POLITEKNIK

SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH

LORAWAN BASED SYSTEM FOR

TEMPERATURE, PH, HUMIDITY AND
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

NAME : MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN

AZRUL

REGISTRATION NO : 08DEU22F1036

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

NOVEMBER 2021
LORAWAN BASED SYSTEM FOR TEMPERATURE,
PH, HUMIDITY AND ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY

NAME : MUHAMMAD FAIZ

BIN AZRUL

REGISTRATION NO :
08DEU22F1036

This report submitted to the Electrical Engineering Department in

fulfillment of the requirement for a Diploma in Electrical Engineering

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

NOVEMBER 2021
 CONFIRMATION OF THE PROJECT
The project report titled "Lorawan Based System For Temperature, PH, Humidity,

Electrical Conductivity" has been submitted, reviewed and verified as a fulfills the

conditions and requirements of the Project Writing as stipulated

Checked by:
Supervisor’s name :
Supervisor’s signature:
Date :

Verified by:
Project Coordinator name :
Signature of Coordinator :
Date :

i
“I acknowledge this work is my own work except the excerpts I have already
explained to our source”

1. Signature :

Name : MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN AZRUL

Registration Number : 08DEU22F1036
Date :

ii
 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY AND OWNERSHIP
TITLE : LORAWAN BASED SYSTEM FOR TEMPERATURE, PH,
HUMIDITY, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

SESSION: SESI 1 2023/2024

1. I, 1. NAME : MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN AZRUL & STUDENT NO :

08DEU22F103
is a final year student of Diploma in Medical Electronic Engineering,
Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, which is located at
Persiaran Usahawan, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor.

2. I acknowledge that 'The Project above' and the intellectual property therein is the
result of our original creation /creations without taking or impersonating any
intellectual property from the other parties.

3. I agree to release the 'Project' intellectual property to 'The Polytechnics' to meet

the requirements for awarding the Diploma in Electrical Engineering to me.

Made and in truth that is recognized by;

a) MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN AZRUL ) .
(Identification card No: - 08DEU22F1036) ....………………………….
) MUHAMMAD FAIZ
BIN AZRUL

In front of me, Click here to enter text. (Click here ) .....………………

to enter text.) ) Click here to enter text.
As a project supervisor, on the date:

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have taken efforts in this Project. However, it would not have been possible

without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like

to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Sir Roshidi Bin

Zakaria for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary

information regarding the Project & also for their support in completing the Project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of my

group for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of

this Project. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons

for giving me such attention and time.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the Project and

people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

iv
 ABSTRACT

This project proposes a LoRaWAN-based system for remote monitoring of

environmental conditions in precision agriculture applications. The system will
measure and transmit data on temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity,
crucial factors for crop health. Sensor nodes equipped with high-accuracy sensors for
each parameter will leverage LoRaWAN's long-range and low-power communication
for efficient data transmission from fields. The system is designed for low-maintenance
operation with extended battery life on the sensor nodes. Data will be transmitted at
regular intervals to a LoRaWAN gateway for collection and visualization on a user-
friendly cloud platform, enabling farmers to make informed decisions on irrigation,
fertilization, and pest control.

