PM SHRI

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

PANCHMAHAL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2024-2025
TOPIC: FIBER-OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
SUBMITTED BY: NIMESHKUMAR
PARMAR.
ROLL NO:
SUBMITTED TO: MR. SURENDER
KUMAR YADAV.
 content
✰certificate
✰ acknowledgment
✰ introduction
✰What is a Fiber Optic Communication?
✰How does a Fiber Optic Communication Work?
✰ Basic Elements of a Fiber Optic Communication
System
✰Types of Optical Fibers
✰Photo Detectors
✰Why Light is used Instead of Electricity?
✰ Challenges
✰Optical Fiber Impact on IoT
✰LED in Fiber Optic Communication
✰Advantages
✰Bibliography

CERTIFICATE
 This Project Entitled
“FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION”
is the investigatory project work in PHYSICS,
successfully completed by Master NIMESHKUMAR
PARMAR Student of class –XII science, Jawahar
Navodaya Vidyalaya Panchmahal, Vejalpur under
the supervision of Mr. SURENDER KUMAR YADAV
(PGT PHYSICS), for the partial fulfillment of
requirements for the course completion in
pursuance of SSCE-2024-2025.
TEACHER IN CHARGE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL

Acknowledgment
I would like to thank the CBSE for providing me
the opportunity to carry out the investigatory
project. I also take this opportunity to express
my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher,
Mr. SURENDER KUMAR YADAV, for guiding me
and improving my sound base of knowledge
pertaining to this project, which ensured the
successful completion of this project.
I wish to express my gratitude to my principal,
Dr. Priyaranjan sir, who helped me accomplish
this project by providing me with all necessary
facilities and support.

Introduction
✰What is a Fiber Optic Communication?
The technique of transmitting data from one
location to another by transmitting infrared
light pulses using optical Fiber is known as Fiber
optic communication. Here, the light is in the
form of a carrier signal that is changed to hold
the data. The Fiber optic cables replace the
electrical cables whenever long distances, high
bandwidth, and resistance to electromagnetic
interference are necessary.
Fiber-optic communication is mainly used for
transmitting voice, video & telemetry using
LANs. In many telecommunication companies,
optical Fiber is used to transmit telephone and
cable TV signals and to communicate on the
Internet. In Bell Labs, the researchers have
investigated and reached a record of BW
distance of 100 petabits × kilometers for each
second with Fiber-optic communication.
✰How does a Fiber Optic Communication
Work?
Unlike copper wire-based transmission where
the transmission entirely depends on electrical
signals passing through the cable, Fiber optics
transmission involves the transmission of
signals in the form of light from one point to the
other. Furthermore, a Fiber optic
communication network consists of transmitting
and receiving circuitry, a light source, and
detector devices like the ones shown in the
figure.
When the input data, in the form of electrical
signals, is given to the transmitter circuitry, it
converts them into a light signal with the help
of a light source. This source is of LED whose
amplitude, frequency, and phases must remain
stable and free from fluctuation to have
efficient transmission. The light beam from the
source is carried by a Fiber optic cable to the
destination circuitry wherein the information is
transmitted back to the electrical signal by a
receiver circuit.

Working of Fiber-optic communication

The Receiver circuit consists of a photodetector
along with an appropriate electronic circuit,
which is capable of measuring the magnitude,
frequency, and phase of the optic field. This
type of communication uses the wavelengths
near the infrared band that is just above the
visible range. Both LED and Laser can be used as
light sources based on the application.
✰ Basic Elements of a Fiber Optic
Communication System
There are three main basic elements of a Fiber
optic communication system. They are
1. Compact Light Source
2. Low loss Optical Fiber
3. Photo Detector
Accessories like connectors, switches, couplers,
multiplexing devices, amplifiers, and splices are
also essential elements in this communication
system.
Compact Light Source
Depending on the applications like local area
networks and long-haul communication
systems, the light source requirements vary.
The requirements of the sources include power,
speed, spectral linewidth, noise, ruggedness,
cost, temperature, and so on. Two components
are used as light sources: light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes.

Laser Diodes
The light-emitting diodes are used for short
distances and low data rate applications due to
their low bandwidth and power capabilities.
Two such LED structures include Surface and
Edge Emitting Systems. The surface-emitting
diodes are simple in design and are reliable, but
due to their broader line width and modulation
frequency limitation edge-emitting diodes are
mostly used. Edge emitting diodes have high
power and narrower linewidth capabilities.
For longer distances and high data rate
transmission, Laser Diodes are preferred due to
its high power, high speed, and narrower
spectral linewidth characteristics. But these are
inherently non-linear and more sensitive to
temperature variations.

LED vs Laser Diodes

Nowadays many improvements and
advancements have made these sources more
reliable. A few such comparisons of these two
sources are given below. Both these sources are
modulated using either direct or external
modulation techniques.
Low-Loss Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber is a cable, which is also known as a
cylindrical dielectric waveguide made of low-
loss material. Optical Fiber also considers
parameters like the environment in which it is
operating, the tensile strength, durability, and
rigidity. The Fiber optic cable is made of high-
quality extruded glass (si) or plastic, and it is
flexible. The diameter of the Fiber optic cable is
in between 0.25 to 0.5mm (slightly thicker than
a human hair).

