INTERNATIONAL

STANDARD 3745
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION l MEXJJYHAPOAHA(I OPI-AHki3AUMX n0 CTAH~APTM3A~I4W.ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION

Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise

sources - Precision methods for anechoic and semi-anechoic
rooms
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Acous tique - De’termination des niveaux de puissance acoustique 6mis par les sources de bruit - Mthodes
de labora toire pour les sales an&ho i;que et semi-an&ho 7que
(standards.iteh.ai)
First edition - 1977-05-l 5 ISO 3745:1977
Corrected and reprinted - https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef56a1fb-a339-45da-b4b8-
1983-02-01
43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977

UDC 543.6 Ref. No. IS0 3745-1977 (E)

Descriptors : acoustics, acoustic measurement, noise (sound), sound sources, sound power, laboratory tests, enclosures.

Price based on 21 pages

FOREWORD

IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation

of national standards institutes (IS0 member bodies). The work of developing
International Standards is carried out through IS0 technical committees. Every
member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been set
up has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated

to the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International
Standards by the IS0 Council.

International Standard iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

IS0 3745 was developed by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 43, Acoustics, and was circulated to the member bodies in May 1975.
(standards.iteh.ai)
It has been approved by the member bodies of the following countries :
ISO 3745:1977
Austria Ireland South Africa, Rep. of
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Belgium Israel Sweden
43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
Canada Italy Switzerland
Czechoslovakia Japan Turkey
Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom
Finland New Zealand U.S.A.
France Norway U.S.S.R.
Germany Poland
Hungary Romania

No member body expressed disapproval of the document.

This International Standard cancels and replaces IS0 Recommendation R 495-1966,

of which it constitutes a technical revision.

0 International Organization for Standardization, 1977 l

Printed in Switzerland

ii
 CONTENTS

0.1 Related International Standards. ..........................

Pa 1

0.2 Synopsis of IS0 3745. ................................. 2

0.3 Introduction. ....................................... 2

1 Scope and field of application ............................ 2

2 References. ........................................ 3

3 Definitions ......................................... 3

4 Test room requirements ................................ 4

iTeh STANDARD
5 Instrumentation PREVIEW
..................................... 5

6 Installation and operation of source ........................ 5

(standards.iteh.ai)
7 Determination of mean-square pressure ...................... 6

8 ISO 3745:1977
Calculation of sound power level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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Information to be recorded ..............................
9 43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977 16

10 Information to be reported .............................. 16

Annexes
A Test room qualification procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

B Recommended array of microphone positions in a free field . . . . . . . . 13

C Basic array of microphone positions in a free field over a reflecting

plane............................................. 15
D Coaxial circular paths in parallel planes for microphone traverses in
a free field over a reflecting plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

E Calculation of directivity index and directivity factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

F System for microphone traverses along meridional paths in a free field . 18

G Guidelines for the design of test rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

H Examples of suitable instrumentation systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

I Guidelines for the detection of impulsive noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ’

..I
III
 iTeh This
STANDARD
page intentionally leftPREVIEW
blank

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 3745:1977
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43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD . IS0 37454977 (E)

Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise

sources - Precision methods for anechoic and semi-anechoic
rooms

0.1 RELATED INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS purposes of the test. The operating and mounting conditions
of the machine or equipment to be tested must be in
This International Standard is one of a series specifying accordance with the general principles stated in the basic
various methods for determining the sound power levels of documents.
machines and equipment. These basic documents specify
only the acoustical requirements for measurements
appropriate for different test environments as shown in
Guidelines for making these decisions are provided in IS0
table 1.
3740. If no sound test code is specified for a particular
When applying these basic documents, it is necessary to machine, the mounting and operating conditions shall be
decide which one is most appropriate for the conditions and fully described in the test report.

