SHREEYASH PRATISHTHAN’S

SHREEYASH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC), CHH.
SAMBHAJINAGAR

MICRO-PROJECT REPORT

NAME OF DEPARTMENT: - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR: - 2024-25
SEMESTER: - 5 TH
COURSE NAME: -CPP
COURSE CODE: -

MICRO-PROJECT TITLE: - PREPARE A MODEL SHOWING SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC

SUPPLY SYSTEM

PREPARED BY: -
1) Rupesh Babasaheb Patole EN. NO.2210920284
2) Tejas Ravindra Tupe EN. NO. 2110920100
3) EN. NO.
4) EN. NO.
5) EN. NO.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: -

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./ Ms. Rupesh babasaheb Patole of 5th semester of Diploma in
ElectricaL Engineering of Institute _SHREEYASH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC), CHH. SAMBHAJINAGAR
has successfully completed Micro-Project Work in Course of Prepare a Model Showing Single Line Diagram
of Electric Supply Systemfor the academic year 2024-25 as prescribed in the I-Scheme Curriculum.

Date:- Enrollment No:- 2210920284

Place:- SAMBHAJINAGAR Exam Seat No.:-

Signature Signature Signature

Guide HOD Principal

Seal of institute
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our profound gratitude to our guide who guided and completion
of the micro project. He We wish to express our profound gratitude us endlessly in
the framing
to our guide Prof. who guided us endlessly in framing and completion of Micro-
Project. He / She guided us on all the main points in that Micro-Project. We are
indebted to his / her constant encouragement, cooperation and help. It was his /
her enthusiastic support that helped us in overcoming of various obstacles in the
Micro- Project.
We are also thankful to our Principal, HOD, Faculty Members
and classmates for extending their support and motivation in the completion of
this Micro-Project.

1) . Rupesh babasaheb Patole EN. NO.2210920284

2) Tejas Ravindra Tupe EN. NO. 2110920100
3) EN. NO.
4) EN. NO.
5) EN. NO.
 Annexure-1

Title of Micro-Project: Plant Moisture Monitioring System

1.0 Aims:
 Optimize Water Usage: To develop a system that helps gardeners and farmers monitor
soil moisture levels, leading to more efficient water usage.

 Improve Plant Health: To ensure that plants receive the right amount of water,
enhancing their growth and reducing stress.

 Data Collection: To create a platform for gathering and analyzing moisture data over
time, aiding in better decision-making.

 Sustainability: To promote sustainable agricultural practices by minimizing water waste

and supporting eco-friendly gardening.

 User Accessibility: To design an easy-to-use system suitable for both professional

farmers and home gardeners.

2.0Course Outcomes Addressed

A ) Interpret the normal operation of the electric transmission and distribution
systems

1.Generation:

•Power Plants: Electricity is generated at various facilities, including fossil fuel

plants, nuclear plants, and renewable sources like wind and solar.

•Voltage Levels: Power is typically generated at a relatively low voltage.

2.Transmission:

•High-Voltage Transmission Lines: Electricity is stepped up to high voltages (e.g.,

115 kV, 230 kV, or higher) using transformers. This reduces energy loss over long
distances.

•Transmission Networks: A network of transmission lines connects power plants

to substations, facilitating the movement of electricity over vast areas.

•Grid Management: Transmission systems are managed to balance supply and

demand, maintain voltage levels, and ensure system stability. This involves real-
time monitoring and control.

3.Substations:

•Step-Down Transformers: At substations, the high-voltage electricity is stepped

down to lower voltages suitable for distribution (e.g., 12 kV or 25 kV).

•Switching Equipment: Substations contain switches, circuit breakers, and

protective devices to manage the flow of electricity and isolate faults.

4.Distribution:

•Distribution Lines: The lower-voltage electricity is sent through distribution lines

to residential, commercial, and industrial customers.

•Distribution Transformers: These further step down voltage to the level needed
for end-use (e.g., 120/240V for homes).

•Service Drops: Finally, electricity is delivered to customers through service lines.

 Plant Moisture Monitoring System

 Planting a tree in an environment where the seed or the plant would not get water adequately
through natural sources like rain or ground water in its initial phases has been always a matter
of concern for tree planters.

