Modi's 3.

0: Making India a Vishwa Bandhu

Abstract

The article explores the development and strategic goals of Indian foreign policy during Prime

Minister Narendra Modi, emphasizing how these initiatives are establishing India as a major

player on the international stage and a global friend. Ever since taking office in 2014, Modi has

pursued an assertive and pro-active foreign policy with the goal of augmenting India's economic

development, strategic interests, and position in the region. This research examines how India's

foreign policy has changed and remained consistent under Prime Minister Modi's third term,

examining important tactics, goals, and how they have affected local and international dynamics.

The research attempts to give a thorough picture of Modi's foreign policy using a combination of

qualitative and quantitative analyses, and it includes document analysis, case studies, surveys,

and interviews with experts and policymakers. According to the report, Modi's strategy places a

heavy emphasis on economic diplomatic efforts, safety issues, and partnership building. As a

consequence, bilateral ties with key international powers have been reinforced, and confidence in

the region has risen. These results provide insightful information on India's path toward

evolving a global power that legislators, scholars, and foreign stakeholders may use.

I. Introduction

 Background

Since 2014, India's long-standing non-alignment foreign policy has undergone a

substantial change, and the country has been strengthening its ties with major and

medium-sized nations. Under Modi's leadership, the nation has maintained open relations
with the US and strategically counterbalanced China's influence in the Indo-Pacific.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's tactical management is redefining and causing ripples in

India's foreign policy. India is facing an intriguing crossroads in its foreign policy. India

prioritizes rapid the growth of the economy as the world's fifth-largest GDP and the main

economy with the quickest rate of growth. Together with the increased competence and

capability comes the desire to take her rightful place in regional and international affairs.

With its network of strategic ties and its strategic autonomy, India will play a key role in

paving the way for improved global governance that are in a multipolar world. Both the

world and India depend on each other.

India has become a major actor on the international scene because to Prime Minister

Narendra Modi's combination of continuity and creativity in the country's foreign policy.

India's strategic interests, economic expansion, and regional leadership have all been

enhanced by the aggressive and assertive foreign policy that the Modi administration has

undertaken since taking office in 2014. It is critical to assess the expected paths and

strategic aims of India's foreign policy since Modi may seek a third term. The purpose of

this study is to examine how India's foreign policy has changed and remained consistent

under Modi 3.0, with an emphasis on important tactics, goals, and consequences for

global dynamics.

Research Questions

o How has India's foreign policy evolved under Modi?

o What are the strategic objectives in Modi's third term?

 o How does Modi's foreign policy impact relations with global powers and

neighboring countries?

 Hypotheses

o Continuation of proactive and assertive foreign policy to elevate India's global

standing.

o Economic diplomacy and security concerns as central to enhancing India's global

influence.

o Strengthening bilateral relations and regional stability to bolster India's position as

a global power.

 Significance of the Study

o Policy implications for strategic planning and decision-making.

o Academic contributions to understanding India's rise as a global power.

o Insights for international stakeholders on India's global policy trajectory.

o Contributions to regional stability and security discussions.

 Research Objectives

o Analyze the evolution of India's foreign policy under Modi.

o Identify and evaluate strategic objectives in Modi's third term.

o Assess the impact on relations with global powers and neighbors.

o Explore continuity and change in foreign policy strategies aiming at global power

status.

II. Literature Review

A. Modi's Foreign Policy in Previous Terms

 Key Initiatives and Their Impact 300 words

o The 'Act East' strategy of India is a diplomatic endeavor by Prime Minister

Narendra Modi to foster strategic, commercial, and cultural ties with the large

Indo-Pacific region.

Indian strategy in the Indo-Pacific region has evolved through two distinct stages,

symbolized by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's 2014 launch of "Act East" and its

1991 launch of its initial iteration, "Look East." Prime Minister Narendra Modi

has provided a fresh impetus to enhance commercial, diplomatic, and geopolitical

ties between ASEAN, Japan, South Korea, and finally Australia under Act East.

This is especially noteworthy in light of India's ascent to the position of the third-

largest economy in the world, its function as a net security provider in the Indian

Ocean region, which is progressively spreading to the larger Indo-Pacific region,

and the country's expanding institutional relationships using the Association of

Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the US, Japan, Australia, and South Korea, as

well as the region's shifting geopolitics, especially in relation to China's

developing military and economic might and Beijing's increasingly assertive

stance.

o India's foreign policy has been centered around Prime Minister Modi's

"neighborhood first policy" since 2014.

