jaune Quick-to-See
Berney. Smith uses American Abstract Expressionism
B) Astronomer Jane Luu helped discover not and Pop Art collage techniques to explore her
only the minor planet (15836) 1995 DA2 on point-of-view as a Native American.
February 24, 1995, but also (24952) 1997 QJ4 D) Jaune Quick-to-See Smith received a lifetime
on August 28, 1997. achievement award in 1997 from the Women's
C) Jane Luu is an astronomer famous for her Caucus for Art.
discovery of many minor planets in our solar
system, including (15836) 1995 DA2.
D) On February 24, 1995, Jane Luu and her
colleague David [Link] made the exciting
discovery of the minor planet (15836) 1995
DA2.
20
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Toyin Ojih Odutola is a Nigerian artist well ● Artist Victor Vasarely of Hungary won a
known for portraits that mix charcoal, pastel, Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1967.
and pencil. ● The Carnegie Prize is an international art
● Odutola authored the book The UmuEze competition.
Amara Clan and the House Obafemi in 2021. ● It is administered by the Carnegie Museum of
● The book takes place in a fictional Nigeria Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
untouched by the slave trade or colonialism. ● Vasarely's winning artwork was a sculpture
● Odutola blends her visual art with entitledAlom.
hand-written pages to tell the story of two The student wants to identify the sculpture for which
aristocratic families. Vasarely won a Carnegie Prize gold medal. Which
The student wants to introduce The UmuEze Amara choice most effectively uses relevant information
Clan and the House Obafemi to an audience from the notes to accomplish this goal?
unfamiliar with Toyin Ohih Odutola. Which choice A) In 1967, an artist from Hungary won a
most effectively uses relevant information from the Carnegie Prize gold medal for a sculpture
notes to accomplish this goal? B) Vasarely won a Carnegie Prize gold medal for
A) Nigerian artist Toyin Ojih Odutola has the sculptureAlom.
authored The UmuEze Amara Clan and the C) The Carnegie Museum of Art awarded
House Obafemi, which blends her portraits Vasarely a gold medal in 1967.
with handwritten pages to tell the story of two D) The Carnegie Prize is an international art
aristocratic families in a fictional Nigeria. competition administered by the Carnegie
B) Toyin Ojih Odutola draws portraits that mix Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
charcoal, pastel, and pencil, and she is
interested in telling stories about her
homeland of Nigeria.
C) The UmuEze Amara Clan and the House
Obafemi, published in 2021, takes place in a
fictional Nigeria untouched by the slave trade
or colonialism.
D) Using her portraits and hand-written pages,
Toyin Ojih Odutola wrote a book that tells a
story set in a fictional Nigeria.
21
Compiled by American Study
hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W hile researching a topic, a student has taken the
W
following notes: following notes:
● Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the ● Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the
sounds they represent. sounds they represent.
● Onomatopoeias used to represent the same ● Words that represent the same sound are
sound often vary from language to language. often written and pronounced very
● This variation is due in part to differences in differently from language to language.
how languages are structured. ● This variation is due in part to differences in
● "Du-dunk" is a Swedish onomatopoeia that how the languages are structured.
represents the sound of a heartbeat. ● “Kok-sss” is a Tagalog onomatopoeia that
● "Dag dig-dug" is an Indonesian onomatopoeia represents the sound of snoring.
that represents the sound of a heartbeat. ● “Khò” is a Vietnamese onomatopoeia that
● The term "onomatopoeia" combines the Greek represents the sound of snoring.
words for "name" (onoma) and "to make" The student wants to contrast two words that
(p oiein). represent the same sound. Which choice most
The student wants to provide a specific example of effectively uses relevant information from the notes
onomatopoeia. Which choice most effectively uses to accomplish this goal?
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this A) The Tagalog word “kok-sss” and the
goal? Vietnamese word “khò” are onomatopoeias
A) The term "onomatopoeia," which refers to that represent the sound of snoring.
words that imitate the sound they represent, B) Onomatopoeias, words that imitate the
combines the Greek words for "name" and "to sounds they represent, are often written and
make." pronounced very differently from language
B) The languages of Swedish and Indonesian to language.
use different words to represent the sound of C) Though they both represent the sound of
a heartbeat. snoring, the onomatopoeias “kok-sss”
C) Differences in how languages are structured (Tagalog) and “khò”(Vietnamese) are written
can cause variations in the words used in and pronounced very differently.
different languages to represent the same D) The Tagalog word “kok-sss”, which
sound. represents the sound of snoring, is an
D) The Indonesian word "dag-dig dug" both onomatopoeia.
imitates and represents the sound of a
heartbeat.
22
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