Fiber Optic Cable

A Fiber Optic Cable consists of four parts.
 Core
 Cladding
 Buffer
 Jacket
☉ Core
The core of a Fiber cable is a cylinder of plastic
that runs all along the Fiber cable’s length and
offers protection by cladding. The diameter of
the core depends on the application used. Due
to internal reflection, the light traveling within
the core reflects from the core, the cladding
boundary. The core cross-section needs to be a
circular one for most of the applications.
☉ Cladding
Cladding is an outer optical material that
protects the core. The main function of the
cladding is that it reflects the light back into the
core. When light enters through the core (dense
material) into the cladding (less dense material),
it changes its angle, and then reflects back to
the core.
☉ Buffer
The main function of the buffer is to protect the
Fiber from damage and thousands of optical
fibers arranged in hundreds of optical cables.
These bundles are protected by the cable’s
outer covering which is called a jacket.
☉JACKET
Fiber optic cable jackets are available in
different colors that can easily make us
recognize the exact color of the cable we are
dealing with. The color yellow clearly signifies a
single-mode cable, and the orange color
indicates a multimode.
✰Types of Optical Fibers
☉Single-Mode Fibers: Single-mode fibers are
used to transmit one signal per Fiber; these
fibers are used in telephone and television sets.
Single-mode fibers have small cores.
☉Multi-Mode Fibers: Multimode fibers are used
to transmit many signals per Fiber; these signals
are used in computer and local area networks
that have larger cores.
✰Photo Detectors
The purpose of photodetectors is to convert the
light signal back to an electrical signal. Two
types of photodetectors are mainly used for
optical receivers in optical communication
systems: PN photodiode and avalanche
photodiode. Depending on the application’s
wavelengths, the material composition of these
devices varies. These materials include silicon,
germanium, InGaAs, etc.
✰Why Light is used Instead of Electricity?
In Fiber-optic communication, laser light is used
for transmission because this light source has a
single wavelength. Compared to other light
sources like bulbs light or sunlight has several
light wavelengths. Thus, if another light source
like sunlight is used for this communication,
then they will generate a less powerful
sunbeam whereas the laser light generates a
more powerful beam. So, a laser light source is
the best option for communication because of
the low dispersion, generating several signals in
less time.
✰Characteristics
The main characteristics of Fiber optic
communication mainly include the following. In
this communication, the light signal can be used
as a signal to transmit within the optical cable.
Bandwidth
The dispersion of single laser light is a good
quantity of signal which can be transmitted for
every second which results in high BW for long
distances.
Smaller Diameter
The Optical Fiber cable diameter is
approximately 300 micrometers.
Less Weight
The cable used in Fiber-optic communication is
less weight as compared to the copper type
cable.
Signal Transmission for Long-distance
As the laser light doesn’t dissolve, then it is
simply transmitted over lengthy distances.
Less Attenuation
The Fiber optic cable is designed with glass & a
laser light travels throughout it, then the signal
loss while transmitting is simply 0.2 dB/km.
Security of Transmission
The data over optical Fiber cable can be secured
through optical encryption as well as no
occurrence of the electromagnetic signal.
✰Optical Fiber Impact on IoT
The impact of IoT on Fiber Optics
Communication is high due to the following
reasons.
 Quick Transmission Media
 Data Security
 There is no loss of data because of
interference
✰LED in Fiber Optic Communication
In a Fiber-optic communication system, LED is
an essential element. The main function of this
component is to change the signal from
electrical to an equivalent light signal which is
injected into the Fiber optic. The LED
characteristics frequently influence the
performance.
Light-emitting diodes are complex
semiconductors used to change the current
from electrical to light. So, this conversion
procedure is quite efficient in generating less
heat as compared to incandescent lights. So,
LEDs are used in Fiber optic communication due
to the following characteristics.
 Small in size
 They have a high radiance
 The emitting region is small, similar to the
dimensions of the optical Fiber.
 Offers high reliability
 They can be changed at high speeds.
✰Advantages
The advantages of optical Fiber
communication include the following.
 Communication is secured
 Speed
 Electromagnetic compatibility
 Distance
  Bandwidth
 No Power loss
 Interference
 Size
 Less Weight
 Security
✰Applications
The applications of Fiber optic
communication include the following.
 Medical Industry
 Mechanical Inspections
 Communication
 Lighting and Decorations
 Defense
 Broadcasting
 Industries
  Defense/Government
 Data Storage
 Used for data transmission
 Telecommunications
 Networking
 Industrial/Commercial
 Broadcast/CATV
 Audio communication using Fiber optic cable
can be done to transmit your voice from one
location to another using Fiber optic cable.
Thus, Fiber optical communications have changed the
telecommunication industry by becoming the major
choice for different services like high-speed internet,
Ethernet backbone infrastructure & general data
networking. At present, Fiber optic communication
has to turn into very common in business networks
because of the IP-based devices demand like IP
cameras, video conferencing units, VoIP phones,
which need an increase in BW to carry IP
communications. Because of these capabilities, this
communication can support BW-intensive devices
with no problem.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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