Department of Pharmacy

Noakhali Science and Technology University

Syllabus
B. Pharm Pharmacy Professional

Session: 2015-2016

Published by
Department of Pharmacy
Noakhali Science and Technology University
Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.

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Proposed courses and credits for 5-year B Pharm degree in Noakhali Science and Technology
University, (total 200 Credits)
Year 1, Term-I
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 1101 Introduction to Pharmacy 2
PHAR 1103 Inorganic Pharmacy I 3
PHAR 1104 Inorganic Pharmacy Lab 1
PHAR 1105 Organic Pharmacy I 3
PHAR 1106 Organic Pharmacy I Lab 1
PHAR 1107 Physical Pharmacy I 3
PHAR 1108 Physical Pharmacy I Lab 1
PHAR 1109 Basic Mathematics & Biostatistics 3
PHAR 1111 Computer Fundamentals 2
Total Credits 19
Year 1, Term-II
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 1201 Pharmacognosy I 3
PHAR 1202 Pharmacognosy I Lab 1
PHAR 1203 Inorganic Pharmacy II 3
PHAR 1204 Inorganic Pharmacy II Lab 1
PHAR 1205 Organic Pharmacy II 3
PHAR 1207 Physical Pharmacy II 3
PHAR 1208 Physical Pharmacy II Lab 1
PHAR 1209 Physiology I 3
PHAR 1210 Physiology I Lab 1
PHAR 1211 Viva Voce 1
Total Credits 20
Year 2, Term-I
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 2101 Pharmacognosy II 3
PHAR 2102 Pharmacognosy II Lab 1
PHAR 2103 Pharmaceutics 3
PHAR 2105 Physiology II 3
PHAR 2106 Physiology II Lab 1
PHAR 2107 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 3
PHAR 2108 Pharmaceutical Microbiology Lab 1
PHAR 2109 Biochemistry-I 3
Total Credits 18
Year 2, Term-II
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 2201 Applied Microbiology 3
PHAR 2203 Anatomy 3
PHAR 2205 Pharmaceutical Technology I 3
PHAR 2206 Pharmaceutical Technology I Lab 1
PHAR 2207 Pharmacology I 3
PHAR 2208 Pharmacology I Lab 1
PHAR 2209 Biochemistry -II 3
PHAR 2211 Viva Voce 1
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 Total Credits 18

Year -3, Term-I

Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 3101 Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality control I 3
PHAR 3102 Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality control I Lab 1
PHAR 3103 Medicinal Chemistry I 3
PHAR 3104 Medicinal Chemistry I Lab 1
PHAR 3105 Pharmaceutical Technology II 3
PHAR 3106 Pharmaceutical Technology II Lab 1
PHAR 3107 Pharmacology II 3
PHAR 3108 Pharmacology II Lab 1
PHAR 3109 Pharmaceutical Engineering I 3
PHAR 3111 Veterinary and Agro-Pharmaceuticals 2
PHAR 3112 Field work 1
Total Credits 22

Year-3, Term-II
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 3201 Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality control II 3
PHAR 3202 Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality control II Lab 1
PHAR 3203 Medicinal Chemistry II 3
PHAR 3204 Medicinal Chemistry II Lab 1
PHAR 3205 Pharmaceutical Technology III 3
PHAR 3206 Pharmaceutical Technology III Lab 1
PHAR 3207 Pharmacology III 3
PHAR 3209 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics I 3
PHAR 3210 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics I Lab 1
PHAR 3211 Pharmaceutical Engineering II 3
PHAR 3213 Molecular Biology I 2
PHAR 3215 Viva Voce 1
Total Credits 25

Year-4, Term-I
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 4101 Pharmaceutical Technology IV 3
PHAR 4103 Pharmacology IV 3
PHAR 4104 Pharmacology III Lab 1
PHAR 4105 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics II 3
PHAR 4106 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics II Lab 1
PHAR 4107 Immunology 2
PHAR 4109 Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management 3
PHAR 4111 Molecular Biology II 2
PHAR 4112 Molecular Biology Lab 1
PHAR 4113 Quality Control and Analytical Method Validation 3
PHAR 4114 Quality Control and Analytical Method Validation Lab 1
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 Total Credits 23

Year-4, Term II
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 4201 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics III 3
PHAR 4203 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 3
PHAR 4205 Clinical Pathology 3
PHAR 4207 Cosmetology 3
PHAR 4208 Cosmetology Lab 1
PHAR 4209 Food, Neutraceuticals and Herbal Medicines 3
PHAR 4210 Industrial Training and Report 2
PHAR 4211 Clinical Pharmacy 3
PHAR 4213 Viva Voce 1
Total Credits 22

Year-5, Term-I
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 5101 Disease Management I 3
PHAR 5103 Toxicology 3
PHAR 5105 Hospital Management 3
PHAR 5111 Pharmacy Regulatory Affairs 3
PHAR 5113 Research Methodology 3
Total Credits 15

Year-5, Term-II
Course Code Course Title Credit/s
PHAR 5201 Clinical Research and Pharmacokinetics 3
PHAR 5202 Hospital Training 3
PHAR 5203 Hospital and Community Pharmacy 3
PHAR 5204 Project and Dissertation 3
PHAR 5205 Pharmacy Practice 3
PHAR 5207 Viva Voce 1
PHAR 5209 Disease Management II 2
Total Credits 18

N.B.: The Course PHAR 5204 (Project and Dissertation) will be started at the beginning of Fifth Year First
Semester and evaluation will be made at the end of Fifth Year Second Semester.

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 B. Pharm Year I: Term I
Course Title: ​Introduction to Pharmacy
Course Code: PHAR 1101
Credits: 2

1. Orientation: History of pharmacy, ancient ages, middle ages, modern ages, development of
pharmacy in Bangladesh. Scope of pharmacy, ethics and professionalism, the practice of
community pharmacy, pharmacist in industry, pharmacist in government.
2. Pharmacy education and profession​: Brief introduction of the courses taught in a pharmacy
program, pharmacy education in Bangladesh, pharmacy education in other
countries.Differences between occupation and profession, pharmacy as a profession, definition
and characteristics of pharmacy profession, social recognition and status of pharmacy
profession, scopes and opportunities for pharmacists, career development in pharmacy;
International and Bangladesh perspective.
3. Medical sociology: Social class and health, illness and behavior, ageing, the mythology role of
medicine, ethnicity and health, the health professionals-patient relationship, outcomes of health
care, the concept of rationing of health care.
4. Drugs and medicines​: Sources of drugs, classification of drugs on the basis of actions, target
organs and uses, difference between drug and medicine, nomenclatures of drugs.
5. Drug standards​: Pharmacopoeias and formularies (USP, BP, NF, BNF, BDNF etc.),
monographs of drugs, drug regulation and control.
6. Pharmaceutical dosage form: Definition of different pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets,
capsules, powders, solution, suspension, emulsion, ointment, cream, paste, jellies,
suppositories, pharmaceutical aerosol and medical gases.
7. Information resources in the pharmaceutical sciences: ​Text books, reference books,
e-books, merck index, encyclopaedias, journals, library catalogues, computer aided records,
online resources, internet, website, pubmed, pubmed central, medline, medline plus, open
access journals, HINARI, AGORA, medical records.
8. WHO and essential drug concept.

Recommended Books:
1. Pharmacy Practice: Social and behavioral aspects: A. I Wertheimer and M C Smith.
2. Bentley’s Text Book Of Pharmaceutics: A. Owen Bentley, and E A Rawlins.
3. Pharmaceutical Practice: D M Collett and M E Aulton.
4. Text Book Of Pharmaceutics: E A Rawlins.
5. Comprehensive Pharmacy Review: L. Shargel, Alan H Mutnick., Paul F Souney., and Larry
N.Swanson
6. Introduction to Pharmacy, Dr. Md. Shah Amran, 1st edition, 2010, Krishnachura
Prokashoni, Dhanmondhi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

B. Pharm Year I: Term I

Course Title: ​Inorganic Pharmacy I
Course Code: PHAR 1103
Credits: 3

1. Structure of atoms: An elementary treatment of theories of atomic structure, quantum

numbers, Pauli’s exclusion principle, origin of spectral lines.
2. Chemical bonds: Electronic concept of valency, different types of chemical bond e.g. ionic,
covalent, co-ordinate covalent, metallic, dipole, hydrogen bond etc., theories of covalent
bonding and hybridization.

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3. Classification of elements​: The electronic structure of atoms, modern periodic table and
periodic law, variation of properties within periods and groups, usefulness and limitations of
periodic table.
4. Chemistry of alkali and alkaline earth metals: General characteristics of alkali and alkaline
earth metals, chemistry of group IA and II elements and their compounds, comparison of
alkaline earth metals with alkali metals, pharmaceutical applications of alkali and alkaline earth
metals.
5. Chemistry of co-ordination compounds: Ligands or co-ordinating groups, monodentate
ligands or unidentate ligands, polydentate ligands, co-ordination number, co-ordination sphere,
tendency of polydentate ligands to form chelates, application of chelate formation, nomenclature
of co-ordination compounds, isomerism of co-ordination compounds, Warners co-ordination
theory, Sidgwick’selectronic concept of co-ordinate bond in co-ordination compounds.
6. Inert or noble gases: Source, electronic configuration and inertness, isolation of inert gases
from dry air (chemical method) and liquid air (physical method), physical and chemical
properties and uses of noble gases, conditions and types of compounds formed by inert gases.

