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Algebra 2

Ring theory

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155 views29 pages

Algebra 2

Ring theory

Uploaded by

nasira9545
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Ring: ive GLE ade) fs ae dbeg, we have arbeR “andl abeR: 7 Te tts alyebrate _ streclore (p,45.) fs called te a tefl —pesles ovate, ————— > O teltion te “assectatfoe (athe cs a+ (bre) on Ps commetative ie _atb2bta Ut dtsotbutive 2 7 z 5 Regt aibibetive: 3 (4 vslge z Wabalen __ clasedt by ackditeon Leplicaln ats 5 oA iy. amu spate n ) 90 ole Py LR, +) abelion. ee closed. ats bial Ive 5 eutsts an Gort 4 such that (ly. Right titrbutien ep Law fer addition 4 =btheo | fe _dfsbribstion Law WD caza0:0 “2 a[(-b}¢ 6) 200 ay stsLeth ne (it YR ts 1g, then for alt onthe ayaa : Ch al-b) -- (ab) = barb ~ ttt, ay(-b) » ab — WY a lb-c) > ab-ae ee iY Ab- a+ ba ca ~ ~ ee ™~ - _ Since Rw aw with we 2 ol aio esha (ig “fe dtbibuton | MW) a(b-e)-ab-ab (a0€R, 0100-40 a(b-c). a[b+ 1) ae with vesped to a - a(t) 2-06 fin "WME ss a arnt x flee) ox baco a a. Giadion8 como ath = bra Y abéZ —latoz Ole cur 1 elemel 16 2 Q-az0 Sy O tscnetetvce om" tthe) 2to-bre Wan lis tolaite haw: 20 the laf ham stele. Ps zero and. te 0. on the ft “honed side ts the thor clement _ Ue —a ge = Pte aig seh constslreg ov stop te. elemenk, ——2e10__with _two_| Dial operations Eolatned ty eae - aah 0:020. FS & ee ke fsa 28h and O ilaban sition, “ff None entst, Wdenbily 06% ae EE be ae? ‘uch that eipf altos Oe a tat bet) brace vobeez| | Gurepe ane pit tttonkte elas Jsasbates Sat) eat tA [1 40) ot UID: af a veal numbers $5 anon [(ev.yos (40) =) oro ez [@ adi 1 amouative (aso + ttt 9 0 0e2 Graldition FS wommbative citls el =) 02062 fre exist tdentity ‘0 rept i120 0, 1b oS eS axn matrices with thefts eee BO faa Dik he a ap On can tee gol ae “Aen en aubs peeby bi t40b3 ash. pauby = dition fs associative: rs bas tt _ABacem Se lar ayre a ae i rn ible. ws He sped. to saiephial be ati tite eF oS i Wa) GB) C= Hb) + Saar Boe far ayo) > Vyfer sths_ nate “fe ae fafa) ABE {é =p We} eusbhec—utbilece E eee al wuby' | up es: ce + REE Thrbs asbraty Jizs Cw eee = ibs dubaey + —dubstg-tdabaca —aubérrteboeaarbtared avhcs tQaby crt Aub Gitaubne. dacerad hey taebs a taht he 2 fas Chc.tbsco)+ an(baeittio)—a «Cb curbs evra: Ca thatch) 1.45 arrlbates) ay rCbytey). fa a> | “ay a as ay A+ (BtC) commutative: ——__let_ AB 6M then fam}? +f, ; b Ce by by athe }- [pe = fete bstay as oe a pitas c Paufrraue oe ce byt OA Fobitorhs ovbreaby | + farcrsdacs SCat Ore Opbr radu J Tadsie mural yh tants Ab; 2 (Bt A 89 ene til Z eat bee oe that — —+ ibe th tenas eases l- breaubreey as (hrewaneChreres eg pase. Ms A tig “of all 2x2 ~ oN Soe fhe _addibion_as wlkif Feel eee beste face ‘ serge) ~ Of macbrtces - Then M— aa wr | —[ paeathanene atebentcs brdertsarrbyasrev43 bsare Gouge daft 4 ay Zero divisors byat by ay baa, bya re Om teas = om a ese ares SE sre 2) SR 5 pie ——— hed. Rg 9, lel oad toe diol, —— ; Wacl 0 —aed ap Tus, we. a contrediala, baw qe me PN tathort_2¢ 70. oe- oJ , domatns:- ~~ A __ A__ofyg R fs am ~~. 