The first step in this strategy was to invite leaders of South Asia to his

inauguration, which signaled the start of diplomatic relations with nearby nations.
Modi's repeated trips to South Asian countries highlighted the importance of the

policy. As India's prime leader, Modi created history by traveling to Nepal and Sri

Lanka for the first time in a long time, emphasizing bilateral ties while limiting

the effect on the region. To ensure strategic consistency among geopolitical

challenges, significant financial and infrastructure investments were made to

enhance unique connections, such as the one with Bhutan. India's commitment to

economic growth and regional connectivity is evident via initiatives such as the

cooperation agreements between Bangladesh and India, as well as international

infrastructure projects. Modi's second term sought to counterbalance China's

influence in the region by extending these programs to include neighboring

maritime countries and placing significant emphasis on collaboration within

organizations such as BIMSTEC. To counter Chinese efforts, India bolstered its

presence in the Indian Ocean by forging enhanced collaboration agreements and

undertaking infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India

demonstrated its regional leadership by prioritizing territorial stability and

commerce through initiatives like the Aid to Nepal program and vaccine

diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite facing challenges such as

security concerns with Pakistan and strategic tensions. As Prime Minister-elect

Narendra Modi prepares to be sworn in for a third term, focus has shifted back to

India's foreign policy and its future trajectory. The nation's diplomatic interactions

with its neighboring countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,

Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, are guided by its

Neighbourhood First Policy.

 () Furthermore, the strategy lays a strong emphasis on improving interpersonal,

digital, and physical ties within the region, in addition to promoting commerce

and business. Together with infrastructure projects like the BBIN Initiative, which

improves road and rail connectivity, the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport

Project, which connects India to Southeast Asia and Myanmar, and the

development of the Chabahar Port in Iran, which strengthens connectivity with

Afghanistan and Central Asia, India has also been a champion of BIMSTEC, an

organization that focuses on economic cooperation, security, and cultural

exchange among countries in the Bay of Bengal. 1

o The International Solar Alliance and "Make in India" are two economic and

environmental projects.

The lion gir roar in India Sept. 25, 2014, saw the inauguration of "Made in India"

by PM Narendra Modi. The bold plan aims to establish India as a global leader in

manufacturing. Currently, Union Information Technology Minister Ashwini

Vaishnaw stated that goods exports accounted for over fifty percent of India's

overall trade in FY23, next to professional exports, in elucidating the success of

the Made in India initiative. Ten to fifteen years ago, the minister added, it was

largely services. Made in India has increased manufacturing. An aggregate of

$762 billion in exports were reported during the previous fiscal year. Out of the

above, $453 billion was exported as goods, while $309 billion was exported as

1
Aryal, S.K., and S.S. Bharti. "Evolution of ‘India’s Neighbourhood First Policy’ Since Independence." Soc 60 (April
2023): 224-232. Accessed June 25, 2024. [Link] Also available at:
SpringerLink, [Link]
 services. Ten to fifteen years ago, when outsourcing services dominated exports,

the situation was different.2

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) and the Green Grid Initiative are two

examples of how Prime Minister Narendra Modi's India has led the world in

renewable technology. With regard to the entirety of the installed capacity of

renewable energy, India is now ranked fifth in the world, behind China, the US,

Brazil, and Canada. Following China, the United States, Japan, and Germany, it is

ranked fifth in terms of the total operational solar energy generation capability.

India will make use of the ISA's platform to pursue its overarching objective of

expanding its influence globally by securing its primary negotiating goals of

raising more money for environmental initiatives.3

• Strategic Partnerships and Agreements (300 words)

Enhancing ties with the United States via the implementation of the Logistics Exchange

Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security

Agreement (COMCASA).

India and the US have bolstered its defense and strategic alliances in recent years by entering

into important agreements, especially the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of deal (LEMOA) in

2016. This deal allows both countries to use each other's military sites for logistical assistance. In

addition, the signing of the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement

2
Sarkar, Subhojit. "Make In India: A Look Back On How The Initiative Has Panned Out Over The Years." ABP Live.
Updated December 21, 2023. [Link]
has-panned-out-over-the-years-pli-look-back-2023-abpp-1651376.
3
Jha, Vyoma. "International Solar Alliance: Bridging the Gap." CESP Annual Report 2023. October 18, 2023.
[Link]
(COMCASA) In 2018, there was an enhancement in the capability of the armed services to

collaborate efficiently, hence enhancing coordination during joint military operations. These

agreements emphasize a growing partnership aimed at enhancing military cooperation and

addressing shared security concerns in the region. The INDUS-X program was launched in 2023

at Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Washington, DC. Its objective is to enhance India's

global standing by fostering military innovation collaboration with the US under the iCET

framework. This project highlights the significance of forming strategic alliances and

collaborating with the business sector.