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry- S. Z. Haider
2. Modern Inorganic Chemistry- R.D. Madan
3. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry- J. D Lee
4. Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Bently, Arthur Owen
5. Modern Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry- ​Clarence A. Discher​, ​Leonard C. Bailey​, ​Thomas
Medwick
6. Rogers Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Rogers, Charles Herbert, Taito O. Soine and Charles
O. Wilson
7. Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Block, John H., Roche, Edward B., Soine,
Taito O., Wilson, Charles O., 1974, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

B. Pharm Year I: Term I

Course Title: ​Inorganic Pharmacy I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 1104
Credits: 1

1. Qualitative analysis of inorganic ions and radicals:

Basic ions and radicals (Na​+,​K​+​, Ca​+2​, Al​+3​, Mg​+2​, Fe​+2​, Ag​+​, Cu​+​ Cu​+2 ​etc.)
Acidic ions and radicals (Cl​-​, Br​-​, I​-​ and, CO​3​-​, SO​4​-2​, NO​3​- ​etc.)
Recommended Books:
1. Vogel’s Qualititative Inorganic Analysis: G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham and R.C.
Denney, Longman Scientific and Technical, New York.
2. Practical Chemistry: O.P. Pandey, D.N. Bajpai, and S. Giri, , S. Chand and Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Experimental Procedures in Elementary Qualitative Analysis: E.S. Gilreath, Mcgraw-Hill.

B. Pharm Year I: Term I

Course Title: ​Organic Pharmacy I
Course Code: PHAR 1105
Credits: 3

1. Introduction: History of organic chemistry, classification of organic compounds, systematic

naming of organic compounds, electronegativity, polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules,

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 structures and physical properties, intermolecular forces, carbonium ions, carbanion ions,
electrophiles, nucleophiles, free radicals, isomerism, etc.
2. Principles and mechanisms of the following organic reactions:
a) Substitution reactions.
b) Addition reactions.
c) Elimination reactions.
d) Rearrangement reactions.
e) Polymerization reactions, addition and condensation polymerization.
3. Aliphatic compounds
a) Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes​: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications,
reactions and pharmaceutical applications of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
b) Aldehydes and ketones: ​Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications,
reactions and pharmaceutical applications.
c) Alcohols, ethers and epoxides: ​Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications,
reactions and pharmaceutical applications.
d) Carboxylic acids: ​Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and
pharmaceutical applications.
e) (e) Amines: ​Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and
pharmaceutical applications.
4. Halogenouscompounds​:Chemistry of alkyl, aryl, allyl and vinyl halides, their syntheses,
reactions and pharmaceutical applications.
5. Aromatic compounds: ​Aromaticity, general chemistry of aromatic compounds, such as
phenols, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, diazonium compounds etc. with special reference to
biological and pharmaceutical importance.

Recommended Books:
1. Organic Chemistry- Robert Thornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd
2. A Textbook of Organic Chemistry- ArunBahl and B. S. Bahl
3. Organic Chemistry, vo1. I and II- I. L. Finar
4. Organic Chemistry- Louis Feiser and Mary Feiser
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry- B. S. Bahl and ArubBahl
6. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques- Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S.
Kriz, Randall G. Engel
7. Advanced Organic Chemistry- Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, Jerry March
8. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry- Raj K. Bansal

B. Pharm Year I: Term I

Course Title: ​Organic Pharmacy I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 1106
Credits: 1

1. Qualitative analysis of organic compounds:

Identification of functional groups of organic compounds: unsaturation, aldehyde, ketones,
acids, phenolic, amino, amido, imido and nitro compounds etc.
Test of purity:​ Solubility test, measurement of melting and boiling point.

Recommended Books:
1. Experimental Organic Chemistry: H.D. Durst and G.W. Gokel, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1987.
2. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS with Longman, 5​th​ Edition.
3. Organic Experiment: L.F. Fiesser, K.L. Williamson, D.C. Health and Company Lexington,
Massachusetts, Toronto, 4​th​ Edition.

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4. Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds: R.L. Shriner, R.C. Fuson and D.Y. Curtin,
John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, London, Sydney.
5. Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry (Part 1): A.I. Vogel, Longman.

B. Pharm Year I: Term I

Course Title: ​Physical Pharmacy I
Course Code: PHAR 1107
Credits: 3

1. Properties of gases​: Gas laws, ideal gas equation, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, kinetic
theory of gases, deviation from ideal gas behavior, van der Waals equation, critical
phenomena, liquefaction of gases, Determination of molecular weight, law of corresponding
states, heat capacity, etc.
2. Chemical equilibrium​: Law of mass action, Determination of equilibrium constants,
heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibria, the Le Chatelier principle, etc.
3. Phase equilibrium​: Phase, components, and degrees of freedom, the phase rule and its
thermodynamic derivation, one-component systems, e.g., water and sulfur systems,
two-component systems, e.g., phenol-water and nicotine-water systems, freeze drying,
lyophilization.
4. Ionic equilibrium: Proton theory of acids and bases, ionization of water, pH, Determination of
pH, methods of adjustment of tonicity of solutions and buffers in pharmaceutical and
biological systems, indicators, titration curves of acids and bases
5. Buffer capacity: ​Preparation of buffers, buffers and isotonic systems, methods for adjustment
of tonicity of solutions, buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems.
6. Thermodynamics:
Definition, purpose of study and limitations of thermodynamics, the fristlawof
thermodynamics, Mathematical derivations of the law and expressions of the law, Definition
and derivations of work, heat and enthalpy according to thermodynamic concept.
The second law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes like reversible and irreversible
process, isothermal and adiabatic process, amount of work done in the processes, Gibbs
Helmholtz euation, a brief concept about entropy, a brief concept about free energy.
Thermochemistry: Definiton and purpose of the study.
7. Solution: Types and properties of solutions, units of concentration, ideal and real solutions,
Henry’s law, distribution of solids between two immiscible liquids, distribution law, partition
coefficient and solvent extraction.
8. Colligative properties: Lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of
freezing point, osmotic pressure.

Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Physical Chemistry: M. M. Haque and M. A. Nawab.
2. Physical Pharmacy: A. Martin and J. Swarbrick.
3. Physical Chemistry: P.W. Atkins.
4. A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: K.K. Sharma and L.K. Sharma.
5. Essentials of Physical Chemistry: S. Bahl, D.G. Tuli and ArunBahl.
6. Physical Chemistry: N. Kundu and S.K. Jain.
7. Principles of Physical Chemistry: S. H. Maron and C.F. Prutton.

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 B. Pharm Year I: Term I
Course Title: ​Physical Pharmacy I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 1108
Credits: 1

1. Preparation of solutions of different pH values.

2. Preparation of buffers.
3. Standardization of acids and bases.
4. Determination of pK​a​ and pK​b​ values.
5. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
6. Calorimetric Determination of heat of solution of different salts.
7. Determination of titration curves of acids and bases.
8. Determination of molecular weight of substances by Victor Meyer’s method.
9. Determination of distribution coefficients of oxalic acid between ether and water.
10. Experiment on dialysis.

Recommended Books:
1. Experimental Organic Chemistry: H.D. Durst and G.W. Gokel, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, 1987.
2. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS with Longman, 5​th​ Edition.
3. Organic Experiment: L.F. Fiesser, K.L. Williamson, D.C. Health and Company Lexington,
Massachusetts, Toronto, 4​th​ Edition.
4. Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds: R.L. Shriner, R.C. Fuson and D.Y. Curtin, John
Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, London, Sydney.
5. Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry (Part 1): A.I. Vogel, Longman.

B. Pharm Year I: Term I

Course Title: ​Basic Mathematics and Biostatistics
Course Code: PHAR 1109
Credits: 3

A. Basic Mathematics
1. Graphs and gradients​:
a) Rectangular co-ordinates, curve fitting gusting first degree equation in both variables,
Determination of slope, intercept and points of intersection, equation of first degree in
both x and y, circle, ellipse, rectangular hyperbola etc.
b) Exponential and logarithmic curves, graphical solution equation, graphical solution of
simultaneous equation.
c) Arithmetic progression, geometric progression, permutation, combination, the binomial
theorem and exponential theorem and e.
2. Calculus:
a) Rate of process, rules of differentiation, successive and partial differentiation,
differentiation of a function of a function relation between the derivatives of inverse
function.
b) Rules of integration- integration as a summation, area under a curve, integration by
partial fraction, graphical integration.
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3. Matrices​: Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices, unit matrix, row transformation,
determinants, inverse of a matrix, solution of equation by matrix.

B. Statistics
4. Descriptive statistics:
a) Graphical and diagrammatic representation:Graphs and diagrams.
b) Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median
and mode.
c) Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation, coefficient
of variation.
d) Moments, skewness and kurtosis.
e) Probability distribution: The normal, binomial and poisson distribution, derivation, means
and variances.
5. Advanced statistics:
a) The basic idea of significance test: Simple significance tests based on the normal
distribution, comparison with a known standard, comparison of means of two large
samples; the use of ‘t’ tests for small samples, importance of small samples, comparison
of sample mean with a standard, comparison of means of two small samples, unknown
variances: assumed equal, not assumed equal, confidence limits; ​χ2​​ - tests of goodness of
fit and homogeneity, introduction to general idea, testing the fit of a whole frequency
distribution to data, tests of homogeneity, variance ratio test.
b) The correlation of measurement: General notion of correlation, calculation of correlation
coefficient.
c) Regression Analysis: Basic idea of regression, calculation of regression coefficient,
standard error and significance test, partial correlation and multiple regression with two
and more than two independent variables.

Recommended Books
1. Matrices- Ayres, Schaum’s Outline Series.
2. Methods in Biostatistics for Medical Students and Research Workers: B. K. Mahajan
3. Methods of Statistics- M. G. Mostafa.
4. Statistical Methods in Medical Research- P. Armitage.
5. An Introduction to Statistics and Probability: M. Nurul Islam.
6. Primer of Biostatistics: Stanton A. Glantz.
7. Medical and Pharmaceutical Statistics: JMA Hannan.