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 ABSTRAK
Projek ini mencadangkan sistem berasaskan LoRaWAN untuk pemantauan jarak jauh
keadaan persekitaran dalam aplikasi pertanian ketepatan. Sistem ini akan mengukur
dan menghantar data mengenai suhu, pH, kelembapan, dan kekonduksian elektrik,
faktor penting untuk kesihatan tanaman. Nod penderia yang dilengkapi dengan
penderia ketepatan tinggi untuk setiap parameter akan memanfaatkan komunikasi
jarak jauh dan berkuasa rendah LoRaWAN untuk penghantaran data yang cekap dari
medan. Sistem ini direka bentuk untuk operasi penyelenggaraan rendah dengan hayat
bateri yang dilanjutkan pada nod sensor. Data akan dihantar secara berkala ke pintu
masuk LoRaWAN untuk pengumpulan dan visualisasi pada platform awan yang mesra
pengguna, membolehkan petani membuat keputusan termaklum mengenai pengairan,
pembajaan dan kawalan perosak.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONFIRMATION OF THE PROJECT i
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY AND OWNERSHIP iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF SYMBOLS xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii
CHAPTER 1 1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background Research 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Research Objectives 3
1.5 Scope of Research 4
1.6 Project Significance 4
1.7 Chapter Summary 4
CHAPTER 2 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Motor Skill Challenges in Autistic Children (Literature Review Topic 1) 5
2.2.1 Previous Research (Subtopic Literature Review Topic 1)
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Book
mark
not
define
d.
2.3 Control System (Literature Review Topic 2) Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.1 Microcontroller 9
2.3.2 Programmable Logic Control (PLC)
10
2.3.3 Arduino
10
2.4 Chapter Summary 10
CHAPTER 3 13
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Project Design and Overview. 13

vii
 3.2.1 Block Diagram of the Project
13
3.2.2 Flowchart of the Project 2
14
3.2.3 Project Description
15
3.3 Project Hardware 15
3.3.1 Schematic Circuit
15
3.3.2 Description of Main Component
16
3.3.2.1 Component 1
18
3.3.2.2 Component 2
Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.2.3 Component 3
21
3.3.3 Circuit Operation
22
3.4 Project Software 23
3.4.1 Flowchart of the System
24
3.4.2 Description of Flowchart
25
3.5 Prototype Development 26
3.5.1 Mechanical Design/Product Layout
27
3.6 Sustainability Element in The Design Concept 28
3.7 Chapter Summary 29
CHAPTER 4 31
4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND COSTING 31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Gant Chart and Activities of the Project 32
4.3 Milestone 33
4.4 Cost and Budgeting 34
4.5 Chapter Summary Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCES 37
5 APPENDICES 38
APPENDIX A- DATA SHEET 39
APPENDIX B- PROGRAMMING 40
APPENDIX C- PROJECT MANUAL/PRODUCT CATALOGUE 41
All this document is subjected to copyright under LY2019002279 Error! Bookmark not
defined.

viii
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE

Table 2.1: Treatments to Improve Motor Skills in the Market.................................... 5

Table 3.1:Sequence of Finger Model Blinking ........................................................ 15

Table 3.2: Means and Standard Deviations (In Brackets) Of Strength Scores
(In Pounds Force) For Each Hand Of Males. Right Hand. ...................... 27

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

Figure 2.1: Block diagram of open loop and closed loop system Error! Bookmark
not defined.

Figure 3.1: Flow chart of operation of the system 15

Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram 16

Figure 3.3: Front view of the project 27

x
LIST OF SYMBOLS

xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xii
 CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

This project presents a novel LoRaWAN-based system for remote environmental

monitoring. Leveraging LoRaWAN's long-range and low-power communication capabilities,
the system enables real-time data acquisition of critical environmental parameters, including
temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity. This data can be instrumental in
various applications, such as precision agriculture, environmental monitoring, and industrial
process control.

1
1.2 Background Research

LoRaWAN Technology:

Research the core functionalities of LoRaWAN, including its low-power wide-area

network (LPWAN) capabilities, long-range communication protocols, and security features.
You can explore resources from the LoRa Alliance website (https://lora-alliance.org/)
Investigate existing research papers or application notes discussing LoRaWAN
deployments for environmental monitoring. This will help you understand how others have
utilized LoRaWAN for similar purposes.

Environmental Sensors:

Research specific sensor types suitable for measuring temperature, pH, humidity, and
electrical conductivity. Consider factors like accuracy, range, power consumption, and
environmental compatibility for each sensor.
Explore resources from sensor manufacturers or distributors to understand the
functionalities and limitations of different sensor options.

Existing LoRaWAN-based Environmental Monitoring Systems:

Research commercially available LoRaWAN-based environmental monitoring systems.