Collaboration in the areas of military and construction with Japan.

Under Modi 3.0, India's partnership with Japan has been strengthened in the domains of defense,

economics, and regional security. India has enhanced its arsenal of weapons and regional

influence, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, via collaborative defense exercises and accords

like the ACSA. Japan has undertaken substantial investments and offered development assistance

to facilitate India's infrastructural advancements and strategic objectives, promoting economic

ties between the two nations. The convergence of both nations' stance on the "Free, Open, and

Inclusive Indo-Pacific" concept highlights their mutual commitment to maintaining peace in the

area and addressing China's forceful behavior. For many years, India has received the highest

amount of Official Development Assistance (ODA) loans from Japan. Notably, the Delhi Metro

project is a prime example of the effective collaboration between the two countries. Japan is

actively promoting strategic connectivity between South Asia and Southeast Asia as part of its

"Act East" policy and "Partnership for Quality Infrastructure." These initiatives aim to strengthen
India's position as a crucial player in global geopolitics, further establishing its status as a

significant global power.

o Stabilizing long-standing cooperation with Russia.

Under the leadership of Modi, India has engaged in what Bruce Jones, Acting Vice President and

Director of Foreign Policy at Brookings, accurately describes as "great power speed-dating,"

actively pursuing relationships with rival nations such as Russia and the U.S. at the same time.

Since February 2022, India-Russia relations have been characterized by prudent diplomacy in

light of the Ukraine war. India has managed to preserve its relationships with both Russia and the

Western countries. India's growing imports of Russian crude oil and other commodities are not

enough to overcome the structural obstacles that prevent substantial progress in bilateral

economic cooperation. The geopolitical and military cooperation between Moscow and New

Delhi is currently not progressing, as India is giving more importance to maintaining stability in

its relationship with Russia due to the prevailing global uncertainties.

B. Theoretical Views on International Relations

An analysis of the theoretical frameworks that shape the investigation of foreign policy.

Examining Modi's foreign policy via theoretical frameworks provides useful insights into the

motivations, strategies, and outcomes of India's global engagements. This section analyzes three

core theoretical perspectives: Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism.

Realism refers to the artistic or literary representation of things as they are in reality, without

idealization or exaggeration.
Realism posits that governments prioritize their own national interests and security in a

competitive global system, often using power politics and strategic alliances. India, led by Modi,

is guided by pragmatism in its endeavors to attain economic progress, maintain regional stability,

and augment global influence.

Modi's foreign policy is characterized by a pragmatic approach focused on maximizing India's

might and safeguarding its security. This entails forming strategic partnerships with major global

powers like the United States and strengthening relationships in the Indo-Pacific region to

counterbalance China's influence. The administration's strict devotion to the ideas of classical

realism, as defined by Hans Morgenthau, highlights the importance placed on national security

and the dynamics of power equilibrium. In addition, Modi's approach aligns with the concepts of

structural realism, as defined by Kenneth Waltz, which prioritize India's strategic decision-

making in a global landscape characterized by many centers of power. India's foreign policy has

seen a significant change in the last decade, transitioning from idealistic concepts to a more

practical and realistic approach. India has diverged from the principles of Nehruvian idealism

and is now aggressively seeking power and material interests on the global stage. This viewpoint

represents a determined pragmatism, giving importance to the country's interests above moral

platitudes, and reflecting a situation where alliances may change and the unflinching pursuit of

the nation's strategic goals is the only constant component. India is actively participating in a

high-stakes strategic competition, displaying a strong command of the principles of realpolitik.

Liberalism

Liberalism places a high value on the significance of economic interdependence, international

institutions, and common norms in promoting cooperation and upholding stability in

international relations. Modi's foreign policy adopts liberal principles via the implementation of

economic diplomacy and active engagement in international efforts.