B. Pharm Year I: Term I

Course Title: ​Computer Fundamentals
Course Code: PHAR 1111
Credits: 2

1. Introduction: Brief history and types of computers, application areas; Working principle of a
computer system Single and multi-user systems.
2. Organization and Architecture: Motherboards and Microprocessor; Memory units; Primary
memory, Secondary memory; I:O Devices: peripheral devices, AT:XT, ISA, EISA, PCI bus
architecture;
3. Computer network: Basic concepts of Internet systems, LAN and WAN; Gateway, bridge,
router, Internet protocol; Multimedia systems.
4. Maintenance:​ Power supply stability, grounding effects of surge, sag current and its protection.

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 Classification of Stabilizer and UPS, Effect of static charge on computer devices; Handing of
computers cards, chips, computer viruses and protections, software troubleshooting and
maintenance.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Pharmacognosy I
Course Code: PHAR 1201
Credits: 3

1. Definition and scopes of Pharmacognosy: Historical development, contribution to modern

medicines.
2. Drug literatures and publications​: Pharmacopoeias, National formularies, Monograph, etc;
official, non-official and un-official drugs.
3. Structure of cell: ​Its function and form, introduction to general structure of the morphological
parts of plants, microscopic examinations.
4. Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distribution, cultivation, collection, drying, storage
and commerce.
a) Preparation of drugs for commercial market.
b) Classification of drugs.
c) Drug adulteration.
d) Evaluation of crude drugs.
e) Chemistry of drugs.
5. Vitamins and vitamin-containing drugs​: General consideration, classifications and functions of
vitamins; Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil, Hilsha fish liver oil, etc.
6. Plant analysis​: Extraction, separation, chromatography, types of plant constituents, comparative
phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy.
7. Phytochemistry and pharmaceutical uses of the following classes of drugs along with
consideration of some important drugs of each group:
a) Carbohydrates and related compounds: Biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
i Sugar and sugar containing drugs: sucrose, glucose, fructose, etc.
ii Polysaccharides and polysaccharides containing drugs: starches, cellulose, dextrins, etc.
iii Gums and mucilage: tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, sterculia, agar and cellulose.
b) Lipids: Castor oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, olive oil, chaulmoogra oil, beeswax, etc.
c) Alkaloids: Distribution, properties, tests, extraction, structures, biosynthesis and
classification.
8. Contribution of traditional drugs to modern medicine: ​Introduction-different types of
alternative systems of treatments e.g. Herbal, Ayurvadic, Unani and Homeopathic medicine,
contribution of traditional drugs to modern medicines; details of some common indigenous
traditional drugs: Punarnava, Vashaka, Anantamul, Arjuna, Chirata, Picrorhiga, Kalomegh,
Amla, Asoka, Bahera, Haritaki, Tulsi, Neem, Betel nut, Joan, Karela, Shajna, Carrot, Bael,
Garlic, Jam, Madar, etc.
9. Surgical dressings and fibres:​ Introduction, classifications, preparation and uses.

Recommended Books
1. Pharmacognosy- Varro E. Tyler, Lynn R. Brady and James E. Robbers.
2. Pharmacognosy- Treaseand Evans.
3. Pharmacognosy- Edward P. Claus, Varro E.Tyler, 5​th edition, Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia.
4. Textbook of Pharmacognosy- T. E. Wallis.
5. Practical Pharmacognosy- RasheeduzZafar.
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6. Natural Products, A Laboratory Guide - Raphael Ikan, Acadec Press, Inc., London.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Pharmacognosy I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 1202
Credits: 1
1. Study of some medicinal plants of Bangladesh:
a) Study of morphological characteristics e.g. flowers, fruits, leaves, petals, stamens, etc.
b) Literature survey of medicinal plants according to family.
c) Preparation of spray reagents for phytochemical study.
d) Drying and extraction techniques of plant samples.
2. Study of some unorganised drugs:
a) General tests for carbohydrates.
b) Preparation and extraction of starches and related products.
c) Examination of gums: Acacia, tragacanth, sterculia, agar and alginates.
3. Examination of fibers and surgical dressings.

Recommended Books
1. Practical Pharmacognosy: ​Dr. K. R. Khandelwal
2. Practical Pharmacognosy: ​Joshi​, ​Saroja
3. Practical Pharmacognosy: Rakesh Gupta

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Inorganic Pharmacy II
Course Code: PHAR 1203
Credits: 3

1. Environmental pollutants and managements:

a) Definition,causes of environmental pollution, types of pollutions: gases, hydrocarbons,
smokes, suspended particulate, pesticides, gasoline, industrial waste, and pharmaceutical
food additives. Bioremediation, BOD, COD, pharmaceutical effluent treatment;
deleterious effects of pollutants on life cycle, control measures of environmental
pollution, applications and importance of environmental sciences.
b) Heavy metal toxicity: Poisoning caused by mercury, arsenic, lead, iron and copper,
cadmium, chromium, vanadium, their adverse effects on human life cycle and study of
antidotes used in these poisoning cases.
2. Radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals​: Introduction, types of radiation and their properties,
radioactive decay, half-life, average life, modes of radioactive decay, interaction of radiation with
matter, measurement of radioactivity, radiation hazard and radiological safety, biological effects
of radiation, control of radiation exposure, storage of radioactive materials, medical applications
of radionuclides, official radioactive compounds and their importance, toxicity of radioactive
isotopes.
3. Gastrointestinal agents: Classification of inorganic gastrointestinal agents, systemic and
non-systemic antacids, preparations with applications of antacids, adsorbents and saline cathartics
or laxatives.
4. Dental preparations​: Dental plaque and antiplaque agents, dental caries, fluorides and other
anticaries agents, preparations with applications, dentifrices.
5. Topical agents: ​Classification of topical agents, preparations and applications of different
antimicrobial, astringent and protective agents.
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6. Pharmaceutical aids: Antioxidants​, ​tabletting aids- lubricants, glidants, suspending agents etc.,
pharmaceutically acceptable glass and glass wares.
7. Intra and extra-cellular electrolytes: Major physiological ions, electrolytes used for
replacement therapy, electrolytes used in acid-base therapy, electrolytes combination therapy etc.

Recommended Books
1. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry- S. Z. Haider..
2. Modern Inorganic Chemistry- R.D. Madan.
3. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry- J. D Lee.
4. Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Bently, Arthur Owen, 8​th ​edition,
Oxford University Press.
5. Modern Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry- ​Clarence A. Discher​, ​Leonard C. Bailey​, ​Thomas
Medwick​.
6. Rogers Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Rogers, Charles Herbert, Taito O. Soine and Charles
O. Wilson.
7. Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Block, John H., Roche, Edward B., Soine,
Taito O., Wilson, Charles O.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Inorganic Pharmacy II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 1204
Credits: 1

1. Identification of inorganic ions from pharmaceutical formulations:

Ca​+2​, Fe​+2​, Al​+3​, Mg​+2​, K​+​ and Na​+​ ions from supplied preparations
2. Conversion of different water insoluble or sparingly soluble drugs into water soluble form:
a) Na:K-salicylate from salicylic acid.
b) Na:K-benzoate from benzoic acid.
c) Na:K-citrate from citric acid.
3. Preparation of inorganic drugs:
a) Preparation of aluminium hydroxide gel.
b) Preparation of magnesium hydroxide.
c) Preparation of haematinics: ferrous chloride, ferrous gluconate and ferrous
fumerate.

Recommended Books:
1. Vogel’s Qualititative Inorganic Analysis: G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham and R.C. Denney,
Longman Scientific and Technical, New York.
2. Practical Chemistry: O.P. Pandey, D.N. Bajpai, and S. Giri, , S. Chand and Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Experimental Procedures in Elementary Qualitative Analysis: E.S. Gilreath, Mcgraw-Hill.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Organic Pharmacy II
Course Code: PHAR 1205
Credits: 3

1. Name reactions​: Arndt-Eistert, Baeyer-Villiger, Birch reduction, Clemmensen reduction,

Darzens’ condensation, Diels-Alder, Eschweiler-Clarke, Friedel-Crafts, Gabriel synthesis,
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 GatTerman, Grignard, Hofmann, Koch, Mannich, Michael, Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verleyreduction,
Oppenauer oxidation, Perkin, Reformatsky, Reimer-Tiemann, Sandmeyer, Vilsmeier-Haack,
Wittig, Wolff-Kishner reduction, etc.
2. Chemistry of nitrogenous compounds with special reference to pharmaceutically important
members: Amines, synthetic resins, amides, imides, carbonates, urea derivatives and chlorophyll,
purines, pyrimidines and xanthines.
3. Organometallic compounds​: Preparation of organometallic compounds containing lithium,
magnesium, copper, cadmium, zinc and their importance.
4. Introduction to common essential drugs: Preparation and uses of salicylic acid, aspirin,
paracetamol, benzoic acid, benzylbenzoate, sulfa-drugs, PASA, PABA, isoniazid, halothane,
enflurane, methoxyflurane, etc.
5. Carbohydrates: Definition, classification, constitution and configuration of carbohydrates,
synthesis of monosaccharides, ring structures of monosaccharides and their conformations, action
of acids and bases on reducing sugars, epimers, anomersandanomeric configurations, reactions of
mono-, di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides, their structure, physical and chemical properties.
Polysaccharides: Definition, classification, constitution and importance of polysaccharides,
isolation and purification of polysaccharides, a brief introduction of polysaccharides such as
cellulose, pectin, alginic acid, chitin, glycogen and heparin.
6. Amino acids, peptides and proteins:
Amino acids:Definition, sources, classification, structures, configurations, preparations, reactions
and importance of amino acids; isoelectric point, essential and nonessential amino acids.
Peptides: Constitution and geometry, C-Terminal and N-Terminal residues of peptides.
Proteins: Classification and functions, denatured and conjugated proteins; primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
7. Lipids: ​Definition, occurrence, classification and functions, composition of fats and oils,
hydrolysis of fats, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, steroids and phospholipids, ketone
bodies, ketosis, ketourea, ketoacidosis, diabetic coma and its treatment.
8. Basic heterocyclic chemistry​: Introduction of heterocyclic compounds, comparison between
heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical importance of such compounds.