5 alert domains Hf Pe: ke ~ £5 commutative. == suru. out zero olwisox —tThe mest ee —dlematn Po 91 7 ied ple of “r aah, (Be4,-) Dornams “Gee af Nag with pe nar pe Zan fal cM pe No 2050 lence cbia' A 10 ea : p—-field Fs an atepral Somat. faigrD. orn let D be a fini nite. commedadtive atry, t zero. cltvisors havity —n elenunt yy A22--An. In order to Move that 2G V AED Also we ¢hould Show that “~~ red mer “es ED, Here ontst — ~~ Such_ a a: 1. __¢l# atop. fear a n- product Now 46D. 00, AO 2 AAn fine Se Paps om the above clfscotsion, — —All_these are olements er Also ome ne ther prduets —____— $e Witt 6 ¢—_— e they ave UL pléstinch- For seppore that my yan EY ea aes ual_4o_4. — then (aaj) f° [ig “dare. gntsls_an_elemenk» —_Sfne 0 fe without ze ae oe SED. sup taal Se —and__ a0 othe ore O fps . Qe 2ay an Pet all n oléstind f B_ placed fo some order. af. tere’ elements will be 2 Thus ere nist __&n ae fe such_thak : As commulart{es adtfb) fs Rae! “Ep ld _aeé fearer” cake a) fC) YabeR He zen element oP K’ To show £6 20" Te_vdeti Roorvoyphi Pp TIS aaa (alr fl) —— reéation 6} Rormnphicon Pn Jt 0 "= = fla: ) =f eae ad fs 7_eputualence saidiaken Sow for _additton —telation Th efore, Pt Pont partition! the set —f- alt ahegs fato alefett epealance clemes. fs an Promorphisa a_viag K “Then op Fike [cad= FerAl = [lobo PEL fea) Pe additive verse ¢ - } 7 fete ar Iay = em_and —_f a). feo" iffeetls fos epg fanaa cave Prwener of aye = ee tent ; with und lomo : HR Ps alto with unt clement. bp et ft be the omit _etanenO Re Then {WER Sf FER then Ft fe feo =fta) - fal-f(4) = flat) - f(a) 2 fa) Ps oni elenent fk! ody Br Zetad (57 pret 6? FR Ba fied, then &! a_field- ~ 3 apo »bfo——— GE itu 2x0 duetiors 30. 40, bpo 2 Abt0 = 0 flal{G) 40” “fle <0 _fs__withoot_zer0_ clffsoy._ —f tafe at Ege —_ Ghee End feo” Sere 7 | Hen RPE ed unity enol exch = 7 _ multi te lead Stil te KR will posters aa (for there cpenkions ge + Pe. EEE | “ Sel__of mterers PS a subying of \pe;_faktenal nanke Zire) E (ite) i Ht We A Os —= ners _ eo 2Sfave Sok ond axsoctativity. and =e —tomenulatyaf aaa balh tn = pH ald 0-5 alia Gusap abelian : San D wrt FA mal dion — 0 fier = a et —hatel_fn eet of B abes “a.bes Swe closed wrt adeclitron es, bes aacs, bes > -at+(-bes- su 2 a-bes , — Ago $5 olosed —uwrxt_molipiicadroy =~ fuente 2 085, bes sabes =~ “New upper S+$ om ; Soop es a Subset ef R (ks ) ond aie 5 oad @ sabisfe ed) OLS, Q&S PD OGES a Does — thoi — Sa Fam. @_aes aes SH | aes 20- a és . ee 7 acnsS: 4 aeS Viet ter be AS a beSevteT fae dos Fe onenply whit"S" of CPs said te be! eft ident — Ee oe ar "bee - Pt tsa shpop of oth ropa a Suth ~ 0 > tS a —M_ten OT - s “FL, abso < ener > KE ‘idee A _non-enif Sebs Sbace ~ of K a tated op M Cee M> R_fs__said to =r —Teay 08 a att Bel a algep uth the. i h faterseclion 6 eae ee om i —foamily Of subrt ucts con a ~~ ——§fven- Su on a Tr a7; aoe balla oy briny tolatrng My P. — ee = i fs Tore eit Ee ms fit _—__—_—_| 77, ES aS ou Rubs erat ——forthes il does cedan 0} ra islng = Ee [| K Aulwels contains fh fo all aati 7 in thee ef one 0a Peedained Mo Cicag sag Kage fa — t x4 ee Po ‘I Sal Bet ea He snot — a 1A ed mr ccc Orb€ $2) abe ¥ 467 = & fa deft solecchop RK ) 16S ! o Now let a€F - Then ES MEF D PUES “a ae he FECT piae iV bet rn €.0_ St fr of Li Ss ame (ya) eg To ggh MiB ona a ay eee thon and © tsel = To Shew that k