Analyze their functionalities, sensor types, data transmission protocols, and target
applications. This will provide valuable insights into existing solutions and potential areas
for differentiation in your project.
Consider searching for research papers or articles discussing LoRaWAN-based
environmental monitoring projects. This will help you understand the current state-of-the-art
and identify potential areas for improvement in your project's design.

2
1.3 Problem Statement

1. Manual data collection is inherently labor-intensive, requiring significant personnel

effort to gather data at designated intervals. This translates to high operational
costs and limitations in terms of scalability. As the need for environmental
monitoring expands, manual methods become increasingly difficult and expensive
to maintain.
2. The manual nature of data collection introduces a risk of human error. Mistakes
during data recording or transcription can compromise the integrity of the collected
information, leading to unreliable results and potentially impacting crucial decision-
making processes.

3. Manual data collection typically occurs at infrequent intervals, providing only

snapshots of environmental conditions at specific points in time. This limited data
granularity hinders the ability to capture critical trends and fluctuations, making it
difficult to proactively manage environmental changes and identify potential issues.

1.4 Research Objectives

The main objective of this Project is Design and develop a low-power, wide-area network
(LPWAN) system using LoRaWAN technology for remote monitoring of environmental
parameters like temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity.
More specifically the principle objective of this research are:
1. To design A low-power, multi-sensor node capable of accurately measuring
temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity.
2. To implement the designed sensor nodes with optimized power consumption
for long-range LoRaWAN communication.
3. To develop algorithms for data processing, filtering, and analysis to extract
meaningful insights from the collected sensor measurements.

3
1.5 Scope of Research

1. This Project is focusing designing and implementing a LoRaWAN-based system

for remote monitoring of environmental parameters, specifically focusing on
temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity.

2. The emphasis is optimizing the system for long-range communication, low power
consumption, and reliable data acquisition.

3. The main controller is using a microcontroller platform suitable for low-power

operation and LoRaWAN communication protocols (e.g., Arduino, ESP32). The
specific choice will depend on factors like processing power, memory
requirements, and available libraries.

1.6 Project Significance

Revolutionize environmental monitoring: Provides a more efficient and comprehensive

way to track key parameters like temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity.
Enable remote data collection: Leverages LoRaWAN's long-range capabilities to gather
data from remote areas, overcoming limitations of traditional wired systems.
Offer a cost-effective and scalable solution: Low-power consumption and scalability
make it suitable for large-scale environmental monitoring projects.
Provide real-time insights: Enables immediate analysis of environmental conditions,
facilitating quicker responses to critical situations.
Promote sustainability: Low-power consumption contributes to a more environmentally
friendly monitoring approach.

1.7 Chapter Summary

This project proposes a LoRaWAN-based system for monitoring key environmental

parameters like temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity. Traditional
monitoring methods are limited, while LoRaWAN offers long-range, low-power, wide-area
coverage, and two-way communication, making it ideal for remote environmental data
collection and analysis. This system aims to provide real-time data, enable remote
monitoring, and offer a cost-effective and scalable solution.

4
 CHAPTER 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The effective monitoring of environmental parameters like temperature, pH, humidity,

and electrical conductivity is crucial in various applications, including water quality
monitoring, agricultural field monitoring, industrial process control, and environmental
research. Traditional monitoring methods often rely on manual data collection or wired sensor
networks, which can be labor-intensive, expensive, and limited in range and scalability.

2.2 LoRaWAN Technology

We will begin by exploring the fundamental principles of LoRaWAN technology,

emphasizing its key characteristics like low power consumption, wide area coverage, and bi-
directional communication capabilities. These features make it particularly suitable for
applications like environmental monitoring, where remote data collection and long-range
communication are crucial. References to relevant articles and resources will be provided
for further exploration of LoRaWAN's functionalities.