Recommended Books
1. Organic Chemistry - Robert Thornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd.
2. A Textbook of Organic Chemistry – ArunBahl and B. S. Bahl.
3. Organic Chemistry, vo1. I and II- I. L. Finar..
4. Organic Chemistry - Louis Feiser and Mary Feiser.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry – B. S. Bahl and ArubBahl.
6. Advanced Organic Chemistry- Reactions, mechanisms and structure, Jerry March.
7. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry- Raj K. Bansal.
8. Chemistry of Organic Natural Products Vol I & II – O.P. Agarwal.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Physical Pharmacy II
Course Code: PHAR 1207
Credits: 3

1. Principle and techniques of heat transfer: Drying, including freeze drying, evaporation,
distillation.
2. Kinetics:
Physical degradation: Degredation of pharmaceutical products, loss of water, absorption of
water, loss of volatile constituents, polymorphism, colour change.
Chemical degradation: Hydrolysis, oxidation, isomerization, polymerization, decarboxylation,
factors affecting chemical degradation, etc.
14
 Chemical kinetics: Definitions, rates and orders of reactions, methods for Determination of
orders of reactions, influence of temperature on rate of reactions, theories of reaction rates,
decomposition of pharmaceutical products, accelerated test for physical, chemical and
photochemical stability, stability aspects of formulations,shelf life Determination.
3. Adsorption and interfacial phenomena: ​Feundlich and Langmuir isotherms, BET equation,
electrical properties of interfaces, electrical double layer, Nernst equation and zeta potential,
Gibbs equation, surface active agents, emulgents, detergents and antifoaming agents, surfactants
and drug activity, surfactants and pharmaceutical products, measurement of surface tension,
application of surface tension in pharmacy.
4. Rheology and rheology of dispersed systems: Newtonian liquids, non-Newtonian materials,
yield value, plastic and pseudoplastic flow, dilatant and thixotropic flow, Poiseuillie’s equation
and measurement of viscosity, viscosity of suspending agents, uses of viscosity studies;
pharmaceutical product design applying concept of rheology.
5. Colloids: Classification, preparation, electrical and optional properties, sedimentation, Stoke’s
law, stability of colloidal dispersion, protective colloid, sensitization, dialysis, Donnan
membrane equilibrium, application and uses of colloidal preparations in pharmacy.
7. Electrochemistry: Electrical units and their interrelation, Faraday's laws of electrolysis and
electrochemical equivalents, electrolytic conduction, equivalent conductance and the related
facts, conductometric titrations, transference numbers and their Determination.
8. Electrochemical cells: Electrode and cell potentials, energies involved in electrode processes,
reference electrodes, buffer solutions and measurement of pH, potentiometric titrations and
oxidation reduction systems, concentration cells.
9. Micromeritics​: Definition, porosity, density of particles, packing arrangements, flow properties,
importance of particle size deTermination, different means of expressing particle size, methods
of particle size deTermination: optical and electron microscope studies, Coulter-counter methods,
laser beam technique, sieve analysis, sedimentation methods, particle shape and surface area:
measurement of particle surface area.

Recommended Books
1. Principles of Physical Chemistry: M. M. Haque and M. A. Nawab.
2. Physical Pharmacy: A. Martin and J. Swarbrick.
3. Physical Chemistry: P.W. Atkins.
4. A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: K.K. Sharma and L.K. Sharma.
5. Essentials of Physical Chemistry: S. Bahl, D.G. Tuli and ArunBahl.
6. Physical Chemistry: N. Kundu and S.K. Jain.
7. Principles of Physical Chemistry: S. H. Maron and C.F. Prutton.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Physical Pharmacy II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 1208
Credits: 1

1. Viscosity determinations:
a) Determination of viscosity of pure liquids such as glycerin, alcohol etc.
b) Determination of viscosity of liquid pharmaceutical preparation- syrup, emulsion,
suspension etc.
c) Study of variation of viscosity of liquid with temperature using Ostwald of Engleris
viscometer.
2. Determination of velocity constants of the hydrolysis of methyl:ethyl acetate catalysed by
HCl:NaOH.
3. Determination of adsorption isotherm of oxalic, or acetic, acid from aqueous solution by
charcoal and calculation of the constant in Freundlich’s equation.
15
4. Determination of the equilibrium constant of the reaction KI+I​2​=KI​3​.
5. Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salts in water by conductance measurement.
6. Determination of velocity constant for the hydrolysis of an ester in the basic medium by
conductance measurement.
7. Determination of the molecular weights of organic solids by iboluscopy and cryoscopy.

Recommended Books
1. Practical Physical Chemistry: Palit, Science Book Agency, Calcutta.
2. Practical Physical Chemistry: Sharma, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
3. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry: J.B. Yadav, Goel Publishing house, Meerut.
4. Text Book of Practical Chemistry: Khalique, A Ideal Library, Bangla Bazar, Dhaka.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Physiology I
Course Code: PHAR 1209
Credits: 3

1. General Physiology: Physiology of cell and body fluids, Structure and function different cell
organelles, composition of body fluids, membrane physiology, Transport through cell membrane.
Definition, classification, characteristics, structure and function of various tissues.
2. Blood System:
a) Blood: Composition and function.
b) Plasma: Electrolytes, proteins and other organic constituents.
c) Blood cells: Their formation and destruction, cell count, functions of different blood cells.
d) Hemoglobin: Structure, properties and functions.
e) Coagulation factor: Definition, functions.
f) Anemia: Causes and classification.
g) Blood coagulation: Blood groups, blood transfusion.
h) Lymph: Composition, formation, circulation and function, lymph nodes and lymphatic.
3. Cardiovascular system:
a) Heart: Structure, heart muscles, conducting system of heart, origin and transmission of
cardiac impulse; ECG, control and requirements for the normal heart beat, cardiac cycle,
cardiac output, nervous regulation of heart, cardiac reflexes.
b) Blood vessels: Types of blood vessels and their functions.
c) Blood pressure​: Measurements and regulation of blood pressure, nervous control and
chemical control.
d) Arterial pulse: Definition and clinical study, recording of arterial pulse.
e) Capillary circulation: Importance and functions.
f) Regional blood circulation: Pulmonary circulation, hepatic circulation, renal circulation
and cerebral circulation.
4. Respiratory system:
a) Mechanism of respiration, pulmonary ventilation, ventilation volumes, gaseous
interchange through lungs: carriage of O​2​ and CO​2​.
b) Regulation of respiration: Nervous and chemical regulation.
c) Hypoxia: Causes and classification, abnormal breathing, Cheyne stokes breathing,
Kussmal breathing, breathing at high altitude.
5. Alimentary system​: Structure of different parts of the alimentary system, movements of the
different parts of the alimentary tract and their control, swallowing, gastric contractions, intestinal
contraction, secretion of digestive juices, saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and
bile, mechanism and control of the various secretions and their functions, digestion of food stuff,
absorption of the different digested materials.
6. Structure and functions of liver: Formation of bile and its concentration in the gall bladder,
circulation of bile salts and bile pigments, functions of liver.
16
 Recommended Books
1. Human Physiology: vol. I and II- ChandiCharanChatterjee.
2. A Text Book of Medical Physiology- Arther C. Guyton.
3. Review of Medical Physiology- W. F. Ganong.
4. A Text Book of Practical Physiology- C.L. Ghai.

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Physiology I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 1210
Credits: 1

1. Study of compound microscope.

2. Microscopical study of blood cells: R.B.C., W.B.C., and platelets.
3. Estimation of haemoglobin.
4. Total count of R.B.C.
5. Total count of W.B.C.
6. Differential count of W.B.C.
7. Determination of clotting and bleeding times.
8. Examination of clot under the microscope.
9. Effect of chemical agents on R.B.C.
10. Fragility test of R.B.C.
11. Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, E.S.R.
12. Examination of Haemin crystals.

Recommended Books:
1. Textbook of Practical Physiology:​G.K. Pal
2. Practical Human Anatomy and Physiology: SR Kale, RR Kale

B. Pharm Year I: Term II

Course Title: ​Viva Voce
Course Code: PHAR 1211
Credits: 1

An oral examination based on the syllabus of first year (Term I and II), will be taken after the
semester final examination.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: ​Pharmacognosy II
Course Code: PHAR 2101
Credits: 3