fe a field, we _4o : non-zero Clermont co SAA _tinultiplicative _faven Se. lel ofA ER (ato). kash ta 76k) Pe an ideaS eh =aCRa- : —hucpj_nafroper_toleal e ——_——___ i weleabs of R ave (0) 0: : tacks. So thet Met Kaz a. lip of bard mtb Pn 5 Since = Sth: au positive Integers $5 let ae SES, Ie a Cee Spi te al) toa a. A ‘Poa de en E Ne nag ser with [Otte S nanan low, se. S pero 45 nae nes yses teed (Steg 7 ngset am _o#deé Rts id__to common _clivisort of Ba er Co ars I~ lways divisor _e} PL Tate ave -callecl_fon-proper easy le: —civtoors of te Ang ‘other clutsors am ad are Called _ P po olbuPsor of a a 2s a ™~ ral_domain af tilesers Ge clttson of “6 but ew Mts a. amed_b-€D_bclogp — er Atuson af 6 os te db “(eben are sard_o_ be la btural divisor bs called at me riatnely— pp (denerd) ef thets “ged” vedic ~ gett alma duser._#k ak of — [corp en be Let Dd oh ar frtemah om -olematn— Aement 1 A "nonzore, ot \ ————norevmrt Eames aed only te Bhat disere called a J nnd a Prreducible gtnmenk of dD. e_briviel dlfelsos Meany happen slighies a be an arbilrarry na at elrtonnte Se * or einai ~The _ get, of alt te SRT Tre ee ae Ee area PAVED thee ah Road only a ite aaa ——0f tems ave non-ze70 non=zere., te calleal ol —~fe KL = boty ef ait_pelgnamal Sa “a lt) «bet pbx’ tht t by 4 A owe. om Uernernls of, RO*}. Ben | Also. Dal ymonell wb probich of Fait 2 a) Fed 4w tf fFemd only = _ Bnabn Y_non-neqakive fates en, a = es OY FO) 4g 2 Car G n't X* “Lees A hear g acta bn fe aun non-nijadive 2 ex. ad, Wt dat -. eas, > . 5 lar uc tm b)ns Gob Bibya tan bran i “tanho g Qe Or 5 eh CH EEO NT as bed An = Bene aibna + Arbn-a tan be i oN © Abe + (aeby raebe)t bet abit aebe)+ (acho tabs 1arbis ab) | —e. tis anbe oe. Po tlre alt the coefficients are 1 eH equal epee Q's called zero 4 over Highest powey ynomiad fs nov. of i pebynenniah, __ ——ftga) 22x Sa 3 pais: 0A Gt J $32 8-4-1) abort arbaataebn=re rq ahs———y at flargid = (2045x439 40) (Burn 24 Sx) 2 Gd4 BHD lon + 1h + 20K 1SHF4 260 F £9 + 128? 9A SF ISHE [24-6 14g 20.7 = bx 4 (BHS)* 4 (20 442" t (Yo-2 be U) x? (lo AY xi 4 (25-9 HS = Ga FARK 4 294°C 2-H at 22054 eee geht aa = (acbe)a®t (ae to boyny (ab, tezbs )X'p = t In bm i. = 62'r(Batis)x + (ose 2014) xt (2h 1-1Y)Y re eee ~~ od ff vt 2 wh and anthmpo om diLon. —_______— ee er Bein pee nique Soldan Ff —nbh $2 ther ley [fd 900] sm A ee ‘ a Stra a fai a, ow —= tt eee falyomeal—a Roy Gonke injeion Ox" Foxtor” a ‘omlanl, we. ae ee ft ota) (at) mo ean in hal facie 8 ken ae Segway 2 abo 20 ; ——addilive | identi, oS Ps the - > Thus | {00 eghod = hy fof, oray ee biibonce “of alte Boorse \v__Sne oregon efit enbs in thea b ee lat Jal acer be—thepeypamial etn — i — papas Felt ele. eee (chee g — [hen 7 _ a Oe —— 4 hog) t Cmte) We = Nt a = x : ni pave fC [GO |» _ TO Carian [lberc cada t(botes)e’s ss artive. iden nil eae _, ee ees = ‘ack menbes of Rl<1_pisseares addilie Sf nF omy “non-negative fabeyer ten Hh ~ a (fiat a Py fs of shad] ac (bjeg) - Sama a aboot: ee. haves Xn Fo Ga [5G) fapehe tos, 7 ——_ te — The fe cabled! the fy - = : ~All plcnials” exer Khe eerd Sy Hence D1 a tommeative ving. ——besearl OP te ving fe the. 26.8 o—_ GF 1 a nal -pelegaonral Once AD tun the cons val! Ox"t oxron'ro1™ ~~ L_ Te LS halons YO lesen of Ex) _ Oo: - - my To shew “Lae I. Df an foley demain then ~ 2 —(at)4la a ~ tf AGA = CO fa) _____________ then te plyrennid stop O(F_fe_also_an — ~ prod dlemato pr z . e ut Db be a _commetather airy weil t 26% dwiscs ancl with enit, elemerl ay fs aw tay? To prove that 021 fan Aatepot ____elemafy ,wt have 10 ghew : Le BAT ts tommartatrve 2. 