 Environmental Monitoring Systems

This section will review existing environmental monitoring systems, including traditional
wired and short-range wireless solutions. We will highlight their advantages, such as
reliability and accuracy, while also acknowledging their limitations like limited reach, high
installation costs, and the need for manual data collection. We will then discuss the growing
trend towards integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technologies like LoRaWAN into
environmental monitoring systems. This shift allows for remote and efficient data
collection, overcoming many limitations of traditional methods.

5
  Sensor Technologies

The specific sensors chosen for measuring temperature, pH, humidity, and EC will be
discussed in detail. We will explain their operating principles and provide justification for
their selection based on key factors like accuracy, sensitivity, power consumption, and
suitability for the target environment. Additionally, we will briefly mention calibration and
data validation techniques to ensure the quality and reliability of the collected sensor data.

 Integration and Novelty

Finally, we will explain how our proposed LoRaWAN-based system integrates existing
knowledge of LoRaWAN, environmental monitoring systems, and sensor technologies. We
will emphasize the project's unique features, highlighting potential improvements over
existing solutions or addressing specific application needs. This section will solidify the
project's novelty and contribution to the advancement of environmental monitoring
technologies.

NO TITLE/AUTHOR OBJECTIVE METHOD RESULT

1  LoRa-based Develop a low-cost The project The project
environmental and long-range designed and successfully
monitoring LoRaWAN-based built sensor demonstrated the
system for system for nodes equipped feasibility of using
precision monitoring with LoRaWAN for
agriculture environmental temperature, remote and real-
 Jonathan Gresl parameters in humidity, and soil time monitoring of
and Ramon agricultural fields, moisture sensors. environmental
lawrance including These nodes parameters in
student of temperature, communicated agriculture. The
University of humidity, and soil with a LoRaWAN system offered
British moisture gateway, advantages like low
Columbia transmitting data power
to a cloud consumption, long-
platform for range
storage and communication,
visualization. and easy data
accessibility.
2  Smart water Design a The project The project
quality LoRaWAN-based developed sensor showcased the

6
 monitoring system for nodes with effectiveness of
system using monitoring water sensors for LoRaWAN in
LoRaWAN quality parameters measuring pH, monitoring water
 Anto Marline such as pH, turbidity, and quality over wide
Manoharan turbidity, and conductivity. The areas. The system
student of conductivity in nodes provided real-time
Anna rivers and lakes. communicated data on water
University, with a LoRaWAN quality parameters,
Chennai gateway, sending enabling informed
data to a server decision-making
for analysis and for water
visualization. management and
Additionally, the pollution control.
system
incorporated
alarms for
notifying
authorities in
case of water
quality
anomalies.
3  LoRaWAN- Develop a The project The project
based air LoRaWAN-based constructed demonstrated the
quality system for sensor nodes potential of
monitoring monitoring air equipped with air LoRaWAN for real-
system for quality parameters quality sensors time air quality
smart cities (PM2.5, PM10, for PM2.5, PM10, monitoring in
 Mohammad CO2) in urban and CO2. These smart cities. The
Fadhli1,* environments to nodes system provided
Asriyadi support smart city transmitted data valuable data for
Asriyadi1 , initiatives. to a LoRaWAN assessing air
Lindawati network and quality and
Lindawati1 , ultimately to a implementing
Irma Salamah1 cloud platform measures to
, Gita Affrylia1 for data improve public
, Michelle visualization and health and
Valerie1 , Andi analysis. environmental
Ramadhan1 sustainability.
4  LoRaWAN Design and deploy The project The project
network for a LoRaWAN established a successfully
environmental network for LoRaWAN demonstrated the
monitoring in monitoring network with application of
protected environmental strategically LoRaWAN for
areas parameters placed sensor environmental
 Salma Sobhi (temperature, nodes monitoring in
humidity, and throughout the remote and
animal activity) in protected area. sensitive areas. The