1. Phytochemistry and pharmaceutical: pharmacological uses of the following plant constituents

along with considerations of some important local and foreign drugs of each group​.
A. Glycosides and glycoside-containing drugs: Introduction, classifications & biosynthesis of
glycosides. The details of the following classes of glycosides and glycoside-containing drugs:
I. Cardiac: Digitalils, Strophanthus, Squill, Nerium.
17
 II. Anthraquinones: Cascara sagrada, Aloe, Senna, Rhubarb.
III. Saponins: Sarsaparilla, Glycyrrhiza, Dioscorea.
IV. Cyanogenic: Wild Cherry.
V. Isothiocyanate: Mustard, Black mustard and White mustard.
VI. Other glycosides like alcohol, phenol, aldehyde, flavonoid, lactone, etc. and neutral
principles: Gentian, Quassia, Saffron.
B. Alkaloids: The details of the following:
I. Tropane: Belladona, Stramonium, Hyoscyamus, etc.
II. Quinoline: Cinchona, Cusparia.
III. Isoquinoline: Ipecac, Opium, Sanguinaria, Curare.
IV. Indole: Rauwolfia, Nux vomica, Ergot, Catharanthus.
V. Imidazole: Pilocarpine.
VI. Steroidal: Veretrumviride, Aconite.
VII. ​Lupinea: Lupinus spp.
VIII.Purine base-Coffee, Tea.
IX. Biosynthesis of tropane, quinoline, isoquinoline and indole alkaloids.
C. Volatile oils and related terpenoids: Methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry, their medicinal
and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important volatile constituents used as drugs. The
details of the following classes of volatile oils:
I. Terpenes or sesquiterpenes: Pinus, Juniper, Cade.
II. Alcohols: Coriander, Sandalwood.
III. Ester: Peppermint, Lavender, Rosemarry.
IV. Aldehydes: Cinnamon, Eucalyptus, Lemon, Lemon grass.
V. Ketons: Spearmint, Caraway, Dill, Camphor.
VI. Phenols: Clove, Cinnamon, Ajowan.
VII. Ethers: Fennel, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus, Anise, Cajuput.
VIII. Peroxides: Chenopodium.
IX. Others: Mustard, Wintergreen, Bitter almond.
D. Phenolic compounds and tannins: Chemical nature and tests for tannins and some
tannin-containing drugs such as Nutgall and Catechu.
E. Resin and resin combinations: Genaral consideration, classification and study of resin, oleo
resin, oleo-gum resin, tolu balsam and benzoin.
2. Herb as health foods: Alfa alfa, Apricot, Pits, Arnica, Garlic, Onion, Ginseng, Spirulina,
Fenugreek, Sassafras, Honey, Nigella etc.
3. Poisonous plants and natural pesticides: ​Datura, Poison hemlock, Water hemlock, Foxglove,
digitalis, Ipornoca, Tobacco, Poppy, Pyrethrum flower, Derris & Lanchocarpus, Red squill,
Strychnine, etc.

Recommended Books:
1. Pharmacognosy- Varro E. Tyler, Lynn R. Brady & James E. Robbers, 9th edition, Lea &
Febiger, Philadelphia.
2. Pharmacognosy- Trease& Evans.
3. Pharmacognosy- Edward P. Claus, Varro E. Tyler, 5th edition, Lea &Febiger, Philadelphia
4. Textbook of Pharmacognosy- T. E. Wallis, 5th edition, J & A Churchill.
5. Practical Pharmacognosy- Rasheeduz-Zafar, 1st edition, CBS Publishers.
6. Natural Products, A Laboratory Guide - Raphael Ikan, Acadec Press, Inc., London.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: ​Pharmacognosy II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 2102
Credits: 1

18
1. General tests for carbohydrates e.g. glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, etc.
2. Examination of starch and related products.
3. Examinations of gums and mucilages.
4. Extraction and identification of some anthraquinone derivatives from Senna, Cascara sagrada, and
Aloe.
5. Extraction &identificaiton of caffeine from tea and coffee.
6. Preparation of TLC plate, activation, sampling and screening of different plant extracts by thin-layer
chromatography, TLC.
7. Study of cardiac glycosides and some cardio-active drugs: Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus.
8. Examination of some saponin-containing drugs: Sarsaparilla, Discorea.
9. Study of alkaloids and some alkaloid-containing drugs: Belladonna, Stramonium, Hyoscyamus,
Cinchona, Rauwolfia, Nux-vomica, Ergot, Ephedra, Colchicum.
10. Isolation of volatile oils from volatile oil-containing drugs.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: ​Pharmaceutics
Course Code: PHAR 2103
Credits: 3
1. Pharmacy profession: Pharmacy as a career, education, professional organizations, legislation and
acts in Bangladesh, Evolution of pharmacy profession, earlier period, middle to modern ages,
Introduction to Pharmacopoeias with special reference to B.P., U.S.P. and International
Pharmacopoeia.
2. Prescriptions: Reading and understanding of prescriptions, modern methods of prescribing and
common Latin abbreviations, form of the prescription order, hospital medication orders, reducing
medication errors, processing the prescription order, patient compliance, prescription dispensing and
associated record maintenance, monitoring adverse drug reactions, legal considerations.
3. Pharmaceutical calculations: Some fundamentals of measurement and calculation, the metric
system, calculation of doses, reducing and enlarging formulas, percentage calculations, % w-v, v-v,
and w-w, dilution and concentration, use of alligation methods, isotonic solutions, milliequivalent
units, calculations involving buffer solutions and radioactive pharmaceuticals, pharmacoeconomic
calculations, graphical methods, basic statistical concepts, problems involving HLB values,
exponential and logarithmic notation
4. Pharmaceutical excipients: Acidifying agents, aerosol propellants, air displacement agents,
alkalizing agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-microbial preservatives, anti-oxidants, buffering agents,
chelating agents, colors, complexing agents, desiccants, emulsifying agents, flavoring agents and
perfumes, glidants, anti-caking agents, humectant, ointment bases, plasticizer, solvents, stiffening
agents, tablet binders, tablet:capsule lubricants, tablet disintegrants, tonicity agent, water repelling
agent, wetting and solubilizing agents.
5. Polymers and macromolecules: Definition, classification, physical, chemical and mechanical
properties, molecular weight and distribution, polymer solution properties, plasticization and
elastomers, pharmaceutical applications of some water soluble and water-insoluble polymers,
polymeric systems in drug delivery.
6. Micromeritics: Definition, porosity, density of particles, packing arrangements, flow properties,
importance of particle size determination, different means of expressing particle size, methods of
particle size determination: optical and electron microscope studies, Coulter-counter methods, laser
beam technique, sieve analysis, sedimentation methods, particle shape and surface area: measurement
of particle surface area.
7. Pharmaceutical incompatibilities and drug interactions: Physical, chemical and therapeutic
incompatibility, factors contributing to the occurrence of drug interactions, patient variables,
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions.
8. Preformulation studies:

19
 a) Study of physical properties of drugs like physical form, polymorphism, solubility, salt formation,
dissolution and partitioning effects and their influence on formulation, stability and bioavailability
of products.
b) Study of chemical properties like hydrolytic degradation, oxidation, racemization,
decarboxylation, polymerization and their influence on formulation and stability of products, drug
substance– excipient interaction study.
c) Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability and elegancy of
formulations.
Recommended Books:
1. Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for pharmaceutical Students- S.J Carter, 12th edition, Pitman
Medical.
2. Sprowl’s American Pharmacy- Lewis W. Dittert, 7th edition, J. B. Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia.
3. Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy- Alfronso R. Gennaro, 20th edition, Mack
Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania.
4. Martindale- The Extra Pharmacopoeia- James E. F. Reynolds, 29th edition, London, The
Pharmaceutical Press.
5. Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics- E. A. Rawlins, 8th edition, E.L.B.S., BailliereTindall.
6. Cooper & Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy- S. J. Carter, 6th edition, Pitman Medical.
7. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage form Design- Michael Aulton, 1993, E.L.B.S., London.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: ​Physiology II
Course Code: PHAR 2105
Credits: 3
1. Nervous system: Nerve cells: Properties, classification and functions. Nerve fibres: Types of nerve
fibres, origin and propagation of nerve impulse across nerve fibre, action potential, units for the
measurement of nerve excitability. Synapse: Classification and properties of synapses and their
functions. Reflex action: Definition, classification and properties. Principal division of the nerve
system: CNS and PNS, different parts of the CNS, Principal motor and sensory paths of the CNS:
Upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron. Sensory nerve endings: Different types of sensation.
Muscle tone: Definition and regulation. Autonomic Nervous system and its principal division:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic functions served by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Neurotransmitters: Definition and functions.
2. Excretory system: Structure of kidney, nephron and its various parts, renal circulation, adjustment
and regulation of renal blood flow and its measurements, renal clearance, its use for the measurement
of GFR & RPF, counter current hypothesis, role of kidney in acid-base balance of blood and for the
maintenance of plasma volume, properties and composition of urine, micturition reflex and its control.
3. Endocrine system: Structure and functions of pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and
pancreatic islets, hormones secreted by the different endocrine glands and by the hypothalamus,
normal and disordered functions of the different hormones, regulation of the secretion of different
hormones.
4. Metabolism: Fat, carbohydrate, protein and nucleoprotein metabolism, metabolic pathways of fat,
carbohydrate and proteins, enzymes, vitamins and hormones regulating various metabolic steps;
vitamin and minerals, their physiological properties and functions.
5. Reproductive system:
a) Male reproductive system: Testis and accessory of organs, male sex hormone, formation of
spermatozoa and its control by various hormones.
b) Female reproductive system: Ovaries, uterus, oviduct etc., menstrual cycle and its control,
diagnosis of pregnancy, female sex hormones, pregnancy & lactation and their hormonal
control.
6. Temperature Control: Heat production and heat dissipation, role of hypothalamus and other
nervous factors in body temperature regulation, other functions of hypothalamus.
20
 Recommended Books:
1. Human Physiology, vol. I & II – Chandi Charan Chatterjee, 11th edition, Medical Allied
Agency, Calcutta.
2. A text book of Medical Physiology- Arther C. Guyton, 10th edition, W. B. Sander’s Company,
Philadelphia.
3. Review of Medical Physiology-W. F. Ganong, 22nd edition, Appleton & Lange Medical
Publication.
4. Text Book of Practical Physiology- C.L. Ghai, South Asia Books.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: ​Physiology II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 2106
Credits: 1

1. Recording of normal heart beat in toad.

2. Demonstration of the effects of temperature on toad heart.
3. Demonstration of the effects of stannous ligatures on toad heart.
4. Demonstration of the effects of drugs on toad heart.
5. Demonstration of the effects of electrolytes, Na+, K+, Ca++ on toad heart.
6. Recording of respiration with stethograph.
7. Measurement of blood pressure with sphygmomanometer. Effects of physical exercise on B.P. and
heart rate.
8. Biochemical testes on saliva: Effect of ptyalin on starch.
9. Collection of gastric juice, tests for gastric acidity.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: ​Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Course Code: PHAR 2107
Credits: 3