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

TABLE 1 - International Standards specifying various methods for determining the sound power levels
(standards.iteh.ai) of machines and equipment

ISO 3745:1977
International https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef56a1fb-a339-45da-b4b8-
Classif ication Volume Character Sound power levels Optional information
Standard
of method
Test environment 43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
of source of noise obtainable available
No.*

Steady,
3741
broad-band
Reverberation
In one-third A-weighted sound
room meeting
Precision Steady, octave or octave power
specified
discrete- bands level
3742 requirements
Preferably less frequency or
than 1 % of test narrow-band
l room volume
.
Steady,
Special broad-band
A-weighted and Other weighted sound
3743 Engineering reverberant narrow-band,
in octave bands power levels
test room discrete-
frequency

Largest
Outdoors or in Directivity infor-
3744 Engineering dimension Any
large room A-weighted and mation and sound
less than 15,0 m
in one-third pressure levels as a
d octave or octave function of time;
Anechoic or Preferably less bands other weighted sound
3745 Precision semi-anechoic than 0,5 % of Any power levels
room test room volume

Steady,
No restrictions : Sound pressure levels
broad-band,
No special test limited only by as a function of time;
3746 Survey narrow-band, A-weigh ted
environment available test other weighted sound
discrete-
environment power levels
frequency
1

* See clause 2.
IS0 3745-1977 (E)

0.2 SYNOPSIS OF IS0 3745 The determination of the sound power radiated by a
sound source in a completely free field or in a free field
Applicability above a reflecting plane is based on the premise that the
Test environment reverberant field produced by the source is negligible and
that the total radiated power is obtained from the mean-
Free field (anechoic room) or free field over a reflecting square sound pressure averaged in time and in space over a
plane (semi-anechoic room). hypothetical sphere or hemisphere surrounding the source.
The radius of the sphere or hemisphere is chosen so that
Type of source
its surface is in the far radiation field of the source.
Device, machine, component, subassembly.
This International Standard, together with the others in
Size of noise source this series (see table I), supersedes lSO/R 495.

Volume of the source preferably less than 0,5 % of test

I SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
room vo lume.

Character of noise radiated by the source 1 .I General

Al I types. This International Standard specifies two laboratory
methods for determining the sound power level of a source.
Accuracy
It gives requirements for the test room, as well as the
Precision (standard deviation for determining sound source location, operating conditions and instrumentation.
power levels for 1 kHz octave band is less than or equal Techniques are specified for obtaining an estimate of the
to 0,5 dB for anechoic rooms and less than or equal to surface sound pressure level from which the weighted
I,0 dB for semi-anechoic rooms). sound power level of the source as well as the sound power
level in octave or one-third octave bands may be calculated.
Quantities to be measured iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW It is intended to prescribe techniques for acoustical
measurements that may be used in test codes for particular
Sound pressure levels (weighted and in frequency bands)
over a prescribed surface. (standards.iteh.ai) types of equipment.

Quantities to be calculated 1.2 Field of application

ISO 3745:1977
Weighted sound power https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef56a1fb-a339-45da-b4b8-
level (A is required; other
1.2.1 Types of noise
weightings are optional). 43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
This International Standard applies to sources which
Sound power levels in frequency bands.
produce sound that is uniformly distributed in frequency
Directivity characteristics of the source (optional). over the frequency range of interest and is relatively steady
for at least 30 s. The spectrum of the sound may also
include prominent discrete-frequency components or
0.3 INTRODUCTION narrow bands of noise. The procedures specified in this
This International Standard specifies in detail two International Standard may also be applied to sources that
laboratory methods for determining the sound power emit non-steady noise as defined in IS0 2204, with the
radiated by a device, machine, component or subassembly exception of an isolated burst of sound energy, or a burst
using a laboratory anechoic room having prescribed train with a repetition rate less than 10 per second. (See
acoustical characteristics. While other methods could be annex I for guidelines on the detection of impulsive noise.)
used to measure the noise emitted by machinery and
equipment, the methods specified in this International 1.2.2 Size of source
Standard are particularly useful for rating the sound output
This International Standard applies primarily to small
of sources which produce steady noise and for which
sound sources, i.e. sources whose volumes are preferably
directivity information on the source may be desired.
less than 0,5 % of the volume of the test room used for
The methods specified in this International Standard the measurements. This restriction is necessary to ensure
yield physical data that may be used for the following that the hypothetical sphere or hemisphere surrounding
purposes : the sources lies in the far radiation field of the source.

