Histology and Cytology

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is histology the study of?

A) Cells / B) Tissues
C) Organs / D) Organ systems
2. What does cytology refer to?
A) Study of tissues / B) Study of cells
C) Study of organs / D) Study of systems
3. Which microscope is most commonly used in histology?
A) Electron microscope / B) Phase-contrast microscope
C) Bright-field microscope / D) Fluorescence microscope
4. What is the first step in the paraffin technique?
A) Washing / B) Fixation
C) Dehydration / D) Sectioning
5. What is the purpose of fixation in histology?
A) To stain tissues / B) To kill bacteria
C) To preserve tissue structure / D) Both B and C
6. What is the primary stain used for routine histological
examination?
A) Eosin / B) Hematoxylin
C) Methylene blue / D) Safranin
7) How does hematoxylin stain the cell nucleus?
A) Yellow / B) Red /C) Blue / D) Green
8. What is the main advantage of electron microscopes?
A) Inexpensive / B) Greater magnification
C) Portable / D) Colored images
9. What is the resolving power of a light microscope?
A) 0.1 µm / B) 0.2 µm
C) 0.5 µm / D) 1 µm
10. What is the technique used to rapidly freeze biopsy samples?
A) Paraffin technique / B) Fixation
C) Freezing technique / D) Dehydration
11. What is cell culture?
A) Growing cells in a living organism / B) Growing cells in a
controlled environment
C) Staining cells / D) Fixing cells
12. Which of the following is a medical application of cell culture?
A) Karyotyping / B) Regenerative medicine
C) Virology / D) All of the above
13. What is the role of eosin in histology?
A) Stains the nucleus blue / B) Stains the cytoplasm reddish-pink
C) Stains connective tissues / D) Fixes tissues
14. Which microscopy technique is used to examine living cells?
A) Bright-field microscope / B) Phase-contrast microscope
C) Electron microscope / D) Fluorescence microscope
15. What is enzyme histochemistry used for?
A) Staining tissues / B) Localizing cellular structures
C) Fixing tissues / D) Embedding tissues
16. Which technique allows for identifying specific proteins in
tissues?
A) Hematoxylin staining / B) Immunohistochemistry
C) Eosin staining / D) Paraffin technique
17. What is the purpose of karyotyping?
A) Analyze tissue structure / B) Study cell division
C) Analyze chromosomal abnormalities / D) Study cellular
metabolism
18. What is the appearance of images produced by electron
microscopes?
A) Colored / B) Black and white
C) 3D / D) Transparent
19. What is the primary focus of cytology?
 A) Study of tissues / B) Study of organ systems
C) Study of individual cells / D) Study of multicellular organisms
20. What is the typical thickness of sections cut for microscopy?
A) 1-2 µm / B) 5-7 µm
C) 10-15 µm / D) 20-25 µm
21. Which component is stained by eosin?
A) Nucleus / B) Cytoplasm
C) Extracellular matrix / D) Cell membrane
22. What is the main purpose of the paraffin technique?
A) To stain tissues / B) To preserve tissues for cutting
C) To analyze proteins / D) To visualize living cells
23. What type of microscope provides the highest magnification?
A) Light microscope / B) Phase-contrast microscope
C) Electron microscope / D) Fluorescence microscope
24. Which of the following is true about light microscopes?
A) They can view live specimens / B) They produce black and white
images
C) They are very expensive / D) They require extensive training
25. What type of preparation is needed for enzyme histochemistry?
A) Fixed tissue / B) Fresh tissue
C) Paraffin-embedded tissue / D) Dehydrated tissue

Answers:
1. B | 2. B | 3. C | 4. B | 5. D | 6. B | 7. C | 8. B | 9. B | 10. C | 11. B | 12.
D | 13. B | 14. B | 15. B | 16. B | 17. C | 18. B | 19. C | 20. B | 21. B |
22. B | 23. C | 24. A | 25. B

