8.

0 Background Knowledge

You learnt in Grade 8 how to:

 multiply and divide decimals by whole numbers and

 multiply and divide decimals by decimals

Here, we are going to:

 multiply and divide decimal by integers and

 multiply and divide decimals by decimals.

Beside the level of difficulty of the questions, there is no different in what you
learnt in Grade 8 and what you are going to learn in this topic.

This topic therefore requires you to make use of your previous knowledge of
multiplying and dividing decimals.

Also, in chapter 5, we multiplied and divided whole numbers and decimals

using positive and negative power of 10. This knowledge is likewise necessary
here.

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Learning Objective

The objective shall be to:

 Multiply and Divide Decimals by Integers and Decimals

 Estimate answers to calculations

This means at the end of the topic, you should be able to:

 Multiply and Divide any Decimals either by Integers and Decimals.

 Find answer to problems involving the aforementioned using
estimation.

8.1 Multiplying and Dividing Decimals by Integers and Decimals

So, when you multiply and divide decimal by a decimal or decimal by an

integer, as a method:

 Convert the Decimal into Fraction in the power of 10.

 Then multiply or divide depending on the operation.
 To place the decimal point, shift the decimal point in the
new position to the right (when you multiply) or to the left
(when you divide). The number of time the decimal point
is shifted either to the right or left depends on the power of
10.

Note:

 In some cases, the last point may not apply.

 In such cases, you need to simplify by cancelling common
factor.

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Let us right away work out the following:

0.05 × 4

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 Change 0.05 into fraction in the power of 10, we have: . Therefore,
100

𝟓 20
0.05 × 4 = ×4=
𝟏𝟎𝟎 100

 Divide by shifting the decimal point after the digit zero in 20 to the left
by number of zeros in 100 i.e. two times to the left, therefore:

20
= 0.2
100

Or,
20
 you may simplify the operation where you have by cancelling one
100
zero from the numerator and denominator, as in:

20 2
=
100 10

 Then shift the decimal point after digit 2 to the left by the number of
zero in 10 i.e. shift the decimal point after digit 2 once to the left, then we
have:

2
= 0.2
10 3
Here is another example:

−4.5 ÷ 0.2

 Let us change both decimals into fraction in the power of 10 i.e.

45 2
− ÷
10 10

2 10
 Then turn the dividing fraction upside , then multiply the fractions
10 2
(previous knowledge), then we have:

45 10
− ×
10 2

 Simplify by cancelling common factor 10, then we have:

45 1
− = −22
2 2

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 We may write our answer in decimal by changing into decimal 0.5
2
(apply previous knowledge). Therefore

45 1
− = −22 = −22 + 0.5 = −21.5
2 2

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Here is another example:

0.8 ÷ 0.05

 Change the decimals to fraction (previous knowledge), then we have:

8 5
÷
10 100

 Then turn the dividing fraction upside down and multiply the fractions
(previous knowledge), i.e.

8 100
×
10 5

 Simplify by cancelling the common factor 10 from 10 and 100 (simply

cancel out one zero from the numerator and denominator), then we
have:
8 10
×
1 5

 Here you may simplify further by dividing 10 by 5, then we have:

8
× 2 = 16
1

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Activities

1. Work out the answers to these calculations

i. 0.2 × 0.035 ii −12.5 ÷ 0.5

2. Estimate and work out the answer to this calculation:

32 × 1.8
0.08

8.2 Compound Percentages: Background Knowledge

Percentage Increase or Decrease

From Grade 8, you have learnt how to work out percentage increase or
decrease using a multiplier, percentage multiplier in this context.

Percentage Multiplier, as the name implies, is a number which is used to

increase or decrease an amount by a percentage.

For instance: Let us work out this:

Increase $160 𝑏𝑦 25%

 We need to start by finding the new percentage by saying:

25% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 100% + 25% = 125%

This means the $160 (100%) has increased to 125%

 Then find the percentage multiplier by dividing the new percentage

by the original percentage (percentage before increase in this case)

Therefore:
125
= 1.25
100
So, our multiplier is 1.25
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 Therefore,

$160 increased by 25% = $160 × 1.25 = $200

Activities

 Follow the above example and decrease 320cm by 15%.