 This is where an autonomous moisture monitor for plants system can help.

 The system timely monitors the moisture level of the soil. If at the time of monitoring it comes to
know that the moisture level of the soil is lower than recommended then it will raise an audio
visual alert.

 This alert is then received by the care taker of the plant. When the care taker waters the plant
the alarm goes off and the monitoring cycle continues.

In this system we use a timer IC to time the monitoring process. A moisture level sensor is used
to detect the moisture level of the soil. An LED is used to give visual alarm and a Buzzer is used
to give audio alarm to the care taker of the plant.

 Thus in this project with the help of a simple combinational circuit and a sensor we can help
save a plant by maintaining the moisture level of the soil of the plant, thus keeping the plant
healthy.
 Block Diagram :

Hardware Specifications :
 IC CD4060
 Water level Sensor
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Transistor
 LED
 Buzzer

 IC CD4060
Definition:

The CD4060 is a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) integrated circuit that

includes a 14-stage binary ripple counter and an oscillator. It can be used for various timing and
frequency division applications in electronic circuits.

 Key Features

1. Counter Functionality:
o The CD4060 can count pulses up to 2^14 (16,384) using its internal flip-flops.

2. Oscillator:
o It has an internal oscillator that can be configured with external resistors and capacitors
to generate square wave signals at various frequencies.

3. Frequency Division:
o It can divide the input frequency by various factors, depending on the configuration,
making it useful in applications requiring frequency division.

4. Supply Voltage:
o Operates with a supply voltage range typically from 3V to 15V, allowing for versatility in
different applications.

5. Low Power Consumption:

o Being a CMOS device, it has low static power consumption, making it suitable for
battery-operated devices.

Pin Configuration:

The CD4060 typically comes in a 14-pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) configuration, with the
following important pins:

 Pin 1: Ground (GND)

 Pin 2: Oscillator input (connects to external components)
 Pin 3: Output (oscillator output)
 Pins 4-14: Counter outputs and control pins.

Applications:

 Timing Circuits: Used to create precise time delays in various applications.

 Frequency Generators: Can generate clock signals for digital circuits.
 Frequency Dividers: Divides input frequency for use in digital logic applications.
 Oscillator Circuits: Configured for generating waveforms in sound and signal applications.

Example Application:

To use the CD4060 as an oscillator:

1. Connect an external resistor and capacitor to the appropriate pins.

2. The output frequency can be adjusted by varying these components.
  Water level Sensor

A water level sensor is a device used to measure the level of water in a tank, reservoir, or other
container. It is an essential component in various applications, including:

1. Water treatment plants: To monitor the water level in treatment tanks and ensure proper
treatment and distribution.

2. Irrigation systems: To control the water supply to crops and prevent overwatering or
underwatering.

3. Swimming pools: To maintain the optimal water level and prevent overflow or low water levels.

4. Boiler systems: To monitor the water level in boilers and prevent overheating or dry firing.

5. Wastewater management: To monitor the water level in sewage tanks and ensure proper
treatment and disposal.

Types of water level sensors:

1. Float-based sensors: Use a float that rises or falls with the water level, triggering a switch or
sensor to indicate the level.

2. Ultrasonic sensors: Use high-frequency sound waves to measure the distance between the sensor
and the water surface.

3. Capacitive sensors: Measure the change in capacitance between two electrodes as the water
level changes.

4. Pressure sensors: Measure the pressure of the water column to determine the water level.

5. Radar sensors: Use radar waves to measure the distance between the sensor and the water
surface.

Characteristics of water level sensors:

1. Accuracy: The ability to accurately measure the water level within a specified range.

2. Resolution: The smallest change in water level that the sensor can detect.

3. Response time: The time it takes for the sensor to respond to a change in water level.

4. Durability: The ability of the sensor to withstand harsh environmental conditions, such as
temperature fluctuations, corrosion, and vibration.

5. Power consumption: The amount of power required to operate the sensor.

  Resistors

 What is a Resistor ?