India, led by Modi, deliberately leverages economic partnerships and trade agreements to foster

regional integration and enhance global economic cooperation. India demonstrates its

commitment to liberal economic principles and global governance by its active participation in

efforts like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations and the

International Solar Alliance (ISA). India's involvement in international organizations like the

United Nations and World Trade Organization (WTO) is shaped by Joseph Nye and Robert

Keohane's thesis of complex interdependence. This thesis highlights Prime Minister Modi's

endeavors to influence global economic standards and mitigate geopolitical conflicts via the

promotion of economic interdependence.

India's foreign policy strategy of adopting a free international system is defined by a smart and

pragmatic stance. While India may sometimes support Western objectives, such as condemning

Russian aggression in certain situations, its primary focus is safeguarding its own national

interests. Occasionally, this entails cultivating alliances with countries such as Russia in order to

get economic and security benefits. India's strategy exemplifies a nuanced equilibrium between

actively engaging in the liberal international system for its own benefit and asserting its

autonomy to accomplish strategic goals independently.

The user's input consists of a single character, namely the letter "C". Constructivism is a

theoretical framework that highlights the proactive role of people in creating their own

knowledge and comprehension of the world.

Constructivism lays great importance on the impact of ideas, customs, and identities in shaping

the behavior of nations and defining international relations. The Modi government places a high

importance on India's cultural and civilizational past when shaping its global relations. It

emphasizes the use of soft power diplomacy and the promotion of cultural exchanges.

Modi's constructivist foreign policy approach focuses on India's national identity and presents it

as a responsible global actor. India's initiatives, such as Yoga Day and cultural diplomacy,

showcase its dedication to influencing global perspectives and enhancing its soft power. As to

Alexander Wendt's constructivist theory, Modi's leadership style and narrative have a direct

influence on foreign interactions, particularly shaping India's endorsement of global standards

such as climate change mitigation and sustainable development.

The user's input consists of a solitary letter, namely the letter "C". Comparative analysis

Atal Bihari Vajpayee's foreign policy focused on achieving strategic independence and

promoting peace initiatives. Significant occurrences during his tenure include the 1998 Pokhran-

II nuclear tests, which validated India's nuclear power status, and the 1999 Lahore Summit with

Pakistan, aimed at strengthening bilateral relations. Vajpayee endeavored to enhance the

relationship with the United States and ensure stability in the area, despite obstacles such as the

Kargil War. Manmohan Singh's foreign policy prioritized the advancement of economic growth

and active participation in international partnerships. This strategy resulted in notable

achievements, such as the remarkable India-U.S. accord. The Civil Nuclear Agreement in 2008

signified the conclusion of India's nuclear seclusion. Singh had an active role in international

forums including as the G20 and BRICS, while also implementing the "Look East" plan to
strengthen ties with East Asia. He skillfully maintained a fragile balance in his interactions with

China while also addressing pressing matters like as the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

In contrast, Narendra Modi's foreign policy is characterized by its assertive and proactive stance,

with a strong emphasis on building a formidable global presence and fostering strategic

partnerships. Modi prioritizes the "Neighborhood First" approach and "Act East" policy, with a

particular focus on strengthening ties with neighboring countries and Southeast Asian states.

This is seen in his first journeys to Bhutan and Nepal, as well as his heightened engagement with

ASEAN nations. Under his leadership, there has been a significant improvement in relations with

the United States, Japan, and Australia, seen via the formation of the Quad alliance. Furthermore,

Modi has adopted a resolute stance against terrorism, shown by the surgical strikes executed on

Pakistan in 2016 and 2019. Modi has also adopted economic policies, such as the "Make in

India" campaign, to attract international investment. Additionally, he has launched the "Digital

India" initiative to transform India into a technologically sophisticated country. Furthermore,

Modi has proactively engaged with the Indian diaspora, shown by events like as the Madison

Square Garden rally in New York, with the aim of bolstering India's global standing and sway.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's use of a personalized approach to diplomacy has strengthened

India's aspirations on the global stage. Examples of this include his informal encounter with

China's President Xi Jinping in Wuhan, which demonstrated a new diplomatic framework devoid

of traditional protocols. Modi's close and influential relationship with leaders like as Japan's

Shinzo Abe has greatly aided the execution of significant projects, such as the high-speed bullet

train and a civilian nuclear accord. Arranging meetings with international leaders in areas outside

Delhi presents India with a chance to showcase its varied culture and emphasize the strengths of

other regions. Modi's outings, like as his trip to the Martin Luther King Memorial with Obama
and his boat ride on the Seine with Hollande, enabled frank and open conversations. His adept

use of personal diplomacy has effectively furthered national interests in the Gulf, as seen by the

exceptional accolades he has won in Abu Dhabi and Jordan.