1) rating apparatus according to its sound power 1.3 Measurement uncertainty

output;
Measurements made in conformity with this International
2) establishing sound control measures; Standard tend to result in standard deviations which are
equal to or less than those given in tables 2 and 3. The
3) predicting the sound pressure levels produced bY
ad evice in a giv Ien enclosure or environment. standard deviations of tables 2 and 3 reflect the cumulative
effects of all causes of measurement uncertainty, excluding
Techniques for utilizing the physica I data for th ese special variations in the sound power of the source from test to
purposes are not included in this I nternational St andard. test.

2
 IS0 3745-1977 (E)

The major cause of uncertainty in determining sound power 2 REFERENCES

in an anechoic room is the spatial irregularity of the sound
field due to the directivity of the source. In a semi-anechoic IS0 266, Acoustics - Preferred frequencies for measure-
room, the spatial irregularity may be increased due to the men t.
superposition of the sound field of the actual source and ISOIR 354, Measurement of absorption coefficients in a
that of the i.mage source. The directivity pattern of a reverberation room.
source located above a reflecting plane is generally more
complicated than that of the same source in a free field. IS0 2204, Acoustics - Guide to the measurement of
Moreover, the near field extends to greater distance, and airbone acoustical noise and evaluation of its effects on
the radius of the test hemispheres is usually larger than the man.
radius of the test sphere that would be required in a free
IS0 3740, Acoustics - Determination of sound power -
field. The smallest uncertainty in determining sound power
levels of noise sources - Guidelines for the use of basic
levels occurs when measurements are made in a free field.
lnternational Standards and for the preparation of noise
For this reason, if no other constraints are present, the
test codes.
free-fiefd environment is preferred for laboratory measure-
ments. However, it is difficult to make measurements on IS0 374 1, Acoustics - Determination of sound power
some classes of equipment under truly free-field conditions. levels of noise sources - Precision methods for broad-band
Some sound sources are too large to fit into existing sources in reverberation rooms.
anechoic rooms, some are too heavy to be suspended in
the centre of these rooms and others are normally IS0 3742, Acoustics - Determination of sound power
supported by or associated with a hard, reflecting surface. levels of noise sources - Precision methods for discrete-
For these reasons, the free field above a reflecting plane frequency and narrow-band sources in reverberation rooms.
is a laboratory environment that is useful for measurements
IS0 3743, Acoustics - Determination of sound power
on many different types of equipment.
levels of noise sources - Engineering methods for special
An anechoic room provides the preferred environment reverberation test rooms.
iTeh STANDARD IS0PREVIEW
for measurements with the smallest uncertainty. However,
reasonable accuracy can be obtained in a semi-anechoic
3744, Acoustics - Determination of sound power
levels of noise sources - Engineering methods for free-
room provided the precautions
national Standard are observed.
(standards.iteh.ai)
specified in this Inter-
field conditions over a reflecting plane.

IS0 3746, Acoustics - Determination of sound power

ISO 3745:1977levels of noise sources - Survey method.
TABLE 2 - Uncertainty https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef56a1fb-a339-45da-b4b8-
in determining sound power levels
of sound sources in anechoic rooms
43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
IEC Publication 50(08), International electrotechnical vo-
1 9 cabulary - Electra-acoustics.
Octave band centre One-third octave band Standard deviation
frequencies centre frequencies of mean value IEC Publication 179, Precision sound level meters.

Hz dB IEC Publication 179A, First supplement to Publication 179,

Additional characteristics for the measurement of impulsive
125 to 500 100 to 630 1 ,o sounds.
1 000 to 4 000 800 to 5 000 Or5
8 000 6300to 10000 I,0 I EC Publication 225, Octave, half-octave and third-octave
band filters intended for the analysis of sound and
vibrations.
TABLE 3 - Uncertainty in determining sound power levels
of sound sources in semi-anechoic rooms

I Octave band centre

frequencies

Hz
One-third octave band
centre frequencies

Hz
Standard deviation
of mean value

dB
I
3 DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this International Standard, the

125 to 500 100 to 630 I,5 following definitions apply :
1 000 to 4 000 800 to 5 000 1 to
8 000 6300to 10000
3.1 free sound field : A field in a homogeneous, isotropic
I,5
medium free of boundaries.
IS0 37454977 (E)