2. The cell

1. What is the structural and functional unit of all living tissues?

A) Tissue / B) Organ
C) Cell / D) Organism
2. What is the smallest cell in humans?
A) Red blood cell / B) Sperm cell
C) Neuron / D) Muscle cell
3. What is the largest cell in humans?
A) Neuron / B) Epithelial cell
C) Ova (egg cell) / D) Sperm cell
4. What shape do red blood cells (RBCs) have?
A) Circular biconcave / B) Cuboidal
C) Columnar / D) Spherical
5. Which part of the cell is known as the genetic control center of a
eukaryotic cell?
A) Cytoplasm / B) Cell membrane
C) Nucleus / D) Ribosome
6. What jelly-like substance is found in the cytoplasm?
A) Nucleoplasm / B) Cytosol
C) Protoplasm / D) Interstitial fluid
7. Which of the following is a membranous organelle?
A) Ribosome / B) Centriole
C) Mitochondria / D) Cytoskeleton
8. What is an example of a non-membranous organelle?
A) Golgi apparatus / B) Lysosome
C) Ribosome / D) Peroxisome
9. What is the primary component of cell membranes?
A) Proteins / B) Carbohydrates
C) Lipids / D) Nucleic acids
10. What are the two main parts of a phospholipid?
A) Glycerol and fatty acid / B) Head and tail
C) Amino acid and peptide / D) Hydrocarbon and alcohol
11. What stabilizes the cell membrane?
A) Proteins / B) Cholesterol
C) Phospholipids / D) Carbohydrates
12. What type of proteins occupy the entire thickness of the membrane?
A) Peripheral proteins / B) Integral proteins
C) Cytoskeletal proteins / D) Transport proteins
13. What is the function of peripheral proteins?
A) Act as channels / B) Maintain cell shape
C) Facilitate diffusion / D) Store energy
14. What do glycoproteins consist of?
A) Lipids and proteins / B) Nucleic acids and proteins
C) Carbohydrates and proteins / D) Phospholipids and carbohydrates
15. What do glycolipids consist of?
A) Proteins and nucleic acids / B) Carbohydrates and phospholipids
C) Lipids and sterols / D) Amino acids and sugars
16. What is the glycocalyx?
A) A layer of phospholipids / B) A layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids
C) A type of protein / D) A part of the cytoplasm
17. What is one function of the cell coat (glycocalyx)?
A) DNA replication / B) Cell protection
C) Energy production / D) Protein synthesis
18. What type of transport involves molecules moving down a
concentration gradient?
A) Active transport / B) Passive transport
C) Bulk transport / D) Facilitated transport
19. What is osmosis?
A) Movement of ions / B) Diffusion of water
C) Transport of glucose / D) Active transport of molecules
20. What is required for active transport?
A) Energy (ATP) / B) Water
C) Concentration gradient / D) Passive diffusion
21. What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
A) Pumps water in / B) Pumps sodium in
C) Pumps sodium out / D) Pumps potassium out
22. What is endocytosis?
A) Exiting the cell / B) Taking substances into the cell
C) Diffusion of molecules / D) Transport via vesicles
23. What is the process of engulfing solid particles called?
A) Pinocytosis / B) Phagocytosis
C) Exocytosis / D) Endocytosis
24. What is exocytosis?
A) Taking substances into the cell / B) Pushing substances out of the cell
C) Transporting proteins / D) Diffusion of water
25. What function does the cell membrane provide in terms of support?
A) Provides energy / B) Supports and maintains cell shape
C) Synthesizes proteins / D) Stores nutrients

Answers:

1. 1. C / 2. B / 3. C / 4. A / 5. C / 6. B / 7. C / 8. C / 9. C / 10. B / 11. B /
12. B / 13. B / 14. C / 15. B / 16. B / 17. B / 18. B / 19. B / 20. A / 21.
C / 22. B / 23. B / 24. B / 25. B