Evaluation of the consistency and evolution of policy goals and strategies

Although the core goals of India's foreign policy have stayed same, Modi's approach

demonstrates notable modifications. According to scholars like as Aparna Pande (2018), Modi's

diplomatic approach is focused on personal diplomacy, which involves frequent overseas travels

and high-profile meetings. This approach is different from the more restrained diplomatic

approaches of his predecessors. This trend is consistent with Wendt's constructivist theory,

which posits that leadership and identity have a substantial impact on foreign policy.

The number 4. Global and regional dynamics refer to the interactions and changes that occur on

a worldwide scale and within specific geographical areas.

The impact of global power shifts, such as the rivalry between the United States and China.

India's foreign policy under Modi has been significantly shaped by the global power transition,

particularly the escalating rivalry between the United States and China. According to scholars

like C. Raja Mohan (2020) and Harsh V. Pant (2021), India's involvement in the Quad

(Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) with the United States and other democratic countries is a

strategic geopolitical move intended to counterbalance China's increasing power in the Indo-

Pacific area. This alignment might be seen as a practical application of Waltz's theory of

structural realism, where governments aim to counteract potential dangers.

Challenges at the regional level, such as the engagements with Pakistan, China, and SAARC

nations.
India has significant challenges in its regional relations with Pakistan and China. Modi's

unwavering stance on terrorism, particularly with relation to Pakistan, has led to heightened

tensions and occasional conflicts. Christine Fair (2019) and other researchers have analyzed this

issue using a realism viewpoint, which focuses on how foreign policy is shaped by security

concerns.

The existence of commercial linkages has not mitigated the enormous pressure on relations

caused by China's border issues and geopolitical rivalries. According to researchers like Yun Sun

(2020), these tensions are mostly rooted in structural realism, where the quest for regional

dominance eventually leads to inevitable conflict.

India's engagement with SAARC members, as a component of its "Neighbourhood First Policy,"

aims to foster regional collaboration and stability. However, the effectiveness of this method is

often hindered by bilateral obstacles, particularly with Pakistan, and broader geopolitical

influences in South Asia. As per researchers such as Prashant Jha (2018), Modi's regional policy

mixes realism and liberal principles by examining both security issues and economic

cooperation.

Modi's foreign policy throughout both his first and subsequent terms may be described as a

strategic blend of consistency and novelty, shaped by realist, liberal, and constructivist

principles. As Narendra Modi starts his third term, understanding these dynamics provides

crucial insights into the future trajectory of India's foreign policy.

III. Theoretical framework

The study will use a blend of theoretical frameworks, primarily emphasizing Neoclassical

Realism and Liberal Institutionalism.

Neoclassical realism offers a theoretical framework for examining the evolving global power

status of India. It takes into account the impact of internal political factors, leadership dynamics,

and national identity on India's aspirations in the international arena. This paradigm suggests that

India's foreign policy decisions are influenced by a mix of external factors, systemic factors,

internal political dynamics, such as coalition politics and bureaucratic processes. The leadership

style of people, including Prime Minister Modi, has a substantial influence on the assertiveness

and course of India's international relations. India's story goes beyond its impressive economic

growth. Moreover, it relates to the democratic ideas that shape its identity. India's status as the

largest democracy in the world gives it the capacity to have substantial influence on global

governance and adeptly traverse the geopolitical terrain. India has successfully used its abundant

cultural heritage, technological prowess, and military might to strengthen its global influence.

Moreover, India's national identity, intricately intertwined with its historical encounters and

cultural heritage, influences its strategic behavior and aspirations for regional and global sway.

Liberal institutionalism illuminates the importance of international institutions and economic

cooperation in India's worldwide strategy. This perspective highlights India's proactive

engagement in multilateral frameworks such as BIMSTEC, BRICS, and the Indo-Pacific Ocean

Initiative (IPOI) in order to enhance regional stability, promote economic integration, and

advance shared interests. India's trade policy and economic diplomacy are shaped by

organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional trade agreements, which

therefore impact its market entry and technical progress. India's participation in global

organizations offers chances to promote concepts of governance, sustainable development, and

multilateral collaboration, while safeguarding its strategic interests in an interconnected world

amid global economic problems and geopolitical rivalry.

•

Section IV focuses on the examination of the methodologies and procedures used in conducting

research.