3.2 free field over a reflecting plane : A field in a homo- 3.10 far field : That portion of the radiation field of a
geneous, isotropic medium in the half-space above an noise source in which the sound pressure level decreases by
infinite, rigid plane surface. 3 dB for each doubling of the area of the measurement
surface. This is equivalent to a decrease of 6 dB for each
3.3 anechoic room : A test room whose surfaces absorb doubling of the distance from a point source.
essentially all of the incident sound energy over the In the far field, the mean -square pressure is prop0
frequency range of interest, thereby affording free-field to the total acoustic power radiated by the sou rce.
conditions over the measurement surface.
NOTE - For most practical sources, the far field begins at a
distance from the source which may be significantly less than 2a,
3.4 semi-anechoic room : A test room with a hard, where a is the largest dimension of the source.
reflecting floor whose other surfaces absorb essentially all
the incident sound energy over the frequency range of 3.11 near field : That portion of the radiation field of a
interest, thereby affording free-field conditions above a noise source which lies between the source and the far
reflecting plane. field.

3.5 surface sound pressure : The sound pressure averaged 3.12 volume of source under test : The volume of the
in time on a mean-square basis and also averaged over the whole object und er test.
measurement surface using the averaging procedures speci-
fied in clause 7.

3.6 surface sound pressure level, LT, in decibels : Ten

4 TEST ROOM REQUIREMENTS
times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the square
of the surface sound pressure to the square of the reference
sound pressure. The weighting network or the width of 4.1 General

A-weighted
iTeh STANDARD
the frequency band used shall be indicated; for example,
The test
sound pressure level, octave band sound
PREVIEW
room shall be large enough and shall have a
sufficiently high value of the total sound absorption to

etc. The reference sound pressure is 20 PPa.

(standards.iteh.ai)
pressure level, one-third octave band sound pressure level,
provide an adequate free field for all frequency bands
within the frequency range of interest and for each
measurement
ISO 3745:1977 surface selected. For guidance on the design
3.7 sound power level, L,, in https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef56a1fb-a339-45da-b4b8- G.
decibels : Ten times the of anechoic rooms, refer to annex
logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of a given43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
sound
power to the reference sound power. The weighting net- 4.1. I Criterion for room adequacy
work or the width of the frequency band used shall be
indicated; for example, A-weighted sound power level, The adequacy of the test room for measurements according
octave band power level, one-third octave band power to this International Standard shall be established using the
level, etc. The reference sound power is 1 pW (= 10-l * W). procedures of annex A.

NOTE - The mean sound pressure level at some reference radius 4.1.2 Criterion for background noise
is numerically different from the sound power level and its use in
lieu of the sound power level is not recommended.. At the microphone positions, the background sound
pressure level including any noise due to the motion of
3.8 frequency range of interest : For general purposes, the the microphone shall be at least 6 dB and preferably more
frequency range of interest includes the octave bands with than 12 dB below the sound pressure level to be measured
centre frequencies between 125 and 8 000 Hz and the in each frequency band within the frequency range of
one-third octave bands with centre frequencies between interest.
100 and 10 000 Hz. Any band may be excluded in which
the level is more than 40 dB below the highest band 4.2 Room volume
pressure level. For special purposes, the frequency range
In order to make measurements in the far radiation field
of interest may be extended at either end, provided the
of the source, it is recommended that the volume of the
test environment and instrument accuracy are satisfactory
test room be at least 200 times greater than the volume of
for use over the extended frequency range. For sources
the source whose sound power level is to be determined.
which radiate predominantly high (or low) frequency
sound, the frequency range of interest may be limited in
order to optimize the test facility and procedures. 4.3 Criteria for temperature and humidity
The air absorption in the test room varies with tempera-
3.9 measurement surface : A hypothetical surface of area ture and humidity, particularly at frequencies above
S enveloping the source on which the measuring points 1 000 Hz. For measurements according to this International
are located. For the purposes of this International Standard the temperature and the relative humidity shall be
Standard, the measurement surface is usually a sphere or controlled during the sound pressure level measurements
hemisphere of radius r. and held to as nearly constant values as practicable.