7
 protected areas for These nodes collected data
wildlife collected data on provided valuable
conservation temperature, insights into animal
purposes. humidity, and behavior and
animal activity habitat conditions,
patterns, aiding in
transmitting it to conservation
a central gateway efforts.
for analysis.
5  LoRaWAN- Develop a low- Sensor Node The project
based cost, scalable Design: Design successfully
Environmental LoRaWAN-based and build sensor demonstrated the
Monitoring system for nodes equipped feasibility of using
System for monitoring key with: LoRaWAN for real-
Greenhouse environmental time and remote
Management parameters inside Temperature and monitoring of
 Adil Hilmani , greenhouses, such humidity sensors multiple
Abderrahim as temperature, CO2 sensor environmental
Maizate and humidity, CO2 Soil moisture parameters in
Larbi Hassouni concentration, and sensor greenhouses.
(Hilmani, soil moisture, to LoRaWAN The system
Maizate, & optimize plant module for long- allowed growers
Hassouni, growth and range to:
2018) resource communication Optimize irrigation
management. Microcontroller practices based on
for data real-time soil
processing and moisture data.
transmission Maintain optimal
Battery power temperature and
supply humidity levels for
System specific plant
Deployment: varieties.
Monitor and
Deploy multiple control CO2
sensor nodes concentration for
strategically enhanced plant
within the growth.
greenhouse. Gain valuable data
Establish a insights to improve
LoRaWAN resource efficiency
gateway within or and overall
near the greenhouse
greenhouse to management.
receive data from
the nodes.
Data
Management:

8
 Configure the
sensor nodes to
collect data at
specific intervals.
Transmit data
through the
LoRaWAN
network to the
gateway.
Forward data
from the gateway
to a cloud
platform for
storage and
visualization.
Data Analysis and
Visualization:

Develop a user
interface on the
cloud platform to
display real-time
and historical
data for each
parameter.
Implement data
analysis tools to
identify trends
and patterns in
environmental
conditions.

2.2.1 Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a small, self-contained computer on a single integrated circuit. It is

designed for embedded applications, meaning it controls specific tasks within electronic
systems rather than being a general-purpose computing device like a personal computer.

9
2.2.2 Programmable Logic Control (PLC)

A programmable logic controller (PLC), or programmable controller is an industrial digital

computer specifically designed for the control of manufacturing processes, machines, robotic
devices, and any activity requiring high reliability, ease of programming, and process fault
diagnosis

2.2.3 Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform widely used for building digital devices
and interactive projects. It consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (hardware)
and a piece of software (IDE) for writing and uploading code to the board.

2.2.4 Lorawan Module

Lorawan module is a self-contained unit that incorporates a LoRa transceiver and

additional processing capabilities, specifically designed for communication within
LoRaWAN networks.

2.3 Chapter Summary

This section focusing on two different section, the first is fine controller selection for

LoRaWAN Project.The second section is discovered about the technical part, including the

selection of the type of controller.

10
 Controller Selection for LoRaWAN Project:

1. Project Requirements:

 Complexity:
o Basic data collection and transmission: Microcontrollers like Arduino or
ESP32 might suffice.
o Advanced data processing or complex functionalities: Consider more
powerful controllers like STM32 LoRaWAN Discovery Kits or dedicated
LoRaWAN solutions.
 Power Consumption:
o Battery-powered applications: Prioritize low-power microcontrollers with
deep sleep modes.
o Line-powered applications: Power consumption might be less critical.
 Cost:
o Budget constraints: Arduino or ESP32 offer cost-effective options.
o Performance-critical applications: Higher-end controllers might be
necessary.

2. Technical Specifications:

 Processing Power:
o The controller's CPU speed and architecture determine its ability to handle
complex calculations and data processing.
 Memory:
o Program and data memory capacity are crucial for storing code, variables,
and temporary data.
 Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities:
o The number and type of I/O pins determine how many sensors and actuators
you can connect.
 Communication Interfaces:
o Consider the need for interfaces like SPI, I2C, or UART for connecting
additional modules or devices.

