THE BISHOP’S SCHOOL, CAMP

I.C.S.E PROJECT (2024-2025)

BIOLOGY
CLASS - 10

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Project should be written in the interleaf journal.

2. All written work to be done with black pen and drawings with pencil ONLY. Do not
colour the diagrams.
3. Neat labelled diagrams to be drawn only on the blank side and written work to be done
on ruled pages.
4. For diagrams, you may use the textbook for reference (if uploaded diagram is not clear).
5. It is compulsory to fill up the Index by writing the ‘Aim of the Experiment’.
6. Make a certificate page on which you will write:

• Name
• Class & Division
• Computer code
• Roll number

7. Begin each experiment on a new page.

8. Maintain the correct order of the experiment as uploaded.
9. No need to write the bibliography and the acknowledgement.
 INDEX
3. To study the various stages of mitosis from permanent slides and draw labeled sketches.

4. To demonstrate osmosis in the laboratory.

5. To compare the rate of transpiration from the upper and lower surface of a leaf using
cobalt chloride paper.

6. To measure the water taken in by a plant because of transpiration, with the help of
Ganong’s potometer.

7. To show that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.

8. To show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.

9. To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis.

10. To show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.

11. To study the structure of the human brain with the help of a chart/model.

12. To study the internal structure of the human heart using a chart/model.
13. To study the structure of human urinary system with the help of a chart/model.

14. To identify different types of blood cells from a human blood smear when observed
under a microscope.

15. To study the structure of the human eye and ear with the help of models and identify
various parts.

16. To identify and locate the following endocrine glands with a chart/model- Pituitary
gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland and Pancreas.
 Experiment – 3
Aim:
To study the various stages of mitosis from permanent slide and draw labeled sketches.
Materials required:
Permanent slides of various stages of mitosis and compound microscope.
Observation:
Stages of mitosis
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell gives rise to two daughter cells and the
daughter cells are like the parent cell and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent
cell.
In this cell division, the nuclear division takes place first (karyokinesis) and is followed by the
division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
The following are the stages of mitosis observed from permanent slides under the microscope.
1. Interphase: It is a stage of preparation in which the cell prepares itself to divide. The nucleus
becomes slightly bigger in size. The chromatin material and nucleolus are distinct. The synthesis
of the new material takes place.
The process of mitosis is divided into two parts: Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis. Karyokinesis
(division of nucleus) is further divided into four stages, i.e., Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
Telophase
2. Prophase: Following are the changes seen in this stage:
3. Metaphase:
4. Anaphase (Stage of separation)

5. Telophase

Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

 Chromosomes
lie along the
equitorial plane

Sister chromatids
separate and move to the
opposite poles

Formation of the cell

plate begins.
Cytokinesis begins.

Figure: Stages of Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cell

 Experiment -4
Aim:
To demonstrate Osmosis in the laboratory.
Materials required:
Stand, Thistle funnel, water, sugar solution, animal bladder or egg membrane (semi permeable
membrane) and beaker.
Principle:
Osmosis is a phenomenon in which there is a movement of water molecules from a region of
their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a semi permeable
membrane.
Procedure:
1. A thistle funnel is taken.
2. An animal bladder is tied at the mouth of the funnel.
3. The thistle funnel is fixed to a stand in an inverted manner.
4. A beaker filled with water is taken and kept at the base of the stand.
5. The thistle funnel is introduced in the water.
6. Sugar solution is poured into the thistle funnel stem.
7. The level of the solution is marked.
8. The apparatus is left undisturbed for a few hours.
Observation:

Conclusion:

Precautions:
1. The animal bladder should be intact.
2. The level of the sugar solution in the thistle funnel should be carefully noted.
Figure:

Fig: Experimental set-up to demonstrate osmosis.

 Experiment -5
Aim:
To compare the rate of transpiration from the upper and the lower surfaces of a leaf using cobalt
chloride paper.
Materials required:
Filter paper, cobalt chloride (CoCl2) solution, glass slides, rubber bands, desiccators, a potted
plant
Procedure:
1. Dissolve 5g cobalt chloride in 100 ml water to make 5% cobalt chloride solution.
2. Cut thin strips of filter paper and dip them in Cobalt chloride solution.
3. Dry the cobalt chloride paper strips thoroughly in a desiccator.
4. The pink colour strips become blue when dried in a desiccator.
5. Two strips are taken, and they are fixed on the lower and upper surface of a leaf with the help
of glass slides and rubber bands.
6. Observe the time taken by each of the strips in changing its colour from blue to pink.
Observation:

Conclusion:

Precautions:
1. The cobalt chloride strips should be dried completely.
2. The cobalt chloride paper strips should not be handled with wet hands.
3. The strips should be completely covered with the glass slides.
4. The strips should be covered with the slides and the rubber bands should be fixed
properly.
Figure:

