10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

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MATHS CLASSES

10th – CLASS / CBSE & FOUNDATION

TRIGONOMETRY
INTRODUCTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

INTRODUCTION

Trigonometry is the branch of Mathematics which deals with the measurement of angles and
sides of a triangle.

The word Trigonometry is derived from three Greek roots : 'trio' meaning 'thrice or Three', 'gonia' meaning
an angle and 'metron' meaning measure.

Infact, Trigonometry is the study of relationship between the sides and the angles of a triangle.

Trigonometry has its application in astronomy, geography, surveying, engineering and navigation etc.

In the past, astronomers used it to find out the distance of stars and plants from the earth. Even now, the
advanced technology used in Engineering are based on trigonometrical concepts.

In this chapter, we will define trigonometric ratios of angles in terms of ratios of sides of a right triangle. We
will also define trigonometric ratios of angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. We shall also establish some
identities involving these ratios.

BASE, PERPENDICULAR AND HYPOTENUSE OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE

In  ABC, if  B = 90°, then :

C C
Perpendicular

e e
us nus
n e
te ot
po yp
H
1. For  A, we have;
B A B
Perpendicular Base

Base = AB, Perpendicular = BC and Hypotenuse = AC.

C
e
nus
te
po
Base

Hy
2. For  C, we have;
A B
Perpendicular

Base = BC, Perpendicular = AB and Hypotenuse = AC.

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

NOTE

So, in a right angled triangle, for a given angle,

1. The side opposite to the right angle is called hypotenuse.
2. The side opposite to the given angle is called perpendicular.
3. The third side (i.e., the side forming the given angle with the hypotenuse), is called base.

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS (T – RATIOS) OF AN ANGLE

In  ABC, let  B = 90° and let  A be acute.

Perpendicular
se
enu
t
po
Hy
For  A, we have;
A B
Base

Base = AB, Perpendicular = BC and Hypotenuse = AC.

The T – ratios for  A are defined as :

Perpendicular (P ) BC
1. Sine (A) =  , written as sin A.
Hypotenuse (H ) AC

Base (B) AB
2. Cosine (A) =  , written as cos A.
Hypotenuse (H) AC

Perpendicular (P ) BC
3. Tangent (A) =  , written as tan A.
Base (B) AB

Hypotenuse (H ) AC
4. Cosecant (A) = Perpendicular (P )  BC , written as cosec A.

Hypotenuse (H) AC
5. Secant (A) =  , written as sec A.
Base (B) AB

Base (B) AB
6. Cotangent (A) = Perpendicular (P )  BC , written as cot A.

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

NOTE

1. Thus, there are six trigonometrical ratios based on the three sides of a right angled triangle.
2. The sine, cosine, and tangent ratios in a right triangle can be remembered by representing them as
strings of letters, as in SOH-CAH-TOA.
Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse
Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent
The memorization of this mnemonic can be aided by expanding it into a phrase, such as "Some
Officers Have Curly Auburn Hair Till Old Age".
3. The symbol sin A is used as an abbreviation for 'the sine of the angle A'. Sin A is not the product of
'sin' and A. 'sin' separated from A has no meaning. Similarly, cos A is not the product of 'cos' and A.
Similar interpretations follow for other trigonometric ratios also.
4. Since the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right triangle, the value of sin A or cos A is always less
than 1 (or, in particular, equal to 1).

RECIPROCAL TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

1 1
1. sin  . cosec  =1  sin    cos ec  
cos ec  sin 

1 1
2. cos  . sec  =1  cos    sec  
sec  co s 

1 1
3. tan  . cot  =1  tan    cot  
cot  tan 

QUOTIENT RELATIONS

Consider a right angled triangle in which for an acute angle q, we have :

Perpendicular P Base B
sin  = Hypotenuse  H cos  = Hypotenuse  H

P
s in  H P H P
Now, = = × = = tan  (by def.)
cos B H B B
H

B
cos H B H B
and = = × = = cot  (by def.)
s in  P H P P
H

s in  cos
Thus, tan  = and cot  =
cos s in 

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

POWER OF T – RATIOS

We denote :

(sin  )2 by sin2  (sin  )3 by sin3  , ........................., (sin  )n by sinn 

NOTE
We may write sin2 A, cos2 A, etc., in place of (sin A)2, (cos A)2, etc., respectively.
But cosec A = (sin A)–1  sin–1A (it is called sine inverse A). sin–1A has a different meaning, which will be
discussed in higher classes. Similar conventions hold for the other trigonometric ratios as well.