The term “resistor” refers to a device that acts as a two-terminal passive electrical component that is used to
limit or regulate the flow of electric current in electrical circuits. And it also allows us to introduce a
controlled amount of resistance into an electrical circuit. The most important and commonly used
components in an electronic circuit are resistors.

A resistor’s main job is to reduce current flow and lower voltage in a specific section of the circuit. It’s made
up of copper wires that are wrapped around a ceramic rod and coated with insulating paint.The basic idea is
known to all about how electricity flows through an electronic circuit. Here, two categories can be identified
which are conductors and insulators. Insulators do not allow the flow of electrons, but the conductor does.
However, the resistor determines the amount of electricity that is allowed to pass through them. The total
voltage passes through when it is passed through a conductor like the metal; by introducing the resistors, the
amount of voltage and current can be controlled. The ease at which the electrons will allow the electricity to
flow through it is known as resistance.An insulator has better resistance than the conductor, and the term
resistance is defined as the electrical quantity used by the resistor to control the flow of electrons.

 Resistor Work

Water flowing through the pipe can be used as an example to explain the working of the resistor. Consider a
pipe through which the water flows. Now, as the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the flow of the water will be
reduced. Further, as the pressure is increased, the force of the water is increased, and energy is dispersed as
heat. With this example, the force applied to the water is similar to the current flowing through the resistance.
The voltage can resemble the pressure applied.

 Resistor Unit

The SI unit of resistance is known as Ohm Ω. Kiloohms KΩ, megaohms MΩ, milliohm, and so on are known
as the higher multiple and sub-multiple values of Ohm.The voltage required for creating 1 ampere of current
to flow through the circuit is known as the resistance. For example, if we have to create 1 ampere of current
flow through a circuit by 100 volts, then the resistance is 100 o
  Capacitors

A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electric field. It consists of
two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material, which can be a vacuum, air, or a solid material such
as ceramic, glass, or plastic.

Types of Capacitors

1. Ceramic capacitors: Made from ceramic materials, these capacitors are often used in applications
where high frequency and high temperature stability are required.

2. Film capacitors: Made from plastic or paper films, these capacitors are often used in applications
where high voltage and high current are required.

3. Electrolytic capacitors: Made from a metal anode and a electrolyte, these capacitors are often used
in applications where high capacitance and low ESR are required.

4. Tantalum capacitors: Made from tantalum metal, these capacitors are often used in applications
where high capacitance and low ESR are required.

5. Variable capacitors: Made from a movable plate and a fixed plate, these capacitors are often used in
applications where variable capacitance is required.

Characteristics of Capacitors

1. Capacitance: The ability of a capacitor to store energy, measured in Farads (F).

2. Voltage rating: The maximum voltage that a capacitor can withstand, measured in Volts (V).

3. Current rating: The maximum current that a capacitor can handle, measured in Amperes (A).

4. ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance): The resistance of a capacitor, measured in Ohms (Ω).

5. Temperature coefficient: The change in capacitance with temperature, measured in ppm/°C.

Applications of Capacitors

1. Filtering: Capacitors are used to filter out unwanted frequencies and noise in electronic circuits.

2. Energy storage: Capacitors are used to store energy in power supplies, motor drives, and other
applications.

3. Coupling: Capacitors are used to couple signals between stages of an amplifier or other electronic
circuit.

4. Decoupling: Capacitors are used to decouple power supplies from sensitive electronic circuits.
  Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. It is a crucial component
in modern electronics, and its invention revolutionized the field of electronics.

Types of Transistors

1. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): These transistors use both positive and negative charge
carriers (electrons and holes) to control the flow of current.

2. Field-Effect Transistors (FETs): These transistors use a voltage applied to a control electrode to
create a flow of current between two other electrodes.

3. Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs): These transistors use a voltage applied to a control
electrode to create a flow of current between two other electrodes, with a junction between the control
electrode and the current-carrying electrodes.

4. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs): These transistors use a voltage

applied to a control electrode to create a flow of current between two other electrodes, with a metal-
oxide-semiconductor structure.