Changes colour from blue to pink quickly Takes more time to change colour

Fig: Experimental set-up to compare the rate of transpiration from the upper and lower
surface of a leaf using cobalt chloride paper.
 Experiment -6
Aim:
To measure the water taken in by a plant because of transpiration, with the help of Ganong’s
potometer.
Materials required:
Ganong’s potometer, twig of plant like Coleus, water, beaker, colouring agent (eosin-pink
colour)
Procedure:
1. The twig of a plant is taken.
2. It is cut with a sharp knife underwater and then fitted at one end of the graduated capillary
tube.
3. The graduated capillary tube is filled with water.
4. One end tube is made to dip in a beaker containing coloured water.
5. An air bubble is introduced into the horizontal graduated capillary tube above the coloured
water.
6. As the process takes place (transpiration from the twig) the bubble moves forward. This is
because of the suction force which pulls the water from the beaker.
7. Since the capillary tube is graduated, the reading would give an idea about the volume of
water lost (by noting the change in the position or air bubble)
8. The air bubble can again be brought into the capillary tube by releasing some amount of water
from the stopcock of the reservoir.
Observation:
Conclusion:
Precautions:
1. The entire apparatus should be filled with water. There should be no air spaces.
2. The air bubble should be carefully introduced.

Limitations of a potometer:
1. Introducing the air bubble is difficult.
2. The experimental shoot may not remain alive for long period.
3. Any change in outside condition of the environment may affect the position of air
bubble.
 4. In this process, some water is used by the plant’s metabolic activities, the rate at which
this water is used is not shown by the potometer.

Figure:

Fig: Ganong’s potometer

 Experiment -7
Aim:
To show that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.
Materials required:
Beaker, glass funnel, Hydrilla plant twig, water, splinter, match box, test tube, sodium carbonate
Procedure:
1. Hydrilla plant twigs are taken in a glass funnel.
2. The funnel is inverted in a beaker containing water.
3. A test tube filled water is inverted over the stem of the funnel.
4. A pinch of sodium carbonate is added in the water contained in the beaker, so that carbon
dioxide produced.
5. The apparatus is kept in sunlight for a few hours.
Observation:
Conclusions:
Precautions:
1. Hydrilla plant twigs should be completely submerged in water.
2. The empty test tube should be carefully removed by placing the thumb at the mouth of
the test tube.
3. Sodium bicarbonate should be added to the water so that the plant gets carbon dioxide
which is needed for photosynthesis.

Figure:

Fig: Experimental set-up to show oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.

 Experiment- 8
Aim:
To show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.
Materials required:
Glass Bottle, Split cork, Potassium hydroxide, a plant with long leaves, iodine, Alcohol, Spirit
lamp, tripod stand, beaker, water bath and Petri dish.
Procedure:
1. A healthy green plant with long leaves is taken.
2. The plant is kept in darkness for 24 hours.
3. The next day, a bottle containing potassium hydroxide is taken and its mouth is closed
with a cork which is split in the middle.
4. One of the leaves of the plant is introduced through the split cork into the bottle. Only
half of the leaf is introduced.
5. The plant and the bottle are exposed to sunlight for a few hours.
6. The leaf which was introduced in the bottle is removed.
7. It is boiled in alcohol in beaker which is kept in a water bath.
8. The leaf becomes colourless.
9. The colourless leaf is washed in water and dipped in iodine solution.
Observation:
Conclusion:
Precautions:
1. The plant should be properly destarched.
2. The split cork should be airtight.

Figure:
Experimental set-up to show carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis and Iodine test.
 Experiment-9
Aim:
To show that sun light is necessary for photosynthesis.
Materials required:
Black paper, glass slides, a healthy green plant, alcohol, beaker, water bath, spirit lamp, tripod
stand, rubber bands, Petri dish, iodine.
Procedure:
i. A healthy green plant is taken.
ii. It is de-starched by keeping it in darkness for 24 hours.
iii. The next day, one of the leaves is covered in the middle with black strips of paper.
iv. The black strips are fixed with glass slides with the help of rubber bands.
v. The plant is exposed to sunlight for a few hours.
vi. After few hours, the experimental leaf is removed. It is boiled in alcohol in a beaker over
a water bath.
vii. When the leaf becomes colorless, it is removed and washed with water.
viii. The leaf is dipped in iodine solution.
Observation:
Conclusion:
Precautions:
i. The plant should be de-starched properly.
ii. The leaf should be boiled in alcohol over a water bath because if we boil directly, the
alcohol can catch fire.
iii. The black strips of paper should be fixed properly so that, that portion of the leaf is not
exposed to sunlight at all.

Figure:
Experimental set-up to show light is necessary for photosynthesis.
 Experiment-10
Aim:
To show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
Materials required:
A potted plant with variegated leaves like Coleus/Croton [ green in some parts and non-green in
some parts], pencil, notepad, iodine solution, alcohol, Petri dish, beaker, tripod stand, burner and
vessel containing water.
Procedure:
i. A healthy plant with variegated leaves is taken and kept in dark for about 24 hours to de-
starch it.
ii. It is then exposed to sunlight.
iii. After 4-5 hours 2-3 leaves are plucked.
iv. A drawing of the leaves is made in a notepad to mark the green and non-green parts.
v. The leaves are then boiled in alcohol over a water bath.
vi. The leaves become colorless after some time.
vii. They are washed with water and dipped in an iodine solution.
Observation:
Conclusion:
Precautions:
i. The drawing of the leaves should be done carefully.
ii. The plant should be well-watered.
iii. The leaves should be boiled carefully over a water bath since alcohol is inflammable.

Figure:
Experimental set-up to show chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
A variegated leaf before (a) and after (b) the experiment