1. Qualitative analysis focuses on qualities or attributes rather than amounts or figures.

Document analysis is the examination of government documents, policy papers, speeches, and

official statements to get a thorough understanding of the government's perspectives and

objectives.

Examples of specific instances or situations: An in-depth analysis of specific instances of foreign

policy initiatives throughout Modi's tenure, including diplomatic engagements with the United

States, China, and other regional nations.

The numerical value 2. Statistical analysis:

Data analysis is the use of statistical methods to evaluate the impact of foreign policy decisions

on trade, national security, and diplomatic ties.

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the consistency and evolution of India's foreign

policy under Modi 3.0 via the use of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The results of

this research will provide valuable insights for both the academic and policy-making sectors.

Section V. Analysis and Discussion

Strategic Goals in Modi's Third Term

First and foremost, the neighborhood remains the top focus. Notable South Asian figures will be

present at the oath ceremony, demonstrating the government's dedication to the 'Neighbourhood

First' program. Additionally, there will be a heightened emphasis on fostering collaboration in

the Indo-Pacific region. The Indo-Pacific relationship will persistently thrive. In 2024, the Act

East Policy (AEP) will celebrate its tenth anniversary. The AEP, implemented in 2014 as a

replacement for the Look East Policy (LEP), has established the fundamental basis for India's

interactions with the Eastern region. In the early months of Prime Minister Modi's third term, a

new AEP plan must be implemented for the following phase. Another aspect of Modi 3.0 will be

strengthening the relationship with the United States. India plans to proceed with new Free Trade

Agreements (FTAs) and aims to finalize agreements with the UK, the EU, Bangladesh, and other

countries. The rate of regional integration, such as the BIMSTEC, is expected to increase. India

is committed to maintaining peace and political stability in the Middle East and other regions in

order to achieve economic benefits and strategic advantages. During PM Modi's third term, the

eight bilateral alliances with Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brazil, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya,

Korea, Mauritius, Oman, Tanzania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, etc. will continue to flourish. India's

influence in the global arena is steadily increasing. Regarding 'Vishwa Bandhu'. In the near

future, we may expect an increase in public-private collaborations in several fields such as

physical and digital connection, space exploration, under-sea investigations, and research and

technology cooperation. India has successfully transformed some of its flaws into strengths

throughout the last two administrations. There has been little advancement in establishing a more

profound connection with sub-national governments.

Effects on International Relations with Major Global Powers

The United States

Shortly after Prime Minister Narendra Modi started his third term in office, India and the United

States reached an agreement to enhance collaboration in advanced technology sectors during a

visit by White House national security advisor Jake Sullivan to New Delhi. Sullivan had a

meeting with Modi, who is the Indian foreign minister and his Indian counterpart. This visit

served to confirm that both countries will actively seek to develop stronger connections. After

the meeting on Monday, Modi expressed his commitment to enhancing the comprehensive

global strategic partnership between India and the US for the benefit of the world. Sullivan's

primary objective during his visit was to engage in discussions with Indian National Security

Adviser Ajit Doval regarding a significant initiative launched by both countries in January of the

previous year. The initiative aims to foster closer collaboration in high-technology sectors such

as defense, semiconductors, 5G wireless networks, and artificial intelligence. The program,

aimed at combating China, is a substantial effort to strengthen the strategic alliance between the

two nations. According to Manoj Joshi, a Distinguished Fellow at the Observer Research

Foundation in New Delhi, Sullivan's visit during the early days of Modi's new government

indicates that the U.S. aims to sustain the progress in the high technology collaboration between

the two nations. According to a collaborative document issued by both nations after Sullivan's

meeting with Doval, they have established a fresh strategic semiconductor alliance between

American and Indian enterprises. This cooperation aims to develop precision-guided munitions

and other electronic platforms focused on national security. They also agreed to co-invest in a

lithium resource project in South America and a rare earths deposit in Africa "to diversify critical

mineral supply chains. This visit underscores the strategic importance of the India-US

relationship and highlights the bipartisan support in the United States for strengthening ties with

India. The discussions during the visit indicate a shared commitment to addressing regional
security challenges and promoting democratic values. As of now, the BJP is positioned to

maintain power after the 2024 election, making it unlikely to impact the trajectory of the

relationship barring an unforeseen anti-American faction gaining footing. Should the party

expand its hold over Parliament, the surface of the relationship may remain the same, but

centralizing Modi’s power would only exacerbate his authoritarian and hawkish leanings. India

may be useful to American strategists who want to balance China for now, but make no mistake,

India will not sacrifice its core interests to appease the United States. Security relationships can

seem momentarily strong, but they are a house of cards vulnerable to shifting geopolitical winds.