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1. sin2  + cos2  =1  sin2  = 1 – cos2   cos2  = 1 – sin2 

2. sec2  – tan2  =1  sec2  = 1 + tan2   tan2  = sec2  – 1
3. cosec2  – cot2  =1  cosec2  = 1 + cot2   cot2  = cosec2  – 1

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

PRACTICE PROBLEMS SET – 01

1. a. In a  ABC, right angled at B, if AB = 4 and BC = 3, find all six trigonometric ratios of angle A.
b. In a  ABC, right angled at A, if AB = 12, AC = 5 and BC = 13, find all the six trigonometric ratios
of angle B.
2. a. In a  OPQ right angled at P, OP = 7, OQ – PQ = 1. Determine the values of sin Q & cos Q.
b. In  PQR, right angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P,,
cos P and tan P.
4. Given  ABC right angled at C in which AB = 29 units, BC = 21 units and ABC   . Determine the
value of cos2  – sin2  .

ANSWERS OF PRACTICE PROBLEMS SET – 01

3 4 3 5 5 4 5 12 5 13 13 12
1. a. , , , , , b. , , , , ,
5 5 4 3 4 3 13 13 12 5 12 5

7 24 12 5 12
2. a. , b. , ,
25 25 13 13 5

41
3.
841

PRACTICE PROBLEMS SET – 02

1. a. Find other five trigonometric ratios, if cos B = 1/3

b. Find other five trigonometric ratios, if cosec A = 10

13
c. Find other five trigonometric ratios, if sec A  .
5
a2  b2
d. Find other five trigonometric ratios, if sin C =
a2  b2

4 4 sin A  5 cos A
2. a. If sinA = , find the value of
5 sec A  4 cot A

1 sin A
b. If cosec A = 2, find the value of 
tan A 1  cos A

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

1 cos ec 2 A  sec 2 A 3
3. a. If tan A = , then show that : 
7 cos ec 2 A  sec 2 A 4

3 sec A  cos ecA 1

b. If cot A  , then prove that : 
4 sec A  cos ecA 7

12 sin 2 A  cos 2 A 1 595

c. If sin A  , then prove that :   .
13 2 sin A cos A tan 2 A 3456
4. a. If cot B = 12/5, then prove that : tan 2 B – sin 2 B = sin 4 B. sec 2 B

17 3  4 sin 2 A 3  tan 2 A
b. If sec A  , then prove that :  .
8 4 cos 2 A  3 1  3 tan 2 A

5 3 sin A  4 sin 3 A 3 tan A  tan 3 A

c. If sec A  , then prove that : 
4 4 cos 3 A  3 cos A 1  3 tan 2 A

4
5. In  ABC is right angled at B and tan A = . If AC = 15 cm, then find the length of AB.
3

ANSWER’S OF PRACTICE PROBLEM SET – 02

2 2 2 2 CosecB  3 , SecB  3, CotB  1

1. a. SinB  , TanB  ,
3 1 2 2 2 2

1 3 1
b. SinA  , CosA  , TanA  , sec A  10 , cot A  3
10 10 3 3

5 12 13 12 5
c. cos A  , sin A  , cos ecA  , tan A  and cot A 
13 13 12 5 12

2ab a 2  b2 a 2  b2 a 2  b2 2ab
d. cos C  2 2
, tan C  , cosec C  2 2
, sec C  , cot C  2 2
a b 2ab a b 2ab a b

3
2. a. b. 2
70
5. 9

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET – 03

4cosC  sinC 4
1. i. If 3sin C = 4 cos C, then prove that :  .
2cosC  sinC 5

3 cos A  sin A
ii. a. If tan A = , then prove that : = 7
4 cos A  sin A

5 sin B  3 cos B 1
b. If 4 cot B = 5, then prove that :  .
5 sin B  2 cos B 6

b cos A  sin A b  a
2. a. If cot A = , then prove that :  .
a cos A  sin A b  a

a a sin C  b cos C a 2  b 2
b. If tan C = , then prove that : 
b a sin C  b cos C a 2  b 2

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET – 04

1. i. In a  ABC, right angled at B, if AB = 12 and BC = 5, find :

a. sin A and tan A b. cos C and cot C
c. tan A – cot C
ii. In a  ABC, right angled at B, AB = 24 and BC = 7, find the value of :
a. sin A and cos A b. sin C and cos C
c. sin A – cos C

1
2. a. In a  ABC, right angled at B, if tan A  , find the value of sin A cos C + cos A sin C
3

b. In a  ABC, right angled at A, if tan B  3 , Evaluate sin B cos C + cos B sin C

c. In a  ABC, right angled at C if tan A = 1 & tan B = 3 , Evaluate : cos A cos B – sin A sin B.
3. i. In a  ABC, right angled at C and A  B ,
a. Is tan A = tan B? b. Is cosec A = cosec B?
ii. In a  ABC, right angled at C and A  B , is cos A = cos B?

4. In a  ABC, right angled at C and cos A = cos B, prove that A  B .

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10th CLASS / TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS

ANSWER’S OF PRACTICE PROBLEM SET – 04

7 24 24 7
1. i. a. , b. , c. 0
25 25 25 25

5 5 5 5
ii. a. , b. , c. 0
13 12 13 12

1 3
2. a. 1 b. 1 c.
2 2
3. i. a. Yes b. Yes
ii. Yes

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