CHEMISTRY PROJECT

ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS

Submitted by,
A. Antony Snowson
XII- B
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, I express our gratitude to

the ALMIGHTY LORD for the divine
guidance and wisdom showered on me
to undertake this project.

I am immensely grateful to my beloved

PRINCIPAL [Link]
ELIZABETH for her involvement in
this project by providing useful inputs
and timely suggestions. I am also
thankful, to my CHEMISTRY
TEACHER [Link] for
her guidance and help to make this
project success.

My PARENTS also played a key pole in

shaping up this project nicely and I
convey my special thanks to them as
well.
CERTIFICATE
This is to convey that, [Link]
…………..……………….of class XII
of VSR INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL has successfully
completed his project report in
chemistry on the topic Analysis
Of Fertilizers for the partial
fulfillment of AICCES as
prescribed by the CBSE in the
year 2025-2026.

REGISTRATION NO:

SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER

SIGNATURE OF THE SIGNATURE OF
THE INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL
EXAMINER

Content:
1. Agriculture
2. Types of Agriculture
3. Fertilizers
4. Key Components Of Fertilizer
5. Types Of Fertilizers
6. Production Of Various Fertilizers
7. Bio Fertilizers
8. Importance Of Fertilizers
9. Conclusion
 Agriculture

The part of science that is related to the

production and management of crops is
termed as Agriculture. Agriculture forms the
primary sector of the Indian economy as
nearly 40-45% of our entire population is
involved in this sector. Agriculture and farm
fertilizers are interdependent on each other as
proper use of fertilizers can achieve superior
agricultural activity. It is agriculture that helps
to feed all the people of the world. Recently,
development in agriculture has become an
essential part of government schemes. Due to
the increasing population, the land under
agriculture has become too limited for large-
scale cultivation. So, newer scientific
technologies are in use to improve the
agricultural scenario of the country.
Types Of Agriculture

There are various types of agriculture

practiced by people all over the world. These
are:
1. Rudimentary Sedentary Tillage: The
practice of using the same land repeatedly for
an extended period.
2. Nomadic Herding: This is featured by
grazing of cattle on the pastoral land.
3. Intensive Subsistence Farming: This
type of agricultural practice takes place in
overpopulated countries. Rice is a widely
cultivated crop under this category.
4. Commercial Plantation: It includes the
cultivation of crops for selling in the market.
5. Mixed Farming: More than one type of
crop is cultivated at a time on the same
agricultural land.
 Fertilizers

A fertilizer is anything that is applied to plant

tissues or soil to provide nutrients. The
fertilizers can come in two forms that are
natural and man-made. Nitrogen, Phosphorus
and potassium are the main macronutrients
that are present in fertilizers. There are
different ranges and forms of fertilizers that
the farmers use such as dry form, and
pelletized form.
Component Of Fertilizers
Fertilizers help plants grow faster. This goal
can be achieved in two ways. The first is
through the use of nutrient-rich additives. The
second mechanism by which certain fertilizers
work is to improve the soil's efficacy by
altering water retention and aeration.
1. Three Main Macronutrients-
[Link] (N): Leaf growth
[Link] (P): Development of
roots, flowers, seeds, fruit;
[Link] (K): Strong stem growth,
movement of water in plants, promotion of
flowering and fruiting;
[Link] Secondary Macronutrients:
calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur
(S);
[Link]: copper (Cu), iron (Fe),
manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc
(Zn), boron (B). Of occasional significance are
silicon (Si), cobalt (Co), and vanadium (V).
 The elements are used to classify the
nutrients required for good plant life, but they
are not utilized as fertilizers. Instead,
fertilizers are made up of compounds
containing these elements. The macronutrients
are ingested in greater amounts and are found
in plant tissue in amounts ranging from 0.15 %
to 6.0 % dry matter (0 % moisture). Hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen are the four
primary elements found in plants. Water and
carbon dioxide are abundant sources of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Even though nitrogen makes up the majority
of the atmosphere, it is in a form that plants
cannot use. Because nitrogen is found in
proteins, DNA, and other components, it is the
most important fertilizer (e.g., chlorophyll).
Nitrogen must be made available in a "fixed"
form to be nutrient to plants. Only a few
microorganisms and their host plants (most
notably legumes) can fix nitrogen (N2) in the
atmosphere by converting it to ammonia.
Phosphate is essential for the creation of
DNA, ATP (the cell's principal energy
carrier), and some lipids.

