Lecture 7

Introduction to
Illumination
Engr. Gerard Ang
School of EECE
 ILLUMINATION

Illumination or Illuminance (E) – it is the intensity of light per unit area. It

is measured by the normal luminous flux per unit area received by it.

Where:
𝚽 E = illumination
𝑬=
𝑨 Φ = luminous flux
A = area of the surface being illuminated
 UNITS OF ILLUMINATION

System of Luminous Area

Illumination (E)
Units Flux (Φ) (A)
lumen/m2 = lux (lx) or
MKS lumen m2
meter-candle
CGS lumen cm2 lumen/cm2 = Phot (ph)
lumen/ft2
English lumen ft2
= Foot-candle (fc)

1 footcandle = 10.76 lux

1 phot = 10,000 lux
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS

1. Light – it is the energy radiated in the form of waves which produces

the sensation of vision to the eyes. It may be natural light from sun
or the artificial light from the means created by human beings.
2. Visible light – is that part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum
capable of exciting the retina and ultimately producing a visual
sensation..
3. Brightness – it is the intensity of sensation resulting from viewing
light sources and backgrounds.
4. Color – it is defined as the quality of visual sensation which is
associated with the spectral distribution of light. Visible light can
have length between 4000 Å to 7500 Å.
5. Glare – it is a strong steady dazzling light.
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
5. Reflection Factor or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance (p) – it is given
by the ratio of luminous flux reflected from a small area of a surface to the
total flux incident upon it. It depends upon the characteristics and the color
of the surroundings, i.e. walls and ceilings, etc.

𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝒑= 𝒑+𝜶=𝟏
𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

Where: α = absorptance of the surface

❖ Note:
It is always less than 1. Its value is zero for ideal “black body” and
unity for perfect reflector.
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
6. Transmittance (T) of an Illuminated Diffuse Reflecting Surface – it is defined
as the ratio of the total luminous flux transmitted to it to the total flux
incident on it.
7. Absorptance (α) – it is the ratio of the light absorbed versus the light striking
the surface.
8. Coefficient of utilization or utilization factor (η) – it is the ratio of the lumens
actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens emitted by the
luminous source.

𝚽𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝜼=
𝚽𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅

Where:
Φreceived = total lumens received by the working plane
Φemitted = total lumens emitted by the light source
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS

Factors affecting utilization factor:

 Kind of lighting system
 Type and mounting height of the fittings
 Color of surface and surrounding
 Shape and size of the room

The utilization factor varies from:

 0.10 to 0.40 for indirect lighting system
 0.40 to 0.60 for direct lighting system
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
9. Maintenance Factor (MF) – it is the factor related to the cleanliness of the
lamp including the room, replacement of lamp after recommended life, etc.

𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒘

𝑴𝑭 =
𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

• Factors affecting maintenance factor:

 Dust, dirt, etc.
 Blacking of filament (light emitted decreases)

• The maintenance factor varies from:

 0.60 to 0.80
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
10. Depreciation Factor (DF) – it is the reciprocal of maintenance factor. Its value
is more than unity.

𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔

𝑫𝑭 =
𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

𝑫𝑭 = 𝑳𝑳𝑫 × 𝑳𝑫𝑫 × 𝑹𝑺𝑫𝑫 × 𝑳𝑩𝑶

Where: LLD = lamp lumen depreciation factor

LDD = luminaire dirt depreciation factor
RSDD = room surface dirt depreciation factor
LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or more luminaires)
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
11. Specific Output or Light Efficiency or Efficacy – it is the ratio of the luminous
flux to the power intake. Its unit is lumens/watt (lm/W).

𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒚 =
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅

Average efficacy of various types of lamps:

Type of Lamp Lumens per watt
Fluorescent lamp 50 – 80
Incandescent lamp 14 – 20
Mercury lamp 40 – 70
Metal halide lamp 60 – 80
Sodium lamp 90 – 100
Tungsten halogen lamp 16 – 20
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
The expression for gross lumens required taking into consideration the
utilization and maintenance factors

𝑬×𝑨
𝜱=
𝜼 × 𝑴𝑭

Where:
E = illumination
A = area of the working plane to be illuminated
MF = maintenance factor
η = utilization factor
 Sample Problems

1. A room 8 m × 12 m is lighted by 15 lamps to a fairly uniform illumination of 100

lux. Calculate the utilization coefficient of the room given that the output of each
lamp is 1600 lumens.

Solution:

𝜙𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 15 1600 = 24,000 𝑙𝑚

𝜙𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝐸 × 𝐴 = 100 (8 × 12) = 9,600 𝑙𝑚

𝛷𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 9,600
𝜂= = = 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟒𝟎%
𝛷𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 24,000
 Sample Problems
2. The illumination in a drawing office 30 m × 10 m is to have a value of 250 lux
and is to be provided by a number of 300-W filament lamps. If the coefficient
of utilization = 0.4 and the maintenance factor = 0.9, determine the number
of lamps required. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/W.
Solution:

𝐸×𝐴 250(30 × 10)

𝛷𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 208,333.33 𝑙𝑚
𝜂 × 𝑀𝐹 0.4 × 0.9

𝛷𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 300 × 14 = 4,200 𝑙𝑚

208,333.33
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 = = 49.60 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒔
4200
 Sample Problems
3. A football pitch 120 m × 60 m is to be illuminated for night play by similar
banks of equal 1000 W lamps supported on twelve towers which are
distributed around the ground to provide approximately uniform illumination
of the pitch. Assuming that 40% of the total light emitted reaches the playing
pitch and that an illumination of 1000 lux is necessary for television
purposes, calculate the number of lamps on each tower. The overall
efficiency of the lamp is to be taken as 30 lm/W. Assume unity maintenance
factor.
Solution:
𝐸×𝐴 1,000(120 × 60)
𝛷𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 18 × 106 𝑙𝑚
𝜂 × 𝑀𝐹 0.4 × 1

18 × 106
𝛷𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 1.5 × 106 𝑙𝑚 𝛷𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 1,000 × 30 = 30,000 𝑙𝑚
12

1.5 × 106
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 = = 𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒔/𝒕𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
30,000
 Sample Problems
4. Design a suitable lighting scheme for a factory 120 m × 40 m with a height of
7 m. Illumination required is 60 lux. State the number fittings to be used for
40 W fluorescent tubes giving 45 lm/W. Depreciation factor = 1.2; utilization
factor = 0.5. Twin tube fittings are to employed.
Solution:
𝐸×𝐴 60(120 × 40)
𝛷𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 691,200 𝑙𝑚
𝜂 × 𝑀𝐹 1
0.5 × 1.2

𝛷𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 40 × 45 = 1,800 𝑙𝑚
691,200
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = = 𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔
1,800
If twin tube fittings are employed,
384
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
2
 Sample Problems
5. A school classroom, 7 m × 10 m × 4 m high is to be illuminated to 135 lux on
the working plane. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.45 and the sources give
13 lumens per watt, determine the total wattage required, assuming a
maintenance factor of 0.8. Determine also the number of fittings required.
Sketch roughly the lighting plan of the room, showing suitable positions for
fitting. Use light fitting of 200 W.

Solution:
𝐸×𝐴 135(7 × 10)
𝛷𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 26,250 𝑙𝑚
𝜂 × 𝑀𝐹 0.45 × 0.8

26,250
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 𝟐, 𝟎𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟑 𝑾
13

2,019.23
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
200