Membranous Organelles

1. What is the primary function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

A) Energy production / B) Genetic control center
C) Protein synthesis / D) Waste disposal
2. What is cytoplasm?
A) The outer membrane of the cell / B) The jelly-like substance
inside the cell
C) The genetic material of the cell / D) The energy-producing
organelle
3. What is the role of mitochondria?
A) Synthesis of proteins / B) Energy production in the form of ATP
C) Digestion of cellular waste / D) Storage of genetic information
4. What are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?
A) Cristae / B) Cisternae
C) Microvilli / D) Filaments
5. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
A) Golgi complex / B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum / D) Lysosomes
6. What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER)?
A) Protein synthesis / B) Lipid synthesis
C) Energy production / D) Digestion of waste
7. What are lysosomes often referred to as?
A) Energy factories / B) Rubbish disposal units
C) Protein synthesis centers / D) Genetic control centers
8. What is the primary role of peroxisomes?
A) Digestion of old organelles / B) Detoxification of harmful
substances
C) Energy production / D) Protein modification
9. Which structure is known as the “Cis Face” of the Golgi complex?
A) The side facing the nucleus / B) The side facing the plasma
membrane
C) The side involved in protein synthesis / D) The side involved in
lipid synthesis
10. What type of enzymes are found in lysosomes?
A) Oxidative enzymes / B) Hydrolytic enzymes
C) Synthesis enzymes / D) Transport enzymes
11. What is the fate of digested material in lysosomes?
A) It is expelled from the cell / B) It is stored in the nucleus
C) Nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm / D) It remains in the
lysosome indefinitely
12. What are secretory granules?
A) Structures that synthesize DNA / B) Organelles involved in energy
production
C) Vesicles containing proteins for secretion / D) Organelles involved
in lipid metabolism
13. What is the structure of the Golgi complex?
A) A single membrane-bound sac / B) A series of flattened sacs
called cisternae
C) A cluster of ribosomes / D) A network of tubules
14. What is the function of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
A) They act as receptors / B) They form the lipid bilayer
C) They store energy / D) They transport ions across the membrane
15. How do mitochondria replicate?
A) Mitosis / B) Meiosis
C) Binary fission / D) Budding
16. Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)?
A) Lipid synthesis / B) Glycogen metabolism
C) Protein synthesis / D) Calcium storage
 17. What is the composition of the cell membrane primarily made
of?
A) Carbohydrates / B) Proteins
C) Lipids / D) Nucleic acids
18. What is the intercristae space in mitochondria?
A) The space between the inner and outer membrane / B) The
matrix of the mitochondria
C) The space filled with enzymes / D) The space for ATP synthesis
19. Which organelle is responsible for modifying proteins by adding
carbohydrates?
A) Ribosomes / B) Golgi complex
C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum / D) Lysosomes
20. What is the role of ribosomes?
A) Energy production / B) Protein synthesis
C) Lipid metabolism / D) Digestion
21. What type of microscopy is used to visualize the Golgi
apparatus?
A) Light microscopy / B) Electron microscopy
C) Fluorescence microscopy / D) Scanning microscopy
22. Which organelle contains enzymes for detoxifying drugs?
A) Ribosomes / B) Peroxisomes
C) Lysosomes / D) Golgi apparatus
23. What happens to residual bodies in long-lived cells?
A) They are expelled from the cell / B) They accumulate as lipofuscin
C) They are digested by lysosomes / D) They are transformed into
secretory granules
24. What is the significance of the glycocalyx?
A) Provides structural support / B) Acts as a protective barrier
C) Contains genetic material / D) Stores energy
25. What is a characteristic of secondary lysosomes?
A) They have not participated in digestion / B) They contain
undigested material
C) They are involved in the synthesis of enzymes / D) They appear
as homogenous vesicles_

Answers:_
1. B / 2. B / 3. B / 4. A / 5. B / 6. B / 7. B / 8. B / 9. A / 10. B / 11. C / 12.
C / 13. B / 14. A / 15. C / 16. C / 17. C / 18. A / 19. B / 20. B / 21. B /
22. B / 23. B / 24. B / 25. B

