Aim:- To Analyse the given Salt systematically.
I – Physical Examinations
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
Absence of Cu2+ (Blue), Ni2+
i Colour Colourless or White (Greenish Blue), Fe2+ (Light
Green), Fe3+(Brown), Co2+ (Pink),
Mn2+ (Pink), Cr3+ (Dark Green).
ii Appearance Crystalline Presence of Cl―, NO3―, SO42―
Odour of Ammonia Presence of NH4+
iii Odour Or Or
Order of vinegar Presence of CH3COO―
Heat Presence of NO3―
Reddish Brown gas
A small amount of the salt is
iv heated gently in a dry test tube Vinegar like odour Presence of CH3COO―
Solubility test
Presence of Cl―, NO3―, SO42― &
v • In water • Soluble
(NH4)2CO3
• In Dil. HCl • Soluble
Solubility test
vi • In water • Insoluble Presence of Pb2+
• In Dil. HCl • Insoluble
II - Tests for Acidic Radical
Independent Group
2―
SO4 (Sulphate) and PO43― (Phosphate)
Concentrated H2SO4 Group
Cl (Chloride), Br (Bromide), I― (Iodide), NO3― (Nitrate), CH3COO― (Acetate)
― ―
Dilute H2SO4 Group
NO2― (Nitrite), SO32― (Sulphite), S2― (Sulphide), CO32― (Carbonate)
White ppt Presence of Cl―
Salt + Conc. H2SO + AgNO3 Pale yellow ppt Presence of Br―
Yellow ppt Presence of I―
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
Absence of CH3COO― (CH3COOH
i Salt + dil. H2SO4 No Gas vapours), CO32― (CO2 gas), S2―
(H2S gas), SO32― (SO2 gas), NO2―
(NO2 gas).
A colourless gas with pungent
smell, which gives dense white
ii Salt + Conc. H2SO4 fumes when a rod dipped in Cl― may be present
NH4OH is brought near the
mouth of the test tube.
iii 0.1 g salt + MnO2 + Conc.
Greenish yellow Cl2 gas Cl― present
H2SO4 + Heat
Curdy white ppt which is
iv Salt Solution + AgNO3 Cl― confirmed
soluble in NH4OH solution.
Brown fumes which will
Salt Solution + K2Cr2O7 + convert into yellow ppt Cl― confirmed
v
Conc. H2SO4 when we add NaOH +
(CH3COOH)2Pb
III - Tests for Basic Radical
Groupwise classification of Cations
I II III IV V VI Zero
Pb2+ Pb2+,Cu2+,As2+ Fe3+,Al3+ Ni2+,Zn2+ Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ Na+,Mg2+ NH4+
How to form an Original Solution (OS)
Salt + Water ⎯→ If soluble then it is called original solution. If not then heat the solution.
Salt + Water + Heat ⎯→ If soluble then it is called original solution. If not then add dil. HCl.
Salt + Water + Heat + Dil. HCl ⎯→ If soluble then it is called original solution. If not then add conc. HCl.
Salt + Water + Heat + Conc. HCl ⎯→ If soluble then it is called original solution. If not then heat the solution.
Original Solution + Nessler’s Reagent Brown ppt Presence of NH4+
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
Odour of ammonia gas
i which gives dense white
0.1 g Salt + 2 mL NaOH + Heat
fumes when a rod dipped in NH4+ may be present
HCl is brought near the
mouth of the test tube.
ii 0.1 g Salt + 2 mL NaOH + Brown ppt NH4+ may be present
Nessler’s Reagent (K2HgI4)
Result :- The given salt contain
Acidic Radical :- Cl―
Basic Radical :- NH4+
Salt :- NH4Cl
