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The central processing unit (CPU) is
the portion of a computer system that
carries out the instructions of a
computer program, to perform the basic
arithmetical, logical, and input and
output operations of the system. It acts
as the BRAIN OF COMPUTER.
H STORY CF CPU
Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of
a larger, sometimes one-of-a-kind, computer.
However, this method of designing custom
CPUs for a particular application has largely
given way to the development of mass-
produced processors that are made for This
standardization began in the era of discrete
transistor mainframes and minicomputers and
has rapidly accelerated with the
popularization of the integrated circuits (IC).
The IC has allowed increasingly comple)t
CPUs to be designed and manufactured to
tolerances on the order of nanometres.
Both the miniaturization and
standardization of CPUs have increased the
presence of digital devices in modem life
far beyond the limited application of
dedicated computing machines. Modern
microprocessors appear in everything from
automobiles to cellphones and children's
toy.
0F CP)J
Central Processing llnit
Cenb•al Pra:essor
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Men•ory lJnit
ROM RAM
STORACE
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o LOGIC VlWr
0 A number of Registers
Controt Onit controts operations of other
parts of CM.) as we" as at'parts of computer
6' sending a controC signaC e.g. controC
sequence of instruction to 6e execute'
controtßow of data among a"parts of
computer interpret instructions regutate
timing ofprocressor send controrsingre to
an' recieve controt singte from peripherar
devices
AND
LOGIC
(ALU)
Arithmetic and Lo •c Unit
consists of a comp%cated set of
logic circuit and accumulator.
It is mainly reponsible for :
c Calculation 't Logical
comparsion and decision
REG]
Register is a sepecial memory used by the
CPU for temperarily storing data during
execution of instruction
e Intruction Decoder
It is a device which interprets the instruction to be executed.
Programer Counter (PC) It holds the address of next
instruction to be executed. o Instruction Register (IR)
It holds the instruction bang executed.
Process Status Register
It holds "processor bit" about operation done by ALI-J.
Accumulator (ACC)
It stores intermediate and final results of calulation. It's the
main working area of ALI-J.
General Purpose Register
It can be used to store any temperary information during
execution of instruction.
Memory Address Register (MAR)
It holds address the data word to be accessed.
Memory Data Register (MDR)
It holds the data word when it is transferred to and from
the main memory. Address Decoder
It interprets the address in the MAR and selects the
appropriate cell in the main memory to be accessed.
How CPU works?
The CQ%D is centrurty rocotetr on the
motherboard. Since the C'QO curries out u
rurge $fiure of the wont in the computer,
Cotu puss continuorty through it. The cutu
come from the the units (%bourtC drives,
etc.). After processing, the Cutu is gent
bucko to the untr "e units. The C'Q%)
continuorty receives instructions to be
eaecutetr. Each instruction is u Cutu
processing order.
MOTHERBOARD
A motherboard is the physical
arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer's basic circuitry
and components. On the typical
motherboard, the circuitry is imprinted
or qmxed to the surface of a firm planar
surface and usuaUy manqfactured in a
single step. The included in the are: The
micropmeessor coprocessors
Memory BIOS circuitry Additional
components can be added to a
motherboard through its expansion
slots.
MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a computer
processor on a microchip. It's sometimes
called a logic chip. It is the "engine" that
goes into motion when you turn the
computer on. A microprocessor is
designed to perform arithmetic and
logic operations that make use of small
number-holding areas called registers.
Typical microprocessor operations
include adding, subtracting, comparing
two numbers, and fetching numbers from
one area to another.
These operations are the result of a set of
instructions that are patt of the microprocessor
design. When the computer is turned on, the
microprocessor is designed to get the first
instruction from the basic input/output system
(BIOS) that comes with the computer as part of
Its memory. After that, either the BIOS, or the
operating system that BIOS loads into computer
memory, or an application program is "driving"
the microprocessor, giving it instructions to pet-
form.
MICAOCHIP
A microchip (sometimes just
called a "chip") is a unit of
packaged computer circuitry
(usually called an integrated
circuit) that is manufactured from a
material such as silicon at a very
small scale. Microchips are made
for program logic (logic or
microprocessor chips) and for
computer memory (memory or
IMAGES OF MICROCHIP
BIOS
BIOS is an integral part of the computer and
comes with it when you bring it home. (In
contrast, the operating system can either be
preinstalled by the manufacturer or vendor
or installed by the user.) BIOS is a program
that is made accessible to the
microprocessor on an eraseable
programmable read-only memory
(EPROM) chip. When you turn on the
computer, the microprocessor passes control
to the BIOS program, which is always
located at the same place on EPROM.
When BIOS boots up (starts up) the computer, it
first deterrnines whether all of the attachments are
in place and operational and then it loads the
operating system (or key parts of it) into the
computer's random access memory kAM from the
hard disk or diskette drive. With BMS, the
operating system and its applications are freed
from having to understand exact details (such as
hardware addresses) about the attached
input/output devices. When device details change,
only the BIOS program needs to be changed.
Sometimes this change can be made during the
system setup. In any case, neither the operating
system or any applications you use need to be
changed.