4
 IS0 37454977 (E)

4.4 Criteria for the reflecting plane 5.3 Frequency response of the instrumentation system

The reflecting plane on which the source is located shall The frequency response of the instrumentation system,
extend at least to the measurement surface. The sound for the angle of incidence specified by the manufacturer,
absorption coefficient of the reflecting plane shall not shall be flat over the frequency range of interest within
exceed 0,06. the tolerances given in table 4.

TABLE 4 - Relative tolerances for the instrumentation system

Frequency Tolerance limits

5 INSTRUMENTATION

5.1 General
The instrumentation shall be designed to measure the
level of- the mean-square sound pressure with A-weighting
or in octave or one-third octave bands, averaged over time
and over the measurement surface. Surface averaging is
usually carried out by measuring the time-averaged sound
pressure levels with a prescribed time constant for a fixed
number of microphone positions (see 7.3) and computing
the average value according to 7.7. 5.4 Weighting network, frequency analyser
NOTE - For establishing the presence of impulsive noise, the An A-weighting network meeting the tolerances of IEC
“impulse” meter characteristics according to I EC Publication 179A
Publication 179 and an octave band or one-third octave
shall be used in addition.
band filter set meeting the requirements of IEC Publication
The instr umentation used can perform the required time 225 shall be used. The centre frequencies of the frequency
averaging in two different ways iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW bands shall correspond to those of IS0 266.

a) By continuous
(standards.iteh.ai)
averaging of the squared signal using
NOTE
weighting,
- f other weighting
the characteristics
networks
of such networks
are used in addition
shall be reported.
to A-

RC-smoothing with a time constant r*. Such continuous

averaging provides only an approximation ISOtrue
of the 3745:19775.5 Calibration
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time average, and it places restrictions on the “settling”
Before each series of measurements, an acoustical calibrator
43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
time and observation time.
with an accuracy of + 0,2 dB shall be applied to the micro-
NOTE - An example of an instrument employing such averaging phone for calibration of the entire measuring system at
is a sound level meter that meets the requirements of IEC one or more frequencies over the frequency range of
Publication 179 with a “slow” meter characteristic. interest. The calibrator shall be checked annually to verify
that its output has not changed. In addition, an electrical
b) By integrating the squared signal over a fixed time calibration of the instrumentation system over the entire
interval TD. This integration may be performed by either frequency range of interest shall be performed periodically,
digital or analogue means. at least at intervals of 2 years.

Examples of suitable instrumentation systems are given in

annexes H and I. 6 INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF SOURCE

6.1 General

In many cases, the sound power emitted by a source

5.2 The microphone and its associated cable
depends upon its support or mounting conditions as well
A condenser microphone, or the equivalent in accuracy, as the manner in which the source is operated. This clause
stability and frequency response, shall be used. The gives general recommendations concerning the installation
microphone shall have a flat frequency response, over the and operation of sources. Reference should be made to
frequency range of interest, for the angle of incidence specific test codes for more detailed information
specified by the manufacturer. A 13 mm (l/2 in) micro- concerning installation and operation of specific types of
phone is recommended. sources (for example, rotating electrical machines).

The microphone and its associated cable shall be chosen 6.2 Installation of source
so that their sensitivity does not change over the tempera-
ture range encountered in the measurement. If the micro- Whenever a typical condition of mounting exists for the
phone is moved, care shall be exercised to avoid introducing source, that condition shall be used or simulated, if
acoustical noise (for example, wind noise) or electrical practicable. Sources which are normally supported by or
noise (for example, from gears, flexing cables, or sliding associated with a hard surface shall be installed in a semi-
contacts) that could interfere with the measurements. anechoic room (free field above a reflecting plane).