Learning Objective

In this part of the topic, the objective shall be to:

 Understand Compound Percentages.

This means at the end of this topic, you should be able:

 To use your knowledge of percentage increase or decrease to find

compound percentage increase or decrease.

8.3 Compound Percentage

Definition

Compound Percentages is where we take an original value and either increase

or decrease it by a percentage, and in the next time period, we take the new
value and either increase or decrease it by the same or another percentage and
so on.

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Stages or Steps

Compound Percentage involves 2 or more years or stages.

First year or Stage:

 First we find the new percentage of the value given.

 Then find the percentage multiplier by dividing the new percentage by
the original percentage.

Note: the original percentage is the percentage before increase or decrease.

It is therefore always 100%.
𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒓 =
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝟏𝟎𝟎%)

 Finally, multiply the value given by the multiplier to get the new value

Second Year or Stage:

 Carry out the same procedure as in the first year or stage but with the
new value at the end of the first year or stage.

Examples:

1. The weight of a baby 10.5kg decreases by 16% in 2019. Find what the
weight would have been if it increased by 9% in 2020.

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Method 1:

 In 2019, the weight, 10.5kg, decreased by

16%, therefore the decreased percentage is:

100% − 16% = 84%

 So the multiplier
84
= = 0.84
100
 Therefore, the new weight in 2019

= 10.5𝑘𝑔 × 0.84 = 8.8𝑘𝑔

 In 2020, the new weight 8.8kg increased by

9%, therefore the increased percentage is:

100% + 9% = 109%

 So, the multiplier

109
= = 1.09
100
 Therefore, the weight in 2020

= 8.8𝑘𝑔 × 1.09 = 9.6𝑘𝑔

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Method 2:

The question may as well be calculated as shown:

𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 × 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒓 × 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒓

Therefore,

10.5𝑘𝑔 × 0.84 × 1.09 = 9.6𝑘𝑔

The procedures are as follow:

 First, calculate the multipliers

 Then multiply them by the original
value.
2. Angelina invested M2500 into a business at 4% interest at the end of
every year. How much would Angelina receive at the end of the 4th
year?

Here, we are going to use of our Method 2:

 So, let us calculate the multiplier:

104
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 = = 1.04
100
 Therefore, at the end of the 4th year Angelina would receive:

𝑀2500 × 1.04 × 1.04 × 1.04 × 1.04 = 𝑀2924.64

You may think of your working as: 𝑀2500 × (1.04)4 = 𝑀2924.64

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Note:

 Method 2 makes it easier to calculate compound percentage especially

where the value is calculated over a long period of year.

Activities

Use a calculator for this question

Mrs. Hlompho borrows M7000 from the money lender at the rate of 6% per
annum.

i. How much would Mrs. Hlompho pay at the end of the year?
In the second year, the money lender increased the rate by 3%.

ii. How much would she pay at the end of the second year?

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8.4 Test Yourself Questions

1. State whether each answer is more than 10, less than 10 or equal to 10.

i. 10 × 0.4 ii. 10 ÷ 0.4 iii. 0.1 × 100 iv. 01.÷ 100

2. You are given that 179 × 13 = 2327. Use this to work out the answers to
the following:

i. 1790 × 130 ii. 1.79 × 1.3 iii. 1790 × 0.13

iv. 23270÷ 1.3 v. 179 × 26

3. An electrician has a long wire that is 24m long. He needs small pieces of
wire that are 0.25m long.

How many pieces of 0.25m wire will the electrician get from the long wire?

4a. Refer to example 2 of compound percentage for this question.

Angelina‘s interest would

have been more than
M5000 after 10 years of
investment.

Khotso says

i. Work out how much Angelina would receive after 10 years (Show
how you worked out your answer)
ii. Use your answer to confirm whether Khotso is correct or not.

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 iii. Compare your answer with your partner.

b. Refer to example 2; write how much Angelina would receive after 𝑥 years.

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