Types Of Fertilizers
Fertilizers are categorised in a number of
ways. They're categorised as "straight
fertilizers" if they just give one nutrient (e.g.,
K, P, or N). Multinutrient fertilizers (also
known as "complex fertilizers") include two or
more nutrients, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus. Fertilizers are also classed as
inorganic (which is the subject of the majority
of this article) or organic (which is the subject
of the remainder of this article). Except for
ureas, inorganic fertilizers do not contain
carbon-containing compounds. Organic
fertilizers are often made up of (recycled)
plant or animal debris. Because of the multiple
chemical processes necessary for their
synthesis, inorganic fertilizers are sometimes
referred to as synthetic fertilizers.
Following are the Different Types of
Fertilizers Used Today-
[Link] Nutrient Fertilizers: Ammonia
or its solutions are the most used nitrogen-
based direct fertilizers. NH4NO3
(ammonium nitrate) is also commonly
utilised. Urea is another common nitrogen
source, with the advantage of being solid
and non-explosive, as opposed to ammonia
and ammonium nitrate, respectively.
Calcium ammonium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2 •
NH4 • 10H2O) has just a small share of the
nitrogen fertilizer market.

Superphosphates are the most common

straight phosphate fertilizers. SSP is made
up of 14–18 % P2O5, this time in the form
of Ca(H2PO4)2, as well as phosphogypsum
(CaSO4 • 2H2O). TSP is normally made up
of 44–48 % P2O5 and no gypsum. Muriate
of potash is the most common potassium-
based straight fertilizer (MOP). Muriate of
potash is commonly sold as a 0-0-60 or 0-
0-62 fertilizer and contains 95–99 % KCl.
 One of the first and most commonly
utilised nitrogen (N) fertilizers for crop
productivity was ammonium sulphate
((NH4)2 SO4). It's becoming less common,
but it's especially useful when both
nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) are needed.
Its high solubility allows it to be used in a
variety of agricultural applications.
2. Multi nutrient Fertilizers: These
fertilizers are widely used. They are made up
of two or more nutrients.
[Link] Fertilizers-
Plants receive both nitrogen and phosphorus
from major two-component fertilizers. NP
fertilizers are what they're called.
Monoammonium phosphate (MAP fertilizer)
and diammonium phosphate (DAP fertilizer)
are the two most used NP fertilizers.
NH4H2PO4 is the active component in MAP.
(NH4)2HPO4 is the active component in DAP.
Water solubility is about 85% for MAP and
DAP fertilizers.
[Link] Fertilizers-
NPK fertilizers are made up of three parts:
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. NPK
fertilizers are divided into two categories:
compound and mixes. Blended NPK fertilizers
are physical combinations of single nutritional
components, whereas compound NPK
fertilizers contain chemically bonded
constituents.
The NPK rating system is a way of
describing how much nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium are in a
fertilizer. NPK ratings are three digits
separated by dashes that describe the
chemical content of fertilizers (e.g.,
10-10-10 or 16-4-8) The first value
shows the product's nitrogen content;
the second, P2O5; and the third, K2O.
Although fertilizers do not include
P2O5 or K2O, the system is a common
abbreviation for the quantity of
phosphate (P) or potassium (K) in a
fertilizer.
[Link] nutrients: Micronutrients are
absorbed in lesser amounts and are found in
plant tissue in parts-per-million (ppm)
concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm
(less than 0.04 percent dry matter). These
elements are frequently required for enzymes
that are necessary for plant metabolism. These
elements have a significantly greater impact
than their weight % because they enable
catalysts (enzymes). Boron, zinc,
molybdenum, iron, and manganese are
examples of micronutrients. These elements
are delivered in the form of water-soluble
salts. At moderate soil pH and phosphate
concentrations, iron transforms to insoluble
(bio-unavailable) compounds, posing special
challenges.
 Production Of Various
Fertilizers
[Link] Fertilizers: The Haber-Bosch
process produces ammonia (NH3), which is
used to make nitrogen fertilizers. The
