Lecture 2
ON
MATH-208
(Probability and Statistics)
BY
Kiran Kumar Shrestha
Department of Mathematics
School of Science
Kathmandu University
TO
CIVE - II – II (2019) Group Students
Topics Covered
Dot plot
Scatter plot
Stem-and-leaf plot
Histogram/ Frequency Polygon
Frequency curve
Ogives
Skewness
Date: Friday, Nov22, 2021
Graphical Representation of Data
Different Graphs to Discuss –
Dot plot
Scatter plot
Stem-and-leaf plot
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Ogives
Box plot
Demonstration Example – 25 observations on diameter, length and pull strength of
wire are given below-
Dot Plot
Example – Dot plot of Wire Diameter –
Note – It can be used to create frequency distribution easily.
Scatter Plot
Example –
The scatter plot of breaking-strength vs. diameter of wire is shown below-
It can be used to determine the pattern of change in values.
Stem-and-leaf Plot
Demonstration Example- Bursting strength of 50 pieces of glass are given below-
#.(A) Construct stem-and-leaf plot of above data.
The complete stem-and-leaf plot is shown below-
Note:
#.1 Technique of drawing stem-and-leaf plot is as follows- determine the minimum and
maximum values and draw a stem containing all digits in the given number except the
last digit starting from minimum to the maximum value, then append the last digit to the
right side called leaf.
#.2 The stem-and-leaf plot can be used to arrange values in order.
Q.(B) Using the stem-and-leaf plot create another ordered stem-and-leaf plot and
enumerate the data in order.
Ordered stem-and-leaf plot is shown below-
Data in ascending order is 187, 197, 205, ................. 346
#.3 It can be used to determine median, quartiles, etc.
Q.C Using ordered stem-and-leaf plot determine median, first quartile, 3rd quartile,
quartile deviation.
Here, n = 50
Now,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Coefficient of quartile deviation-
#.4 It can also be used to construct frequency distribution.
Q.D Use stem-and-leaf plot to construct frequency distribution with class interval of 20.
Class Frequency Class-Boundary
180-200 2 180<=x<200
200-220 4 200<=x<220
220-240 6 .....
240-260 7 ....
260-280 15 ....
280-300 9 ....
300-320 5 ....
320-340 1 ....
340-360 1 340<=x<360
#.5 Dobule stem-and-leaf plot-
Example-
The double stem-and-leaf plot of above two sets of data is given below-
Method-From slides
The complete stem-and-leaf is shown below-
Key : 5 | 6 | 4 = 64 (Sec.A) and 65 (Sec.B)
#.6 Branched stem-and-leaf plot
Example – Given data - 19, 24, 18, 18, 22, 26, 16, 15, 23, 16, 29, 13
Construct a branched stem-and-leaf plot with digits in leaf from 0-4 indicated as ‘-’ in
stem and those from 5-9 indicated as ‘+’.
#.7 Stem-and leaf plot of float values
Example- Following is the measurement of inner diameter of 12 sample pieces of pipes
(in mm) produced by a machine- 121.5, 120.9, 119.2, 122.1, 121.7, 120.4, 119.2, 119.3,
118.9, 120.3, 119.2, 122.1
The stem-and-leaf plot of above data is as follows-
Extra Problem for practice –
Pull strength of 25 pieces of sample wires are observed as follows-
9.95 9.84 10.15 11.23 9.82
11.15 10.15 10.97 11.17 10.25
10.54 11.11 10.26 10.65 9.95
9.93 10.48 10.95 11.21 10.67
10.83 9.92 10.82 10.91 11.15
#.(a) Construct stem-and-leaf plot
#.(b) Use stem-and-leaf plot in #.(a) to create ordered stem-and-leaf plot and then copy
the data in ascending ordered form.
#. (c) Use ordered stem-and-leaf plot created in #.(b) to determine median, quartiles and
quartile deviation.
#.(d) Use ordered stem-and-leaf plot created in #.(b) to construct frequency distribution
with class interval of 2.
Histogram
Example-
...............
Notes:
#.1 In histogram frequencjy is plotted in vertical axis versus data values in horizontal axis.
#.2 In histogram, in fact, it is not height of rectangle which is proportional to frequency, but it is area of
rectangle which is proportional to frequency.
If all classes are of same width then there is no difference in plotting histogram by considering height or
area to be proportional to frequency. However, if class-width of different classes are not same, then there
may be some problem.
The correct form of histogram is shown below (Here the height of columns with ..... are halved)-
An alternative approach to tackle above problem is to plot frequency density against classes.
#.3 Frequency density of a class is defined as
The correct form of histogram using frequency density on vertical axis is given below-
Frequency Polygon
Example –
Notes- In frequency polygon after constructing histogram, the mid-points of different classes are joined
together with line segments (as shown above)