China

India and China, as important players in the Asian power structure, have a complex relationship

that involves both cooperation and competition. They share common interests in areas such as

climate change, global trade, and international financial institution reform. However, as both

countries gain more influence on the global stage, there is increasing conflict between them. This

can be observed in regions like the Indian Ocean and South Asia, where China seeks to expand

its influence. China also opposes India's interests in global multilateral organizations. The most

significant source of tension between the two countries is the unresolved border issue and

China's territorial claims within India. This issue is crucial to India's security and foreign policy

considerations.

India-China relations under Modi 3.0 have evolved into a complex and sophisticated dynamic

marked by frequent border clashes and geopolitical competition.

A significant majority of Chinese internet users have a favorable opinion of India's leader,

referring to him as 'Immortal Modi' or 'Modi Laoxian' ('不朽的莫迪'). According to statistics obtained
from Weibo, a widely used microblogging network in China similar to Twitter, which has over

598 million active monthly users, a significant number of Chinese individuals believe that Modi

plays a vital role in maintaining global power equilibrium. Following the Galwan confrontations

of 2020, there has been a significant shift in the attitude towards China, transitioning from

idealism to pragmatism. The relationship, heavily affected by events such as the 2020 Galwan

Valley confrontation, demonstrates contrasting geopolitical objectives. China's boldness in the

Indian Ocean and along the Line of Actual Control stands in stark contrast to India's alignment

with Western countries such as the US and Europe in order to counteract Chinese influence.

India's attempts to decrease its dependence on Chinese imports via programs such as "Make in

India" have had varied outcomes, highlighting the ongoing economic interdependencies. There

are also demands for more adaptable trade policies.

Modi's main focus is on the intricate dynamics of the China-Pakistan relationship. India is

confronted with a strategic predicament as it has two neighboring countries equipped with

nuclear weapons on its western and eastern frontiers. Pakistan's military operations along the

Line of Control (LOC) has the capacity to generate a susceptibility in the Line of Actual Control

(LAC), which China may take advantage of. In order to efficiently handle the security situation

along its contested borders, India often modifies its military commands, doctrine, and force

deployment along the Line of Control (LOC) and Line of Actual Control (LAC).

Despite participating in forums like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS, the

cooperation between India and China is uncertain due to increasing strategic competition. India's

strengthening military ties with the US and involvement in regional economic projects further

intensify this competition. In order to manage disputes and explore areas of mutual interest, it is

crucial to engage in dialogue and diplomatic efforts. However, confrontational rhetoric in Indian
politics and media complicates the de-escalation of tensions. The key to moving forward lies in

balancing competitive pressures with diplomatic initiatives that can promote stability and

enhance bilateral relations in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape. India-China relations

will continue to be stable yet delicate, given their historical, contemporary, and potential future

challenges.

Russia

Highlighting the significant importance of Russia for India, a scholar emphasized that Russia is

the only country among the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

(P5) to fully acknowledge India's sovereignty over Kashmir. India maintains a certain level of

strategic independence, as evidenced by its management of relations with Russia in recent years.

Russia has started to place greater value on its partnership with India compared to the past, when

it seemed that India relied more on Russia. Both India and Russia genuinely desire to enhance

their trade and investment ties. However, Moscow and New Delhi have demonstrated different

approaches in advancing their strategic partnership, with Russia eagerly rekindling the old

friendship while India has exercised more caution.

New Delhi has demonstrated a nuanced approach to navigating the Russia-Ukraine conflict,

staying on good terms with Moscow and the West. India’s record imports of Russian crude and

other commodities, at times in defiance of Western sanctions, have allowed for a considerable

boost in bilateral trade. While this “oil connection” may benefit both the Indian and Russian

economies, it should not be misperceived as a leap forward in partnership. In a significant

development, Russia has announced that it is considering a new level of military cooperation

with India under Modi 3.0, involving the joint deployment of troops and an agreement on

logistics support (RELOS). This potential move marks a new dimension in the strategic
relationship between the two nations, signalling deeper defence ties and mutual reliance. The

potential logistics support agreement with Russia is particularly significant in light of China’s

expanding influence in the Arctic region. Access to Russian military facilities in the Arctic

would significantly bolster India’s strategic posture and operational reach in the region. Hence,

Development of India-Russia relations has been a key pillar of India's foreign policy under third

term of Modi.