Non membranous organelles

1. What are non-membranous organelles?
A) Organelles surrounded by a membrane / B) Organelles without a
membrane
C) Only ribosomes / D) Only centrioles
2. Which of the following is NOT a non-membranous organelle?
A) Ribosomes / B) Centrioles
C) Golgi apparatus / D) Cytoskeleton
3. Ribosomes are primarily responsible for:
A) DNA replication / B) Protein synthesis
C) Lipid synthesis / D) Cell division
4. Where are ribosomes formed?
A) Nucleus / B) Nucleolus
C) Cytoplasm / D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
5. Ribosomes can be found in which of the following forms?
A) Only free in the cytoplasm / B) Only attached to the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
C) Free, attached to rough ER, and in polysomes / D) Only in clusters
6. The large subunit of a ribosome contains:
A) DNA / B) mRNA strand
C) Proteins only / D) Lipids
7. What is the main function of centrioles?
A) Energy production / B) Protein synthesis
C) Formation of the mitotic spindle / D) Storage of genetic information
8. Each centriole is composed of:
A) 9 pairs of microtubules / B) 27 microtubules arranged in triplets
C) 12 microtubules / D) 3 microtubules
9. The cytoskeleton is involved in:
A) Cell respiration / B) Protein degradation
C) Cell motility and shape / D) Lipid storage
10. Microtubules are primarily made of:
A) Actin / B) Myosin
C) Tubulin / D) Collagen
11. Which type of cytoskeletal element is responsible for muscle
contraction?
A) Microtubules / B) Intermediate filaments
C) Microfilaments / D) Ribosomes
12. Intermediate filaments have an average diameter of:
A) 25 nm / B) 6-7 nm /C) 10 nm / D) 50 nm
13. Cytoplasmic inclusions are:
A) Living cell components / B) Non-living temporary components
C) Permanent structures / D) Membrane-bound organelles
14. What is an example of a stored food inclusion?
A) Hemoglobin / B) Lipids
C) RNA / D) Pigments
15. Glycogen is primarily stored in:
A) Nerve cells / B) Liver and muscle cells
C) Skin cells / D) Erythrocytes
16. What type of pigment is melanin?
A) Exogenous pigment / B) Endogenous pigment
C) A crystal / D) A lipid
17. Crystals in cells can indicate:
A) Normal function / B) Cellular damage
C) High concentrations of metabolic products / D) Active transport
18. The nucleus is defined as:
A) A membrane-bound organelle in prokaryotic cells / B) The control
center of the cell
C) A non-living structure / D) A type of ribosome
19. The nuclear envelope consists of:
A) One membrane / B) Two membranes
C) Three membranes / D) No membranes
20. Nuclear pores regulate:
A) Energy production / B) Movement of macromolecules
C) Protein synthesis / D) Cellular respiration
21. What is the primary function of the nucleolus?
A) DNA replication / B) Ribosome assembly
C) Lipid synthesis / D) Protein degradation
22. Chromatin is composed of:
A) Proteins only / B) DNA and proteins
C) RNA only / D) Lipids and carbohydrates
23. Euchromatin is characterized by:
A) A compact structure / B) Light staining and frequent gene expression
C) Dark staining and infrequent gene expression / D) Presence of
ribosomes
24. The centromere is:
A) The end of a chromosome / B) The region where sister chromatids are
held together
C) The site of DNA replication / D) The nucleolus
25. The process of karyotyping involves:
A) Analyzing RNA structure / B) Examining chromosome size, number, and
shape
C) Studying ribosome function / D) Observing mitochondrial activity
26. What does a karyotype indicate?
A) Only the sex of an organism / B) The presence of genetic disorders
C) Both the number and type of chromosomes / D) The activity of
ribosomes
27. In human cells, the haploid number of chromosomes is:
A) 46 / B) 23 / C) 92 / D) 48
28. Which of the following describes a metacentric chromosome?
A) Centromere at one end / B) Centromere in the center
C) Centromere slightly offset / D) Centromere at the end
29. The telomeres of chromosomes:
A) Do not change with cell division / B) Shorten with each cell division
C) Are only found in prokaryotic cells / D) Control gene expression
30. Which of the following diseases is associated with chromosomal
abnormalities?
A) Scurvy / B) Diabetes
C) Down syndrome / D) Hypertension
31. The function of the nuclear lamina is to:
A) Store genetic material / B) Maintain the shape of the nucleus
C) Produce ribosomes / D) Synthesize proteins
32. Which of the following statements about ribosomes is true?
A) They are membrane-bound organelles. / B) They are involved in ATP
production.
C) They can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER. /
D) They are larger than mitochondria.
33. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
A) Cell motility / B) Protein synthesis
C) Maintaining cell shape / D) Organelles anchoring
34. What is the diameter of microtubules?
A) 6-7 nm / B) 10 nm
C) 25 nm / D) 50 nm
35. The function of telomerase is to:
A) Decrease telomere length / B) Maintain telomere length
C) Replicate DNA / D) Synthesize RNA

Answers

1. B / 2. C / 3. B / 4. B / 5. C / 6. B / 7. C / 8. B / 9. C / 10. C / 11. C / 12.

C / 13. B / 14. B / 15. B / 16. B / 17. C / 18. B / 19. B / 20. B / 21. B /
22. B / 23. B / 24. B / 25. B / 26. C / 27. B / 28. B / 29. B / 30. C / 31.
B / 32. C / 33. B / 34. C / 35. B

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