3. Development Environment:

 Ease of Use:
o If you're a beginner, Arduino or ESP32 offer user-friendly IDEs and
extensive online resources.
 Programming Skills:
o Familiarity with C/C++ is beneficial for most microcontrollers.
 Community Support:
o A larger community often translates to more readily available libraries,
tutorials, and troubleshooting assistance.

11
4. Additional Considerations:

 Size and Form Factor:

o Consider the physical constraints of your project and choose a controller
with a suitable footprint.
 Security Features:
o If your project involves sensitive data, prioritize controllers with built-in
security mechanisms.

12
 CHAPTER 3

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

To realize this Project as a product that ready to use with safety characteristic, a very
comprehensive plan is undertaking. A step by step procedure is done so that the Project can
be completed in time. This include collecting data of sample children finger, design the
mechanical part, circuit design testing and verification.

3.2 Project Design and Overview.

As mention in the previous chapter, the designed controller is using a closed-loop system
with Arduino as the main controller. The design of the controller circuit using Arduino
realizes using Proteus Software and then convert to PCB circuit……………

3.2.1 Block Diagram of the Project

13
3.2.2 Flowchart of the Project 2

Figure 3.1 shows the circuit diagram of the whole system. It is show that the

flowchart of the Project 2

14
 Figure 3.1: Flow chart of operation of the system
*Images may be subject to copyright

3.2.3 Project Description

This project focuses on developing a LoRaWAN-based system for comprehensive

environmental monitoring. It employs sensors to measure key parameters like temperature,
pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity, providing valuable insights into various ecological
processes, soil and water quality, and weather patterns. Leveraging LoRaWAN's long-range
wireless capabilities, the system enables data collection from geographically dispersed
locations, overcoming limitations of traditional wired methods. This cost-effective and
scalable solution facilitates remote monitoring and real-time data analysis, ultimately aiming
to provide a better understanding and management of our environment.

3.3 Project Hardware

As mention in the previous chapter, the designed controller is using

……………….. …………. …………. ….. Then, the LED in the finger model will
be blinking. The LED in the model finger is blinking randomly according to

Table 3.1: Sequence of Finger Model Blinking

Finger Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3

Thumb
Index
Middle
Ring
Baby

3.3.1 Schematic Circuit

Figure3.2 shows the overall circuit diagram of this Project Lorawan based system for
temperature, ph, humidity and electrical conductivity.

15
 Figure3.2:CircuitDiagram
*Images may be subject to copyright

3.3.2 Description of Main Component

1) ESP32 Dev Module

16
 Function: ESP32 can perform as a complete standalone system or as a slave device to a host
MCU, reducing communication stack overhead on the main application processor. ESP32
can interface with other systems to provide Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality through its SPI
/ SDIO or I2C / UART interfaces.
 Full size 38 pin header array.
 3.3V logic (It is recommended to use 3.3 -5V logic converters)
 CPU and Memory: Xtensa® 32-bit LX6 Dual-core processor (Up to 240MHz)
 4 MByte SPI Flash.
 448 KByte ROM.
 520 KByte SRAM.
 Supply Voltage: DC 3.3V to 5V.

17
 3.3.2.1 Component 1

2) RAKwireless RAK811 LoRa Module

Function: RAK811 Low-Power Long Range LoRa Technology Transceiver module,

provides an easy to use, small size, low-power solution for long range wireless data
transmission. First, The RAK811 module complies with the latest LoRaWAN Class A & C
protocol specifications, it is simple to access LWPA IOT platforms, such Actility etc.
 Based on Semtech SX1276.
 Full LoRaWAN® 1.0.2 stack support.
 Supported bands: (EU433, CN470, IN865, EU868, AU915, US915, KR920, AS920 and AS923)
 Output power: 5－20dBm adjustable.
 Max sensitivity: [email protected].