Characteristics of Transistors

1. Current Gain: The ratio of the output current to the input current.

2. Voltage Gain: The ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage.

3. Power Gain: The ratio of the output power to the input power.

4. Switching Speed: The time it takes for the transistor to switch from one state to another.

5. Input Resistance: The resistance of the transistor at the input terminal.

6. Output Resistance: The resistance of the transistor at the output terminal.

Applications of Transistors

1. Amplification: Transistors are used to amplify weak signals in electronic circuits.

2. Switching: Transistors are used to switch electronic signals on and off.

3. Voltage Regulation: Transistors are used to regulate voltage levels in electronic circuits.

4. Power Control: Transistors are used to control the flow of power in electronic circuits.

5. Digital Logic: Transistors are used to implement digital logic gates and circuits.
  LED

LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current passes through them.
They are widely used in various applications, including lighting, displays, and indicators.

 Types of LEDs

1. Incandescent LEDs: These LEDs use a filament to produce light.

2. Fluorescent LEDs: These LEDs use a gas to produce light.

3. Organic LEDs (OLEDs): These LEDs use an organic material to produce light.

4. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs): These LEDs use a semiconductor material to produce light.

 Characteristics of LEDs

1. Luminous Flux: The amount of light emitted by an LED.

2. Luminous Efficacy: The ratio of luminous flux to electrical power.

3. Color Temperature: The color of the light emitted by an LED.

4. Color Rendering Index (CRI): A measure of how well an LED renders the colors of an object.

5. Lifespan: The number of hours an LED can operate before it fails.

6. Operating Voltage: The voltage required to operate an LED.

7. Current: The current required to operate an LED.

 Applications of LEDs

1. Lighting: LEDs are used in various lighting applications, including residential, commercial, and
industrial lighting.

2. Displays: LEDs are used in displays, such as TVs, monitors, and smartphones.

3. Indicators: LEDs are used as indicators in various applications, including traffic lights, warning
lights, and status indicators.

4. Signage: LEDs are used in signage, such as billboards, signs, and displays.

5. Automotive: LEDs are used in automotive applications, including headlights, taillights, and
interior lighting.
 Annexure-1
4.0 Action Plan

Sr. Name of
No. Week Details of activity Responsible
Planned Planned Team
Start date Finish date Members
1 1 &2 Discussion & Finalization of Topic 1-3-24 2-3-24 All Team Member

2 3 Preparation of the Abstract 4-3-24 5-3-24 All Team Member

3 4 Literature Review 4-3-24 5-3-24 All Team Member
4 5 Submission of Microproject Proposal 11-3-24 11-3-24 All Team Member
(Annexure-I)
5 6 Collection of information about Topic 11-3-24 11-3-24 All Team Member

6 7 Collection of relevant content / 12-3-24 12-3-24 All Team Member

materials for the execution of
Microproject.
7 8 Discussion and submission of outline 12-3-24 12-3-24 All Team Member
of the Microproject.
8 9 Analysis / execution of 13-3-24 13-3-24 All Team Member
Collected data / information and
preparation of Prototypes /
drawings / photos / charts / graphs
/ tables / circuits / Models /
programs
etc.
9 10 Completion of Contents of Project 20-3-24 20-3-24 All Team Member
Report
10 11 Completion of Weekly progress 20-3-24 20-3-24 All Team Member
Report
11 12 Completion of Project Report ( 26-3-24 26-3-24 All Team Member
Annexure-II)
12 13 Viva voce / Delivery of Presentation 30-3-24 30-3-24 All Team Member
5.0 Resources Required (major resources such asraw material, some machining facility, software etc.)
Sr. No. Name of Resources / Materials Specification Qty Remarks
1 Paper - -
2 Wire - -
3 Transformer - -
Names of Team Members with
1) Rupesh Babasaheb Patole EN.NO.:-2210920284
2) Tejas Ravindra Tupe EN.NO.:-2110920100
3) EN.NO.:-
4) EN.NO.:-
5) EN.NO.:-

(To be approved by the concerned teacher)

 Annexure-II

Micro-Project Report
Format for Micro-Project Report (Minimum 4 pages)
Title of Micro-Project:-
1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50words.This is a modified version of the
earlier one written after the work)
It’s common for single-line diagrams to get attention when a system is new, but as time passes, they
can become obsolete if they’re not updated as they should be. No matter the age of a system, having a
single- line diagram is critical. They are needed for maintenance as well as for troubleshooting daily
operations. If a signal is routed incorrectly or cut short at any point, it won’t make it to the last step in
the chain.