5
IS0 3745-1977 (E)

6.2.1 Method of mounting 2) device under full load (if different from 1));
Many small sound sources (for example, ballasts for
fluorescent lamps, electric clocks, etc.), although them- 3) device under no load (idling);
selves poor radiators of low-frequency sound, may, as a
result of the method of mounting, produce marked 4) device u nder operating cond ition corresponding
increases in low-frequency sound when their vibrational to maximum sound generation.
energy is transmitted to surfaces large enough to be
efficient radiators. Resilient mounting should be interposed The sound power levels of sources may be determined for
if possible between the device to be measured and the any desired set of operating conditions (i.e. temperature,
supporting surfaces so that the transmission of vibration humidity, device speed, etc.). These test conditions shall
to the support and the reaction on the source are both be selected beforehand and shall be held constant during
minimized. However, such resilient mounts shall not be the test. The source shall be in a stable operating condition
used if the device under test is not resiliently mounted in before any noise measurements are made.
typical field installations. In this case, the mounting base
shall have a sufficiently high impedance to prevent it from
vibrating and radiating sound excessively.

7 DETERMINATION OF MEAN-SQUARE PRESSURE

6.3 Choice of method

The following considerations dictate the method that 7.1 General

shall be used for determinations of sound power according
An anechoic room provides the preferred environment
to the requirements of this International Standard.
for measurements with the smallest uncertainty (see
table 2). However, reasonable accuracy can be obtained in a
6.3.1 Plane reflecting surfaces semi-anechoic room provided the precautions specified in
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
When a source is mounted near a reflecting plane, the this International Standard are observed (see table 3).
power it radiates may differ appreciably from the power it
(standards.iteh.ai)
radiates into free space. If such a mounting is typical of
field installations, the device under test shall be installed 7.2 Measurement surface
in a semi-anechoic room (free field above a reflecting plane) ISO 3745:1977
located with respect to the hard floor as in typical field
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7.2.1 Radius of test sphere
installations. The reflecting plane is considered to be a part
of the source.
43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
For measurements in an anechoic room, the hypothetical
sphere which is used to determine the space average of the
6.3.2 Free-field environment mean-square sound pressure should preferably be centered
on the acoustic centre of the sound source. As the location
If the source under test is not usually mounted over a of the acoustic centre is frequently unknown, the centre
reflecting plane, or if no typical condition of mounting chosen (for example, the geometric centre of the source)
exists, the source shall be placed near the centre of an shall be clearly stated in the test report. The radius of the
anechoic room. test sphere shall be equal to or greater than twice the major
NOTE - Equipment normally operated on a table or stand shall source dimension, and not less than 1 m. No microphone
be so mounted during the tests. Either an anechoic or a semi- position shal be used which lies outside the region qualified
anechoic room may be used. for measurements according to annex A.

6.4 Auxiliary equipment

Care shall be taken to ensure that any electrical conduits, 7.2.2 Radius of test hemisphere
piping or air ducts connected to the equipment do not For measurements in a semi-anechoic room, the hypothe-
radiate significant amounts of sound energy into the test tical hemisphere shall be centered on the projection on the
room. If practicable, all auxiliary equipment necessary floor of the centre selected according to 7.2.1. The radius
for the operation of the device under test shall be located of the test hemisphere shall be equal to or greater than
outside the test room and the test room shall be cleared twice the major source dimension, or four times the average
of all objects which may interfere with the measurements. distance of the source from the reflecting plane, whichever
is the larger, and not less than 1 m. No microphone position
6.5 Operation of source during test shall be used which Ties outside the region qualified for
measurements according to annex A.
During the acoustical measurements, the source shall be
operated in a specified manner typical of normal use. One
or more of the following operational conditions may be NOTE - If a test hemisphere cannot be used, a measurement
appropriate : surface defined by a constant distance, d (i.e. the measurement
distance) from the radiating surface of the source may be used.
I) device under normal load operating at normal speed; The measurement distance, d, should not be less than 1 m.
 IS037451977 (E)

