To avoid the next pandemic, you need to know the difference between a
black swan and a grey rhino
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Some disasters we never see coming, but others we should have seen all along
Despite a chorus of financiers, politicians and self-satisfied pundits claiming that the Covid-19
pandemic is an unforeseen and even unforeseeable black swan, this crisis is a different beast
entirely.
It is an obvious grey rhino – that is, a high-impact scenario that was always highly likely to
occur. The pandemic was sending clear signals that it was getting ready to charge, and too
many people with the power to head it off ignored those warnings for too long.
Unlike the black swan that appears only in hindsight, grey rhino theory is forward-looking. It is
about actively seeing what’s in front of us and challenging ourselves to act.
The coronavirus crisis is a catalyst for an urgently needed reset of our global mentality,
reminding us to hold both governments and ourselves as citizens responsible for stepping up
to the clear and present dangers that threaten our survival.
As we move past the initial shock of the pandemic, many of us are thinking about how best to
emerge from this global public health, economic and human catastrophe. We don’t want to
get “back to normal” because what we accepted as normal is what got us into this mess.
Rather, we should want to create a new and better reality.
How could so many leaders across society have turned such a blind eye to giant, red warning
flags for so long? Once we understand that, how can we use our knowledge to switch from a
passive, fatalistic mode to an active, problem-solving frame?
The alarm bells rung by experts about how poorly prepared the world has been for the
pandemics have been well documented. The situation was predicted by the World Health
Organisation and even gamed out in a scenario-planning exercise in the US under the Trump
administration. In a widely shared TED Talk in 2015, Bill Gates made the point before
carefully proceeding to outline what the world needed to do.
Those in policy circles will give you all kinds of knowing reasons why pandemic warnings
went ignored: politics, “the problem is too big and expensive and complicated”, entrenched
bureaucracies and so on and so forth. They’ll rub their chins to look thoughtful, but have no
real answers. They are there to tell you how things are, not how to change them.
Pleading ignorance was particularly fashionable in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis,
when leaders became too eager to call out, “Black swan! Nobody could have seen it coming!”
even though many elements of that crisis were predictable, too.
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Bill Gates, in Berlin in 2015, warned the world that year of the dangers of a
potential pandemic.
Together, these attitudes have bred complacency and an accountability vacuum that have
made it easy for everyone to dodge responsibility. But that is an explanation, not an excuse.
Instead of focusing mainly on why problems are not readily solvable, our priority needs to be
on what it takes, from governments and civil society, to head off grey rhinos.
The solution begins with a reset of expectations. This requires building mutual trust between
citizens and governments, beginning with two-way transparency involving governments
sharing much more information and citizens consuming and using that information
responsibly.
The uncomfortable truth is that governments often fail to make tough choices because
citizens don't want them to. People don't want short-term pain even if it prevents something
much worse down the road. They want to feel secure now. This toxic status quo encourages
governments to drag their feet in the face of wicked problems, which in turn leads citizens to
lower their expectations of what leaders expect them to do.
The coronavirus pandemic and its domino effect – the most wicked of wicked problems – has
upended reality. It has exposed many other thorny and unaddressed challenges. Extreme
inequality that puts the greatest burden on those who can least afford it. Deep financial
fragilities, including dangerous levels of debt. Inadequate healthcare infrastructure.
When governments try to sweep problems under the rug for too long, they increase the
chances of catastrophe when the dam finally breaks. That is why, as painful as it may be, it is
better for governments to be open about challenges sooner rather than later.
We shouldn't want to get "back to normal" because what we accepted as normal
is what got us into this mess.
The coronavirus also illustrates the power of regularly and publicly monitoring progress. Daily
releases of epidemiological statistics provide a natural experiment in measuring how
governments are doing in the fight to save lives. In every country, these figures are
imprecise; because of test shortages, inconsistencies in counting and other technical
challenges, they far understate the reality. But they give everyone a way to measure
progress.
Contrary to the conclusions of some observers, differences in effectiveness are independent
of whether a country’s political system is democratic or not. Rather, they depend upon how
transparent and proactive governments are, and how much their populations both trust them
to solve the problem and play their own roles in doing so.
Tracking focuses attention on issues while clarifying solutions and reassuring people that
progress is possible. If a situation seems hopeless, citizens are less likely to do their part to
help fix it or to approve of leaders expending resources to do so.
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Hopelessness and a lack of information, moreover, leave the door open for citizens to make
up their own, alternate realities. Social media has allowed everyone to become instant
epidemiologists, market sages, economists and one-size-fits-all critics. Tribes assemble,
picking and choosing the information that suits them.
Protesters in the US, for instance, have been endangering themselves and others by
demanding that the government loosen stay-at-home orders. They see themselves as
preserving their “liberty” to work and to be entertained.
Choosing one’s own reality is a way of asserting control over a situation when people feel
they have none, and little in recent memory has made so many people feel so powerless as
the coronavirus and the economic destruction it has wrought.
The key to confronting crises like coronavirus is for governments to communicate
better with their citizens.
Governments ought to recognise the benefits of being upfront about the nature of the
problems they face, involving citizens in building solutions and then tracking their progress.
Citizens, of course, must do their part, too. They ought to heed information and consume it
responsibly, differentiating between what they need to hear and what they simply want to.
The rise of open-data projects and participatory budgeting have allowed governments to
invite input from citizens more directly than ever before. Through these platforms,
policymakers communicate the problem and the steps they are taking to fix it, then solicit
feedback from citizen stakeholders. This can change citizens’ expectations of what can and
should be done, making tough decisions easier.
Governments also are benefiting from comparing their own progress to that of their peers.
Performance-tracking tools like Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index,
the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index and the Programme for
International Student Assessment (better known as PISA) all have helped to shape
government policies for the better.
Similarly, the Sustainable Development Goals provide a powerful road map for tracking
initiatives to address many of the grey rhino risks the world still faces: inequality, hunger,
climate and 14 other worthy efforts.
There is one final benefit to these tools that ought to appeal to anyone in a position of power:
they make it easier to give credit to leaders who work toward solutions to pressing policy
problems, and hold accountable those who kick the crisis down the road.
Michele Wucker is a Chicago-based strategist and author of international bestseller The Gray Rhino:
How to Recognize and Act on the Dangers We Ignore