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:- (In about 50 to 150 words)

A single-line diagram helps you know when you need to perform
troubleshooting. It also simplifies the troubleshooting process because you’ll
have current information to work from.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list if more Cos are addressed)

• Interpret the normal operation of the electric transmission and distribution systems

4.0 Literature Review:- ( you can include all the resources which you have used to gather the information for
the Micro-project)

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its analysis (if
any).

[Components: The diagram will include essential components such as

generators, transformers and loads ( lighting, etc.). Connections: The
connections between components will be represented by lines or arrows.
For example: Generators will connect to transformers or directly to the busbars.
Transformers will connect to distribution panels. Distribution panels will connect
to various loads.
Voltage Levels: Different voltage levels (e.g., high voltage, medium voltage, low
voltage) will be indicated using appropriate symbols or labels. the level of detail in
the single-line diagram can vary based on the purpose (e.g., design, operation,
maintenance). It’s essential to follow industry standards and guidelines when
creating these diagrams to ensure accuracy and safety
6.0 Actual Resources Used (Mention the actual resources used).
 sr.
Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks
No.
Pape, stick - -
1
Wire - -
2
Transformer - -
3

7.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects

1. Single-Line Diagram: A well-crafted and detailed representation of the electrical
system, showcasing all major components, connections, and relevant annotations.
2. Documentation: Accompanying documentation providing a comprehensive explanation of
the single-line diagram, including the rationale behind design choices, component specifications,
and system assumptions.
3. Presentation Material: Visual aids such as slides or posters for presenting the single-
line diagram to an audience, highlighting key features and system characteristics
4. Analysis Report: If applicable, an analysis report detailing any system studies, simulations,
or evaluations conducted based on the single-line diagram.

8.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this Micro-Project

1. Technical Proficiency: Developing proficiency in using software tools or manual techniques for drawing and
annotating single-line diagrams, enhancing your technical drafting skills.
2. System Understanding: Deepening your understanding of electrical systems, including component
interconnections, voltage levels, and system configurations, which is essential for effective design and analysis.
3. Standards Adherence: Learning to adhere to industry standards and conventions for symbol usage, layout
design, and documentation when creating single-line diagrams.
4. Problem-Solving: Encountering and resolving challenges related to representing complex electrical
systems accurately and efficiently within the constraints of a single-line diagram.

9.0 Applications of this Micro-Project:- (In about 30 to 50 words)

1. Academic Learning: The micro-project serves as an effective educational tool for deepening your
understanding of electrical systems, system representation, and industry-standard practices in creating single-
line diagrams.
2. Professional Development: The project provides a platform to showcase your technical skills and
knowledge to potential employers or academic institutions, demonstrating your ability to create clear and
accurate representations of electrical systems.
3. Industry Relevance: Creating a single-line diagram through a micro-project aligns with real-world
applications in power system design, industrial automation, and infrastructure development, offering practical
experience that is directly relevant to industry needs.
 Annexure-IV
MICRO-PROJECT EVOLUTION SHEET
Name of Student :- Rupesh Babasaheb Patole En. No.2210920284
Name of Program: - Electrical Engineering. Semester: - 5th
Course Name:- CPP. Course Code :-
Title of The Micro-Project: -

uuuOutcomes Achieved: -

a) Interpret the normal operation of the electric transmission and distribution systems

Sr. Poor Average Good Excellent Sub

Characteristic to be (Marks1-3) (Marks4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks9-10) Total
No.
assessed
(A) Process and Product Assessment (Convert Below total marks out of 6Marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature
Review/information
collection
3 Completion of the Target as
Per project proposal
4 Analysis of Data and
representation
5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva(Convert Below total marks out of 4Marks)

7 Presentation

8 Viva

(A) (B)
Total Marks
Process and Product Individual Presentation/ Viva
10
Assessment (6 marks) (4 marks)

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

Name of Course Teacher: -

Dated Signature: -