1. Introduction to microbiology: Microbiology as a field of biology, place of micro organisms in the

living field, procaryotic and eucaryoticprotists, groups of microorganisms, areas of microbiology,
application of microbiology.
2. History and evolution of microbiology: Spontaneous generation and biogenesis, germs theory of
diseases, pure culture concept, immunization, widening horizons.
3. Microscopic observations of microorganisms: Bright field, dark field, fluorescence and phase
contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, preparations of microscopic examinations, wet mount and
hanging drop techniques, fixed and stained smears, microbiological stains, simple and differential
staining methods.
4. Bacteria: Nomenclature of bacteria, morphology and fine structures, nutritional requirements,
bacteriological media, growth and reproduction, quantitative measurement of bacterial growth,
maintenance and prevention of pure culture of bacteria.
5. Microorganisms other than bacteria: ​Brief study:
a) Yeasts-types: morphology, reproduction and physiology, pathogenic yeasts.
b) Rickettsiae: Introduction, characteristics of rickettsiae, pathogenic rickettsiae, laboratory
diagnosis of rickettsialdeseases.
c) Viruses: Virus inhibition, control of virus infections, bacterial virus or bacteriophages,
morphology and composition, cultivation of bacterial viruses, reproduction of bacterial viruses.
6. Sterilization: Sterilization by dry heat, principles of hot air oven, methods of use and applications,
advantages and disadvantage of sterilization by moist heat, factors affecting sterilization by moist
21
 heat, principles of sterilization by steam under pressure, autoclave-applications, testing the efficiency
of autoclaves, sterilization by heating with bactericides, sterility testing.
7. Basic concepts of immunology:​ Infections, pathogenicity and virulence, immunity.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: P
​ harmaceutical Microbiology Lab
Course Code: PHAR 2108
Credits: 1

1. Identification and characterization of bacteria.

2. Gram staining of bacterial cells and spores.
3. Preparation of pure bacterial cultures.
4. Preparation of pure culture and its identification.
5. Bacterial counts.

B. Pharm Year II: Term I

Course Title: Biochemistry I
Course Code: PHAR 2109
Credits: 3

1. Introductionto cell: Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, structure and
functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, cell development and differentiation.
2. Plasma membrane: Cell walls and cell surface: Principle of semi-permeability, active transport,
endocytosis, exocytosis, bacterial, fungal and plant cell walls.
3. Nuclear structure and function: Cell division and cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, structure and
function of chromosomes.
4. Lysosomes:​ Structure and function.
5. Gene-Genome, gene expression, regulation of gene expression, RNA:​DNA synthesis, role of
mRNA and tRNA in protein synthesis.
6. Cancer biology: Types of cancer, genetic causes of development of cancer, approaches for the
treatment of cancer.
7. Immunology: Basic concept of immunology, innate and acquired :humoral immunity, structure of
antibody, role of antibody in preventing cancer.
8. Bioinformatics: Basic concept of bioinformatics, protein alignment, translation of DNA : RNA,
identification of protein, 3D-structure of protein, development of antisence drug using bioinformatics
tools.
9. Carbohydrates: Introduction, chemistry, isomerism, stereo-chemistry, classification, aldoses, ketoses
oxidation, effect of alkali, synthesis of aldoses and ketoses by various methods, optical activity,
hemiacetal, acetal form of glucose, ring size deTermination, disaccharides, structure deTermination of
polysaccharides, starch, cellulose, glycogen, some pharmaceutically important carbohydrates,
metabolism of carbohydrates etc.

Recommended Books:
1. Cell and Molecular Biology- E.D.P. De Robertis, 7th edition, Marcel and Dekker, NY.
2. Molecular Cell Biology, Hervey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S. Laurence Zipursky, 3rd edition, Lodish
H. et al, 1995.

22
3. Biochemistry, 5th edition, J. M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko and L. Stryer, Freeman, 1995.
4. Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox, 4th edition, W.H.
Freeman.
5. Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes- Balkwill, F. and Rolph, M., 1994, Harper Collins.
6. Instant Notes in Biochemistry- Harries, Hooper and Houghton.
7. Molecular Biology of the Cell- Bruce Albertis, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith
Robertis, James D. Watson, 3rd edition, Garland Publishing, NY.
8. Introduction to Bioinformatics- Teresa K. Attwood, David J. Parry-Smith, Paperback 1999,
Prentice Hall.
B. Pharm Year II: Term II
Course Title: Applied Microb​iology
Course Code: PHAR 2201
Credits: 3
1. Microbial assay of antibiotics: Antimicrobial activity, factors affecting the measurement of
antimicrobial activity, antibiotic assays, biological and non biological assays, determinations of
MICs (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations), challenge tests, Microbiological quality of
pharmaceutical materials with special reference to non-sterile and sterile products, t- test.
2. Sterilization:
a) Sterilization by dry heat- principle, hot air oven, applications, advantages and disadvantages of
sterilization by moist heat, factors affecting sterilization by moist heat, principle of
sterilization by stem under pressure, autoclave- applications, testing the efficiency of
autoclaves, sterilization by heating with bactericides, validation of sterilizers.
b) Sterilization by filtration
c) Sterilization by radiation
d) Sterilization by gas
3. Sterility testing: Sampling techniques, types of media used in sterility testing, positive
andnegative controls, pyrogen tests. Testing procedure for aqueous solutions, aqueoussuspensions,
powders, semi-solid preparations, oils and ointments, ligatures and sutures,surgical dressings,
equipments; Miscellaneous tests- immunological preparations and viralproducts.
4. Disinfection and antisepsis: Introduction to disinfection. factors influencing disinfection,chemical
disinfectants, and their modes of action, disinfectant evaluation.
5. Industrial microbiology: Ecology of microorganisms as it affects the pharmaceutical plant,good
manufacturing practice microbial spoilage and preservation the role of recombinantDNA
technology in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical products made by geneticengineering,
miscellaneous pharmaceutical products of microbial origin (vitamins, aminoacids, dextran, etc.),
streptokinase.
6. Immunological products: Active antigenic products, attenuated, inactivated and extract,viral and
bacterial products, passive products, gamma globulin.
7. Bacterial resistance​.

B. Pharm Year II: Term II

Course Title: ​Anatomy
Course Code: PHAR 2203
Credits: 3
1. Introduction to human anatomy: Origin of life on earth, evolution of life on earth, primate and
human evolution, anatomical nomenclature.
2. Neonatal anatomy and growth:​ Neonatal anatomy, individual systems in the neonate, growth.
3. Integumental system: Skin- epidermis, dermis, nerves, blood vessels, age-related changes, repair,
female breast and male breast.
4. Skeletal system: Morphology of the human skeleton, skeletal connective tissue, axial skeleton,
appendicular skeleton.
5. Muscle: Brief survey of the major types of muscles, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle, muscles and fasciae of the head, anterolateral muscles and fasciae of the neck.
23
6. Alimentary system: Oral cavity and related structures, abdomen, oesophagus of anus, stomach,
intestine, pancreas, liver, billiary ducts and gall bladder.
7. Urinary system: Kidney, ureter, kidney transplantation, urinary bladder, male urethra, female
urethra.
8. Reproductive system: Reproductive organ of the male, testes and epididymes, ductus deferens,
penis, prostate, reproductive organs of the female, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, female
external organs.
9. Endocrine system:​Adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid
glands, adrenal grands, para-aortic bodies.
10. Respiratory system: Nose and paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea and bronchi, lungs, pleurae,
mediastinum.

Recommended Book:
1. Gray's Anatomy- Spalding Gray, International students edition, published by Churchill
Livingstone.

B. Pharm Year II: Term II

Course Title: ​Pharmaceutical Technology I
Course Code: PHAR 2205
Credits: 3
1. Solutions: Introduction, advantages and disadvantages; aqueous solutions: types of pharmaceutical
water, approaches to the improvement of aqueous solubility, cosolvency, pH control,
solubilization, complexation, chemical modification, particle size control; non-aqueous solutions:
fixed oils of vegetable origin, alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, dimethylsulphoxide, ethyl ether, liquid
paraffin, miscellaneous solvents; formulation additives: buffers, density modifiers, isotonicity
modifiers, viscosity enhancement, preservatives, reducing agents and antioxidants, sweetening
agents, flavors and perfumes, colors; types of preparations: lotions, liniments, paints and
collodions, ear preparations, eye preparations, irrigations, mouthwashes and gargles, nasal
products, oral liquids, parenteral products, rectal preparations, aromatic waters and spirits; stability
of solutions, manufacture of solutions.
2. Emulsions: Definition, Terminology, merits and demerits, theory of emulsion formation,
interfacial considerations and stabilization of emulsion, types of emulsions, phase volume,
Bancroft’s rule, oriented wedge theory, identification tests, classification of emulsifying agents,
hydrophile-lipophile balance, HLB system, preparation and stability of emulsions, examples of
pharmaceutical emulsions.
3. Suspensions: Definition, types, merits and demerits, physical properties, Terminology,
pharmaceutical applications of suspensions for oral, topical and parenteral route; formulation of
suspensions: particle size control, wetting and surface active agents, hydrophilic colloids, solvents,
flocculated and deflocculated systems, controlled flocculation, flocculating agents, viscosity
modifiers, rheology of suspensions, stability of suspensions.
4. Transdermal drug delivery: Structure, function and topical treatment of human skin, drug
transport through the skin; properties that influence transdermal delivery: biological factors,
physicochemical factors; drug permeation through skin, methods for studying transdermal drug
delivery, maximizing the bioavailability of drugs applied to skin; transdermal therapeutic systems:
device design, monolith or matrix system, rate-limiting membrane system, clinical patches;
dermatological formulations: liquid preparations, gels, powders, creams, pastes, aerosols and
ointments: hydrocarbon bases, fats and fixed oil bases, silicones, absorption bases, emulsifying
bases, water-soluble bases; cosmetic or aesthetic criteria for dermatological formulations, microbial
contamination and preservation: rancidity and antioxidants.
5. Rectal and vaginal drug delivery:
a) Rectal drug delivery: introduction, anatomy and physiology of the rectum, absorption of drugs
from the rectum; formulation of suppositories, requirement of suppository base, fatty vehicles,
water-soluble vehicles, choice of vehicle, the drug, drug solubility in vehicle, surface
24
 properties, particle size, amount of drug, other additives; manufacture, quality control and drug
release from suppositories.
b) Vaginal drug delivery: physiology and dynamics of the vagina, vaginal administration of drugs,
formulation of vaginal dosage forms, benefits of intravaginal controlled drug administration,
vaginal contraceptive devices, biomedical applications.
6. Drug development: Introduction, new drug development process, drug discovery and drug design,
sources of new drugs, methods of drug discovery, drug nomenclature, biological characterization,
drug metabolism and toxicology, preformulation studies, drug approval process, preclinical testing,
animal models and clinical trial design.