18
3.3.2.2 Component 2

3) RS485 7 in 1 Soil

Function: The RS485 7 IN 1Sensor Temperature, Moisture, Electrical Conductivity, pH and

NPK Measurement. Measure multi-parameters of soil including Temperature, Moisture, pH,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. The output signal is RS485 and can be operated with a
broad range of voltage from 5-30 V.
SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS

 Waterproof Soil Multi Parameters Sensor

 Protection Grade: IP68
 Probe Material: Anti-corrosion Special Electrode
 Sealing Material: Black Flame-Retardant Epoxy Resin
 Operating Voltage: 5.0 V – 30.0 V
 Interface Output: RS485
 Baud Rate: 4800 bps

19
 Moisture
 Range: 0-100 %
 Accuracy: 0-50 % ≤ 2 %, 50-100 % ≤ 3 %
 Resolution: 0.1 %
 Temperature
 Range: -40~80 ℃
 Accuracy: ±0.5 ℃ (25 ℃)
 Resolution: 0.1 ℃
 Electrical Conductivity
 Range: 0-20000 us/cm
 Accuracy: 0-10000 us/cm ≤ ±3 %FS, 10000-20000 us/cm ≤ ±5 %FS
 Resolution: 1 us/cm
 PH
 Range: 3~9
 Accuracy: ±0.3
 Resolution: 0.1
 NPK
 Range: 1-1999 mg/kg(mg/L)
 Accuracy: ±2 %FS
 Resolution: 1 mg/kg(mg/L)

20
 3.3.2.3 Component 3

4 3.7V Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion)

6 3.7 V 1200 Mah Original Rechargeable Power Lithium ion Battery Cell use for LED Light
Bluetooth Speaker Emergency Light Laptop, led, Torch etc. 18650 Model (3.7v 1200mAh
Li-ion Battery

21
6.1.1 Circuit Operation

22
6.2 Project Software

1. Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

2. Arduino IDE or PlatformIO: These are popular options for programming the ESP32
microcontroller. You may already have one installed or may need to download and
install it.

3. 3.LoRaWAN libraries:

Libraries specific to your chosen LoRaWAN module, typically available from the
manufacturer's website or online communities.

4. Data visualization software:

ThingSpeak, Cayenne, or Google Cloud Platform (Free Tier): These are some options for
storing and visualizing the collected data. You may already have an account with one of
these platforms or may need to create one.

23
6.2.1 Flowchart of the System

24
6.2.2 Description of Flowchart

25
6.3 Prototype Development

26
6.3.1 Mechanical Design/Product Layout

Figure 3.3 shows the design of the product . ………………………… ………….

………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 3.3: Front view of the Project

The finger strength is a design based on below, (Fullwood, 1986)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………

Table 3.2: Means and Standard Deviations (In Brackets) Of Strength Scores (In
Pounds Force) For Each Hand Of Males. Right Hand.

AGE HAND INDEX MIDDLE RING LITTLE CHUCK LATERAL TOTAL

STRENGTH THUMB THUMB THUMB THUMB GRIP PINCH HAND
PINCH PINCH PINCH PINCH STRENGTH

27
6.4 Sustainability Element in The Design Concept

In this sub-topic student should elaborate on the design criteria of their Project either
environmental design criteria, social design criteria use of sustainable design tool or economic
design criteria. Also explain contribution to the society of the Project proposed.

28
6.5 Chapter Summary

The research methodology for this project delves into the development and evaluation of a
LoRaWAN-based environmental monitoring system. It involves meticulous system design,
selecting appropriate sensors for temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity, and
crafting the sensor node architecture with a microcontroller, LoRa module, and power
supply. The LoRaWAN network infrastructure is carefully planned, considering gateway
placement and coverage. Following design, the system is meticulously developed, with
sensor node prototypes tested for accurate data acquisition and communication before
integration with the LoRaWAN network and data platform. Deployment involves strategic
placement of sensor nodes in the target environment, followed by rigorous testing in real-
world conditions to assess data transmission reliability and range. Once deployed, data is
collected and stored for analysis, where trends, patterns, and potential environmental changes
are identified. Analyzed data is then visualized in dashboards or reports for enhanced
understanding and communication. Finally, the system's performance is meticulously
evaluated, focusing on metrics like data transmission success rate, power consumption, and
overall network coverage. This evaluation leads to system optimization for improved
efficiency and reliability.