9 Ps without 2070 elrutors SH postenes the enitehoorent, ae FO RG barb atbsar = t box” sh eg JOG ffildo— abate oN. fo64). the 1asen | tenho Ore nen. 2670 elena — a “Dane Dts wthedl zero ~ divizrs a flame, DL*1_Ps_an friteprat Dormain, 7 : Cebre 5) oY. (el Fe a fidd and for, k OFUG@O_be we polyneowals ‘FE, not a feland beth ef duel dre zeyo. than 46 “joo have a gredest common liv — din) — wlth can h rested Qs (AD ema fl) gO fe polynomals mt) omd aca) to Fla‘). Unique, factewealicn Domatn. _— An__fatepea$ demafr_je—witly vot elorvents 45 vig. futmealon Dematy (uFD ) Spey geatted commen Lewisov. J omnd! “gls) fs 4, by t Fhe SS EE = _ _ ———___ fern hese cfs oe \_thaeal 2 ata f kon Penal fo poi fl re A ls feo 29etent ee Nii at» thie. elalion, a ee cb globOd = yO fe ee OY fare = lata ee 4 ine. nog re i a : : 7 _ ra fe = vo y = f — ; : fee) fect —omd wee (9) 4 Ale __ Ths sthal fo) fs a a hea NG Fag a — al f hea), dunbfiry a eee) _ ne byt ~ 00 £ Se] a (late # 6) 7 ef y remainder Wecvern, ss theorem é 1— ee fia ee he remmarnder hon fet) £1 — _If {OEHT and ae F TO dtultedd by _C-a) The fere. _ Es ee fide Fy then fla) 6s the semoundey — my ty Pf fd = 6 ten (1-0) dustles vi ts_divided by (2-0) z ¢_ ly-nomel 7 faa a) fc: ney! ee “200041 no J i fhence cat Bo. conden z& aah a joes ) je y(t) Pe steply an = DNew_w eR the. agile fe | clenoteck additively, We. _Yeca ta. f. oats phim _ : iE fceeeeeees —= Since _fl)p 0 VRE Fs Marefore. f —— 4. foto there, roa 1 a~a detsnot dtc fo) - _ v ger. ss — therefor, f01) hag. no pper ——allithors” Ven Ppay. PT 4 Hence fC) 5" prtdbocibe over ee — - — 5 Ane. hao meee ieee a Pee he the set of aut ey fag var) = Ufegntad Uf tby by ef of frp morphisms a T — Spo aletiten det Trsiptualas FoR 7 cfufeg lean tnde ncphtim of mnuttiphi tt defied at fellows, ON tle 8b a te ak 0 en pepe Se 3 Al = fla)eg(qa) © ith repped to —— ere Fig) = stl 2s : oot os > ___ Nether is frje he 2 have defined the b “proof thew operations Rt a 2 Ee mid ee a Spi fo 2 sales ae aa vee Oe ae P ' fs__an_adehiwe abelian group ne Gare $l gla ¥_a€ G 2 ies sae ae eet es RAP ff an enelormaphtsm of G} wy HL__ shew! _be nated thal_fo_f¢- noth Et ae ha defi fg DR opal of Be ficland — ab __ follows, ot fad 9 ————_—______~_ a — A Obviovsly — {7B __a.__rnappi = par fag fr at des ~~ into i he al da ee — Siace fan gl € me Ps _alto_on__erelomerphforr_ for nef ala plteesf 4 Fe — r 2 5 fp. a 3 flare gn” tthuefore [P'S my — all — 7 a Ge frto Half. eee eee tessa Serer dul eas Mad dept Aan eet Tar) c mp —_(f plat) _~ FL g@r+g Oo) 2 __.endlernorphism ef Ga. ft (oerfgo Foy alk bE G , we have Ye plato) = flarb)tglats) aby af f fH) Fe qilarby =f larrflod]x (glo gb) t L eee i Fee are ercdonosphiim) gat) = Peregayeleerrgoy Lo pape ee aban “abel gp] : a » OS ———— \ Now . we shalt shou, thal aul te fee per toy potubites ane alto steel

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