7.3 Microphone positions the number of measurement points. If this requirement is

not satisfied using the IO-point array of annex C, an
7.3.1 Genera/ additional IO-point array may be defined by rotating the
original array of annex C by 180” about the z-axis. (The
To obtain the average value of the mean-square pressure on top point on the z-axis of the new array is coincident
the surface of the test sphere (or hemisphere), one of the with the top point of the original array.) The 20 points
three following methods shall be used : on the two arrays are associated with equal areas on the
surface of the test hemisphere of annex C.
1) An array of fixed microphone positions is used,
the positions being distributed over the surface of the
test sphere (or hemisphere).
1 If the requirement on the sufficiency of the number of measure- -
NOTE - Either a single microphone may be moved from one ment points is not satisfied by the 20 points on the two arrays,
position to the next sequentially or a number of fixed micro- a detailed investigation may be necessary of the sound pressure
phones may be used and their outputs sampled sequentially. levels over a restricted area of the hemisphere where “beaming”
from a highly directional source may be observed. This detailed
2) The microphone is moved along multiple parallel investigation is necessary to determine the highest and lowest
circular paths regularly spaced on the test sphere (or values of the sound pressure level in the frequency bands of interest.
hemisphere). If this procedure is followed, the microphone positions will usually
not be associated with equal areas on the surface of the test
3) The single microphone is moved along multiple hemisphere and proper allowance must be made (see 7.7.1.2).
meridional arcs regularly spaced on the test sphere
2 To reduce errors due to interference effects caused by reflections
(or hemisphere). from the plane, no fewer than the 10 microphone positions
prescribed in annex C shall be used even if the source is essentially
7.3.2 Fixed microphone positions nondirectional and broad-band in character.

7.3.2.1 TEST SPHERE (FOR MEASUREMENTS IN A

FREE FIELD)
iTeh STANDARD 7.3.3 PREVIEW
Coaxial circular paths in parallel planes
The array of 20 microphone positions shown in annex B
(standards.iteh.ai)
shall be used. In general, the number of measurement points For measurements in a free field over a reflecting plane,
issuff if the difference, in decibels, between the highest
icient the sound pressure level is averaged in space and time by
and lowest sound pressure levels measured in any frequency ISO 3745:1977moving a single microphone successively along at least
band of interest is numerically less than half the number five circular paths as shown in annex D. The annular
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef56a1fb-a339-45da-b4b8-
of measurement points. If this requirement is not satisfied areas of the hemisphere associated with each circular
43b4ff37f48d/iso-3745-1977
using the 20-point array of annex B, an additional 20-point path are equal. The microphone is traversed at constant
array may be defined by rotating the original array of speed using a turntable.
annex B by 180” about the z-axis. (The top and bottom
points on the z-axis of the new array are coincident with For measurements in a completely free field, five additional
the top and bottom points of the original array.) The circular paths are used which are the mirror images of those
40 points on the two arrays are associated with equal shown in annex D.
areas on the surface of the test sphere of annex B.
NOTE - To avoid errors due to interference effects caused by
NOTES reflections from the plane, no fewer than the five circular paths
prescribed in annex D shall be used in a free field above a reflecting
1 If the requirement on the sufficiency of the number of measure- plane even if the source is essentially non-directional and broad-
ment points is not satisfied by the 40 points on the two arrays, a band in character.
detailed investigation may be necessary of the sound pressure
levels over a restricted area of the sphere where “beaming” from a
highly directional source may be observed. This detailed inves-
tigation is necessary to determine the highest and lowest values
of the sound pressure level in the frequency band of interest. If
this procedure is followed, the microphone positions will usually
7.3.4 Meridional arc traverses
not be associated with equal areas on the surface of the test sphere
and proper allowance must be made (see 7.7.1.2).
A third alternative method for averaging the mean-square
pressure over the surface of the test sphere or hemisphere
2 For sources which are essentially nondirectional, the use of
uses a single microphone, traversed along a semi-circular
fewer microphone positions (for example, 8 or 12) may not result
in higher uncertainties than those given in table 2. arc about a horizontal axis through the centre of the
source. The microphone output is squared and averaged
by electronic means, giving suitable weight to the surface
7.3.2.2 TEST HEMISPHERE (FOR MEASUREMENTS
areas of the sphere. For measurements in a free field over
IN A FREE FIELD OVER A REFLECTING PLANE)
a reflecting plane, the arc is only a quarter-circle in length;
The array of IO microphone positions shown in annex C the axis about which the microphone rotates lies in the
shall be used. In general, the number of measurement reflecting plane as shown in annex F. At least eight such
points is sufficient if the difference in decibels between microphone traverses at equal increments of azimuth angle
the highest and lowest sound pressure levels measured in around the source shall be used. This may be accomplished
any frequency band of interest is numerically less than half by rotating the source.