29
30
 CHAPTER 4

7 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND COSTING

7.1 Introduction

Effective project management involves planning, executing, controlling, and closing out your
project within a defined scope, timeframe, and budget. It encompasses activities like scope
definition, schedule development, resource allocation, risk management, communication, and
quality control. Project costing, on the other hand, focuses on estimating, budgeting, and
controlling project expenses throughout its lifecycle. This includes cost estimation, budget
allocation, and cost control practices. By implementing both effectively, you can
significantly increase your project's success rate, optimize resource utilization, enhance
stakeholder satisfaction, and mitigate potential risks that could lead to project failure.

31
7.2 Gant Chart and Activities of the Project

32
7.3 Milestone

1. Gantt Chart Project 2

2. SESSION: 2 2023/2024
DEPARTMENT: JKE
3. CODE: DEE4008
4. 2PROJECT TITLE: LORAWAN BASED SYSTEM FOR TEMPERATURE,PH,HUMIDITY AND
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Weeks/Pro W W W W W W W W W W1 W1 W1 W1 W1
ject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4

1. Project
briefing
2. Update the
logbook in
iSOLMS
3. Update the
Gantt chart in
iSOLMS
4. Final
report
writing
5.
Presentation
2 (Final
Project
Report)
6. JKE
Student Final
Project
Competition
(EEEiC)
7. Submission
of final
report
8. PSA
Student Final
Project
Competition
(PITEC)

33
7.4 Cost and Budgeting

This project involves the cost of purchasing components and materials throughout its
implementation. Components involving cost are hardware ESP32, RAK811, temperature
sensor, Ph sensor, humidity sensor, Electrical conductivity sensor and power supply. All of
these components are purchased through online purchase methods to make it easier as well as
save on costs.
The overall gross budget estimate in the implementation of this project is RM 725.20 and other
expenses is at RM 50 as shown in Table 1 According to this budget cost, this project is can be
considered as a less costly project compared to other projects that can cost over a thousand
ringgit. The cost of the project is also in line with one of the key features of a good project
developer that is low cost but have a high quality project.

Table 1: List of Components and Materials

No. Component and materials The unit Quantity Total RM

price RM

1 ESP32 23.90 1 23.90

2 RAKwireless RAK811 LoRa 53.30 1 53.30

Module

3 RS485 7 in 1 Soil 590 1 590

4 Power supply: 3.7V Lithium-ion 8 1 8

battery (Li-ion)

5 The Things Network (TTN) 1

Community Gateway

6 Other materials 50 RM 50

Total : RM 725.20

34
7.5 Chapter Summary

This chapter ensures the smooth execution of the LoRaWAN environmental monitoring
project by outlining a comprehensive management plan and cost analysis. The plan involves
meticulously breaking down tasks, creating a realistic timeline, assigning skilled personnel,
and identifying potential risks with mitigation strategies. Clear communication channels are
established to keep everyone informed. Costing plays a vital role, requiring accurate
estimations for hardware, software, data storage, network infrastructure, and personnel. A
realistic budget is set based on these estimates, and mechanisms are implemented to
monitor expenses and make adjustments as needed. By effectively managing the project
and controlling costs, we guarantee the successful and budget-conscious development and
deployment of the LoRaWAN environmental monitoring system

35
36
 REFERENCES

Hilmani, A., Maizate, A., & Hassouni, L. (2018). Designing and Managing a Smart Parking
System Using Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Work, 1-
20.
Yee, H. C., & Yusnita Rahayu. (2014). Monitoring Parking Space Availability via Zigbee
Technology. International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, 377-
380.

37
8 APPENDICES

38
APPENDIX A- DATA SHEET

39
APPENDIX B- PROGRAMMING

40
APPENDIX C- PROJECT MANUAL/PRODUCT CATALOGUE

41
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