hydrogen (CH4) is commonly supplied by
natural gas (CH4), and the nitrogen (N2) is
obtained from the air in this energy-intensive
process. All other nitrogen fertilizers, such as
anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and
urea (CO(NH2)2), need this ammonia as a
feedstock.
The Atacama desert in Chile also has
deposits of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (Chilean
saltpetre), which was one of the first nitrogen-
rich fertilisers employed around 1830.
Fertilizer is still mined from it. The Ostwald
technique also produces nitrates from
ammonia.
[Link] Fertilizers: Phosphate fertilizers
are made from phosphate rock, which
comprises the minerals fluorapatite
Ca5(PO4)3F (CFA) and hydroxyapatite
Ca5(PO4)3OH, which contain phosphorus.
Treatment with sulfuric (H2SO4) or phosphoric
acids converts these minerals into water-
soluble phosphate salts (H3PO4). This
application is the driving force behind the
large-scale manufacture of sulfuric acid. The
nitro phosphate process, also known as the
Odda process, involves dissolving phosphate
rock containing up to 20% phosphorus (P) in
nitric acid (HNO3) to produce a combination
of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium
nitrate (Ca(NO3)2). This mixture can be used
with potassium fertilizer to provide a
compound fertilizer that contains the three
macronutrients N, P, and K in easily soluble
form.
[Link] Fertilizers: Potash is a mixture
of potassium minerals that are used to generate
potassium fertilizers (chemical symbol: K).
Because potash is water-soluble, the primary
effort in extracting this nutrient from the ore
entails several purification stages, such as
removing sodium chloride (NaCl) (common
salt). Potash is sometimes referred to as K2O
for the sake of simplicity when discussing
potassium content. Potassium chloride,
potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, and
potassium nitrate are the most common potash
fertilizers.
 Bio Fertilizers
A biofertilizer is a material that contains living
microorganisms that colonise the rhizosphere
or interior of the plant when applied to seeds,
plant surfaces, or soil and encourage
development by increasing the supply or
availability of primary nutrients to the host
plant. Biofertilizers supply nutrients to plants
through natural processes such as nitrogen
fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and the
creation of growth-promoting chemicals.
Biofertilizers use microorganisms to restore
the soil's natural nutrient cycle and increase
soil organic matter.
Healthy plants can be developed with the
application of biofertilizers while also
improving the soil's sustainability and health.
Biofertilizers will likely minimise the need for
synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, but they
will not be able to completely replace them.
Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria is a
favoured scientific word for these beneficial
bacteria because they serve multiple roles
(PGPR).
Importance Of Fertilizers

Fertilizers replenish the nutrients lost by crops

in the soil. Crop yields and agricultural output
would be dramatically lowered if fertilizers
were not used. Mineral fertilizers are used to
enhance the soil's nutrition pool with minerals
that are easily absorbed and utilized by plants.
As a result, we must replace what we take out
in order to meet human nutritional demands in
the crops and meat we eat. The objective is to
strike the appropriate balance and maintain a
level of nutrients in soils that will support our
crops without using excessive amounts of
fertilizer.
Every year and after every crop, these reserves
are depleted, and we must replenish them with
fertilizers.
 Conclusion

Fertilizers are of great importance in farming.

They act as food for plants. They are mainly
responsible for providing the nutrient supplies
to the plants they are not able to receive from
the environment. Fertilizers are rich in
nutrients that are helpful for plants. We should
use more mineral fertilizers. The objective is
to strike the appropriate balance and maintain
a level of nutrients in soils that will support
our crops without using excessive amounts of
fertilizer. Every year and after every crop,
these reserves are depleted, and we must
replenish them with fertilizers.