Recommended Books:
1. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems- Howard C. Ansel, 6th edition, B. I.
Waverly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Sprowl’s American Pharmacy- Lewis W. Dittert, 7th edition, J. B. Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia.
3. Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy- Alfronso R. Gennaro, 20th edition, Mack
Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania.
4. Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics- E. A. Rawlins, 8th edition, E.L.B.S., BailliereTindall.
5. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage form Design- Michael Aulton, 1993, E.L.B.S., London

B. Pharm Year II: Term II

Course Title: ​Pharmaceutical Technology I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 2206
Credits: 1

1. Preparation of percent solution and calculation.

2. Preparation of aromatic water.
3. Preparation of syrups:
a) Phenobarbitone-Na syrup
b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup
c) Promethazine HCl syrup
d) Hematinic syrup
4. Preparation of suspensions:
a) Paracetamol suspension
b) Antacid suspension
c) Chalk powder suspension.
5. Preparation of emulsions and determination of type of emulsions:
a) Primary emulsion by dry gum method and wet gum method
b) Castor oil emulsion
6. Formulation of ointments and suppositories.

B. Pharm Year II: Term II

Course Title:​ Pharmacology I
Course Code: PHAR 2207
Credits: 3

1. Introduction to Pharmacology: Pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, scope of pharmacology,

historic development, the pharmacopoeias, drugs, drug’s nomenclature, generic and branded drug,
prodrugs, source and nature of drugs, properties of ideal drugs, ethical, over the counter drugs,
prescription drugs, prescriptions, parts of prescriptions, prescription incompatibilities, dispensing,
25
 agonists, antagonists, synergism, side effects, drug toxicities, drug interactions dose, dosage forms,
and routes of administration of drugs.
2. General Pharmacology: Methods of drug administration, biological half life, drug absorption,
bioavailability, distribution of drugs, protein binding, accumulation and storage in body, drug
dilution in the body fluid, metabolism of drugs and excretion. Drug allergy, idiosynchrasy, drug
toxicity and drug interaction.
3. Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption, factors modifying drug absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion, ADME.
4. Pharmacodynamics: Basic principles, mechanism of drug absorption, receptor, receptor for
physiological regulatory molecules, structural and functional families, receptor as enzyme etc.
agonist, antagonist, potentiation, synergism, drug-receptor interaction, factors modifying drug
action, drug tolerance, dependence etc.
5. Receptors: Definition, classification, nature of receptors, drug antagonism, relation between drug
dose & clinical response. Signalling mechanism and drug action: G-proteins and second
messengers.
6. Drugs used in Gastrointestinal disorders: Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action,
SAR, pharmacokinetics, indication, and contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug
interaction of individual class of following drugs : Antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, Proton-pump
inhibitor, Ulcer coating drugs, PG analogues, mucosal-protective agents, Anticholinergic effecting
PUD, Anti- H. pylori drugs, Antacids, Anti-emetics, Purgatives, Antidiarrheal drugs,
Antispasmodics
7. Anticoagulants:​ Heparin, calcium complexing agents, oral anticoagulants.

Recommended Books:
1. Pharmacology: H. P. Rang, M. M. Dale and J. M. Ritte.
2. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Vol. I & II: A. Goodman
Gilman, T. W. Rall, A. S. Nies and P. Taylor.
3. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics Vol. I & II: R. S. Satoskar and S. D. Bhandarkar.
4. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology: K. D. Tripathi.
5. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology: B. G. Katzung.

B. Pharm Year II: Term II

Course Title: ​Pharmacology I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 2208
Credits: 1
1. Study of drugs acting on CNS:
a) CNS stimulant drugs: strychnine, ephedrine, amphetamine.
b) CNS depressant drugs: barbiturates induced sleeping time.
2. Effect of pilocarpine on salivary secretion of rat.
3. Effect of digitalis, adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, isoprenaline on toad’s heart.
4. Effect of local anaesthetics on rat’s tail.
5. Study of mydriatic and myotic effects on rabbit’s eye e.g. pilocarpine, atropine, physostigmine,
etc.

B. Pharm Year II: Term II

Course Title: ​Biochemistry II
Course Code: PHAR 2209
Credits: 3

1. Endoplasmic reticulum: Structure and function, Metabolism of carbohydrate and lipids, transport
and processing of proteins, detoxification of drugs.

26
2. Golgi body: Structure and function, secretory pathways, protein processing and polysaccharide
synthesis.
3. Proteins: Important bonds in protein, important functions of protein in biological system,
importance of amino acid sequence in protein structure, different amino acids structures and
functions, peptide bond, disulfide bridge in protein structure, peptide bond is rigid and planner, α
helix, β sheet, hairpin turn, denaturation and renaturation of protein, proteins are rich in
hydrogen-bonding potentiality, different structures of protein, conformational change of protein,
gel electrophoresis, 2-D gel electrophoresis, purification of protein, synthesis of protein, protein
sequencing, recombinant DNA technology for protein sequencing.
4. Nucleic acids: Basic definition, gene, genome, transcription, translation, importance of nucleic
acid study, different bases of DNA:RNA, nucleotide, nucleoside, structures of DNA, DNA chain
has polarity, AT:GC structure, melting point of DNA, physical states of DNA, Replication,
discovery of DNA polymerase I and III, mRNA, hybridization studies of mRNA, synthesis of
mRNA, recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes, promoter region of DNA, RNA
synthesis Termination, tRNA, role of tRNA in protein synthesis, codons, DNA sequencing.
5. Enzymes: Definition, activation energy and enzymes, enzymes are highly specific, regulation of
enzymes activity, enzymes and reaction equilibria, enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibition, common
features of enzymes, enzyme cofactor: coenzyme, Vit B1, Vit B2 etc as coenzyme.
6. Lipids: Introduction, chemistry, biosynthesis of fats and fatty acids, catabolism, fatty acid cycle,
β-oxidation, ketone bodies, ketosis, ketourea, ketoacidosis, diabetic coma, lactic acid and acidosis,
phosphoglycerides, steroid, bile salts etc.

Recommended Books:
1. Cell and Molecular Biology- E.D.P. De Robertis, 7th edition, Marcel and Dekker, NY.
2. Molecular Cell Biology, Hervey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S. Laurence Zipursky, 3rd edition, Lodish
H. et al, 1995.
3. Biochemistry, 5th edition, J. M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko and L. Stryer, Freeman, 1995.
4. Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox, 4th edition, W.H.
Freeman.
5. Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes- Balkwill, F. and Rolph, M., 1994, Harper Collins.
6. Instant Notes in Biochemistry- Harries, Hooper and Houghton.
7. Molecular Biology of the Cell- Bruce Albertis, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith
Robertis, James D. Watson, 3rd edition, Garland Publishing, NY.
8. Introduction to Bioinformatics- Teresa K. Attwood, David J. Parry-Smith, Paperback 1999,
Prentice Hall.

B. Pharm Year II: Term II

Course Title: ​Viva Voce
Course Code: PHAR 2211
Credits: 1
An oral examination based on the syllabus of second year (Term I and II), will be taken after the
semester final examination.