C. Influence on Relations with Adjacent Nations

Pakistan

India's foreign policy under the Modi regime has consistently taken an aggressive stance towards

Pakistan and Kashmir. In Modi's previous term, the Indian government utilized a constitutional

process to reclassify the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which is under Indian rule, as a union

territory. This decision granted the central government in New Delhi increased authority over the

disputed Muslim-majority region. It was preceded by the revocation of Article 370, which had

provided special status and powers to the state. Pakistan's Prime Minister congratulated Modi on

his party's electoral victory, to which Modi responded by emphasizing India's dedication to

peace, security, and progressive ideas. The likelihood of significant and conclusive discussions

between the two countries in the near future appears unlikely, as the Modi government may be

hesitant to make concessions to Pakistan early in its term, as this could alienate its electoral

support base.

The SAARC countries.

Over the past decade, New Delhi has shifted its focus towards the east by engaging in sub-

regional forums such as BBIN and BIMSTEC, which involve countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan,

India, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. This shift has occurred because SAARC, the

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, has been hindered by geopolitical issues.

New Delhi prefers to engage in bilateral negotiations rather than multilateral ones, and the

ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan, as well as the instability in Afghanistan, have

prevented any progress within SAARC. In his third term, Prime Minister Modi aims to enhance

India's global standing and influence. However, this goal cannot be achieved without resolving

long-standing disputes. During his recent swearing-in ceremony, Modi invited leaders from

neighboring countries, as well as Mauritius and Seychelles, indicating India's increased focus on

the Indian Ocean region.

South Asian countries anticipate that in his third term, Prime Minister Modi will refrain from

insulting neighboring nations, leveraging his influence on social media to assert dominance, or

engaging in covert agreements with unpopular leaders to benefit Indian businessmen. They hope

that Modi 3.0 will work towards improving relations with Pakistan and revitalizing the South

Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). They desire an Indian foreign policy that

demonstrates a deeper understanding of the aspirations and needs of the neighboring countries'

populations.

VI. Summary

• Findings Summary
Under Modi 3.0, India's foreign policy priorities are centered on strengthening regional ties

through initiatives like the Neighbourhood First Policy, enhancing Indo-Pacific cooperation via

the IPOI with over 12 partner countries, and renewing the Act East Policy to deepen

engagements with ASEAN, Japan, Korea, and Australia. There is a focus on deepening the US-

India relationship for technology and investment, pursuing new FTAs with the UK, EU, and

others while reviewing existing agreements like ASEAN's to align with digital trends. India is

increasing its efforts inside BIMSTEC, with the possibility of extending its membership and

aiming to revive SAARC. The IMEC, an effort in the Middle East, seeks to ensure the security of

trade routes and promote stability. India actively pursues leadership positions on a global scale

via participation in frameworks like BRICS and IBSA. It aims to establish alliances with nations

such as Australia, Japan, and Brazil. The emphasis is placed on fostering cooperation with the

private sector in key industries, and effectively managing relationships with Russia and China by

leveraging economic connections. In order to increase India's influence internationally, goodwill

among allies, and economic resiliency, Modi's strategy includes integrating sub-national states

into foreign policy. Institutional changes also seek to strengthen governance within the MEA and

improve marine capabilities.

Policy makers should give more importance to strengthening regional alliances, such as

BIMSTEC, and increasing collaborations in the Indo-Pacific area via programs like the Indo-

Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI). They should prioritize the negotiation of new Free commerce

Agreements (FTAs) in order to boost commerce and attract foreign investment. In addition, it is

important for them to tactically handle ties with influential global actors such as the United

States, Russia, and China. Strengthening India's global strategy and safeguarding its economic
and geopolitical interests around the globe would need investments in institutional reforms,

technological partnerships, and sustainable development.

• Prospective Areas for Future Investigation

Future study should prioritize the analysis of India's strategic relationships in the Indo-Pacific

and other areas, such as the IPOI and strengthened regional alliances, to ascertain their

contribution to India's global power position. To get insight into India's diplomatic methods, it

would be beneficial to examine how well the country's foreign policy navigates complicated

geopolitics, especially when it comes to managing ties with big countries like the US, Russia,

and China. Moreover, it is essential to examine the impact of technical progress and sustainable

development efforts on India's ability to compete globally and withstand challenges. This

analysis is vital for comprehending India's future direction on the international platform.