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control I
Course Code: PHAR 3101
Credits: 3

1. Introduction to pharmaceutical analysis: Significance of quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical

quality assurance, different techniques of analysis, selection of samples, significant figures,

27
 precision and accuracy of representative samples, fundamentals of volumetric analysis, methods of
expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards.
2. a) Quality control and assurance:
i. Theory and basic concepts of GMP, cGMP, ISO 9000, ISO 9001, Total Quality
Management, quality review and documentation.
ii. GMP- requirements of GMP in a pharmaceutical company with emphasize on
premises, equipments, documentation and GMP training.
iii. GLP- basic principles of good laboratory practice.
b) Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis and interpretation of analytical data.
c) Process and equipment validation and quality, validation of analytical instruments.
3. Titrimetric Analysis
a) Aqueous acid-base titration: Definitions, distribution of acid-base species with pH of the
medium, acid-base titrimetry for determination of weakly acidic and basic pharmaceuticals,
indicators, theories, and their selection, applications.
b) Non-aqueous acid base titration: Theoretical considerations and principles, non-aqueous
solvents, titration of weak acids and weak bases, applications and scope of non-aqueous
titrations.
c) Oxidation reduction titration: Principles and concepts, determination involving
potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate and potassium borate, iodometric
determination, miscellaneous oxidation and reduction titrations, indicators, applications.
d) Complexometric titration: Concept, complexes and chelates, stability of complex ions,
titration based on complex formation, types of complexometric titrations, methods of end
point detection, titration selectivity and masking agents, choice of chelating agents, and
pharmaceutical importance.
4. Aquametry​: Principle and scope, physical methods of water determination, chemical method of
water determination, Karl-Fischer procedure–principle, chemistry, methodology, equipment, end
point detection and limitation.
5. Chromatographic methods: General consideration and classification
a) Column chromatography: Principle and theories, preparation, procedure, method of
detection, applications.
b) Thin layer chromatography: Principle, preparation of plates, procedure, method of
detection, high performance thin layer chromatography, HPTLC, R​f value, concentration
zone, applications.
c) Paper chromatography: Principle and theories, preparation, procedure, method of
detection, applications.
d) Size exclusion chromatography: Principle and applications of gel filtration and gel
permeation.
e) Ion exchange chromatography:​ Introduction, principle and applications.
f) Affinity chromatography:​ General consideration, principle and applications.
6. Instrumental Methods of Analysis:
a) Fluorometry: Introduction, principle, fluorescence and chemical structure,
instrumentation, factors influencing intensity of fluorescence, comparison of fluorometry
and uv-visible spectrophotometry, applications of fluorometry in pharmaceutical analysis.
b) Polarimetry: Introduction, instrumentation and application, optical isomerism, origin of
optical rotation, molecular requirements for optical rotatory power, specific rotation,
calculation of specific rotation, circular dichroism (CD), optical rotatory dispersion (ORD).
c) Gravimetric Analysis: Precipitation techniques, solubility products, the colloidal state,
supersaturationalcoprecipitation, post precipitation, filtration techniques and filter papers,
pharmaceutical importance of gravimetric analysis.

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3102
28
 Credits: 1
1. Assay of acetyl salicylic acid in aspirin tablets.
2. Non-aqueous assay of phenobarbitone tablets.
3. Determination of potency of penicillin tablets.
4. Determination of calcium in solid and liquid dosage form by complexometric titration.
5. Assay of aluminium hydroxide gel.
6. Assay of promethazine hydrochloride.
7. Assay of magnesium and aluminium from antacid preparations.
8. Determination of iodine value and saponification value for fixed oils.
9. Different types of titrations

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: Medicinal Chemistry I
Course Code: PHAR 3103
Credits: 3

1. Stereochemistry:
a) General treatment of different types of isomerism.
b) Geometric isomerism of alkenes and cyclic compounds: Cis-trans and E, Z systems of
nomenclature.
c) Conformational isomers: Conformation of open chain and cyclic compounds.
d) Chirality of molecules: Enantiomer, diastereomer, racemic modification, meso compound,
R and S configuration, sequence rule, optical rotation.
e) Asymmetric synthesis: Preparation of enantiomer by asymmetric synthesis and optical
resolution method.
f) Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions. Pharmaceutical importance of studying
stereochemistry.
2. Heterocyclic chemistry:
a) 5-membered heterocyclic compounds: Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole,
oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole and isothiazole: their preparations, reaxtions and
pharmaceutical importance.
b) 6-membrane heterocyclic compounds: Pyridine, pyrimidine, pyradazine, pyrazine, and
triazine: their preparation, reactions and pharmaceutical importance.
c) Benzofused 5-membered heteroatomic compounds: Indole, benzofuran, benzothiaphene and
carbazole: their chemistry, syntheses and pharmaceutical importance.
d) Benzofused 6-membered heteroatomic compounds: Quinoline and isoquinoline: their
chemistry, syntheses and pharmaceutical importance.
3. Chemistry, mode of action, SAR and syntheses of:
a) Antibiotics
b) Antihistamines
c) Analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents.
d) Hypnotics and sedatives
e) Cardiovascular drugs
f) Diuretics
4. Chemistry of natural products:
a) Alkaloids as pharmaceutical raw materials, opium and analogues of opium, synthesis of
papaveverine and ephedrine
b) Glycosides: Clinical and chemical aspects of Digoxin and other digitalis glycosides
c) Flavonoids: Occurrence, isolation, classification and properties of flavonoids, structure
determination, synthesis and physiological activities of flavonols and isoflavones.
d) Terpenoids: Occurance, isolation and Classification, synthesis of geraniol, citralamyrin.

29
 e) Vitamins: clinical aspects of the vitamins and their effects on free radicals, synthesis of the
vitamins such as Vit-B1, Vit-C, Nicotinamide, Pyridoxine, Mechanism of the action of the
vitamins.
f) Hormones: Occurance, isolation and classification, synthesis and function of male and
female sex hormone.

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: Medicinal Chemistry I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3104
Credits: 1

Laboratory synthesis, physical, chemical and spectral characterization of the following compounds:
1. Paracetamol
2. Benzocaine
3. Aspirin
4. Phenacetin
5. PABA (para amino benzoic acid)
6. Meta nitro benzaldehyde
7. Ethyl parahydroxy benzoate
8. Para amino phenol
9. Methyl salicylate

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Technology II
Course Code: PHAR 3105
Credits: 3

1. Tablet Manufacturing: Definition of tablet, tablet types, preparation, additives and components.
Formulation and granulation of powders for tableting, manufacturing of tablets by wet granulation,
dry granulation and by direct compression. Advantages and disadvantages of different process,
commercial processing equipments, manufacturing, design layout and flow design for tablet
manufacturing.
2. Compaction and compression of powder: Physics of tablet compression, mechanisms of
compression of particles, bonding to tablets, the effect of compression force on tablet properties,
effect of lubricants on tablet compression and binding, instrumented tablet machines and tooling,
problems associated with large scale manufacturing of tablets.
3. Common tableting problems and evaluation of tablets: Hardness measurement, weight variation
tests, thickness and diameter, friability, disintegration time, dissolution time, mechanism of tablet
disintegration and dissolution, in process quality control methods in tablet manufacturing, study of
common tableting problems and their solution.
4. Tablet Coating:
a) Definitions and classification of coating methods, advantages and disadvantages of
coated tablets, characteristics and requirements of uncoated tablet, physiological
availability and tablet coating.
b) Equipments​- conventional coating machines, perforated coating machines, fluidized
coating machines.
c) Sugar coating​- different stages of sugar coating, problems of sugar coating.
30
 d) Film coating​- theory of film coating, film formers, plasticizer, solvents, other
excipients; Enteric coating- enteric coating polymers, formulations of enteric coating,
dry coating (compression coating), comparison between sugar coating and film coating,
aqueous film coating techniques, modern film coating materials and coating
formulations, problems of organic and aqueous film coating.
e) Air suspension coating, dip coating, electrostatic coating, and laminated coating.
5. Special tablets: Drug absorption through the oral mucosa, molded sublingual tablets, special
problems with molded nitroglycerine tablets, compressed sublingual tablets, buccal tablets, vaginal
tablets, rectal tablets, dispensing tablets, tablets for miscellaneous uses.
6. Chewable tablets: Introduction, formulation factors, formulation techniques, excipients, flavoring,
colorants, manufacturing, evaluation of chewable tablets.
7. Medicated lozenges: Formulation and processing of hard candy lozenges and center-filled hard
candy lozenges, chewy or caramel base medicated tablets, compressed tablet lozenges,
compression sequence, typical formulations and quality control procedures.
8. Good manufacturing practices for pharmaceuticals:​Status and applicability of regulation,
current good manufacturing practices in manufacturing, processing, packaging and holding of
drugs, production and process controls, ISO certification systems.

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Technology II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3106
Credits: 1

1. Preparation of tablets by the following techniques:

a) Wet granulation, aqueous.
b) Wet granulation, non-aqueous.
c) Dry granulation, slugging.
2. Coating of tablets - sugar coating and film coating.
3. Quality control of tablets:
a) Hardness measurement,
b) weight variation tests,
c) thickness and diameter,
d) friability,
e) disintegration time,
f) dissolution time.
4. Filling and sealing of hard gelatin capsules.
5. Quality control of capsules.
6. Leakage test of packaging of tablets.
7. Preparation of sustained release dosage forms employing various techniques.

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: ​Pharmacology II
Course Code: PHAR 3107
Credits: 3
1. General principle:​ Sources of drugs, routes of administration and pharmacogenetics.
2. Introduction to pharmacogenomics: Pharmacogenomics, gene and allele nomenclature,
personalized medicine.
3. Chemotherapy of some diseases:
a) Histamine and antihistamine, H​1​ and H​2​ blocker
b) Non-narcotic analgesics and NSAIDs

31
c) Narcotic analgesics and antagonists
d) Drugs for gout and hyper-uricaemia
e) Local and general anesthetics
4. Drugs used in tropical diseases: Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action, structure
activity relationship, SAR, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, dose, adverse effects
and drug interaction of the following classes of drugs:
a) Antiamoebic drugs,
b) Antimalarial Agents
c) Anthelmentics
d) Drugs used in enteric fever,
e) Drugs used in diarrhoea and cholera.
5. Autacoids and Inflammation: Introduction, General Characteristics, Classification, physiological
role of autacoids, pharmacological action, uses, side effects and structure activity relationship of
following autacoids and antagonists: Histamine, Bradykinin and their antagonists. Lipid derived
autacoids like Eicosanoid and platelet activating factor and their antagonists. Non-narcotic
analgesics- Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory agents and their uses in gout.
6. Drugs Used in respiratory disorders: Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action,
SAR, pharmacokinetics, indication, and contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug
interaction of individual class of following drugs: Anti-tussive and Anti-asthmatic agents.
7. Drugs used in Gastrointestinal disorders: Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action,
SAR, pharmacokinetics, indication, and contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug
interaction of individual class of following drugs: H2 receptor antagonists, Proton-pump inhibitor,
Ulcer coating drugs, Anticholinergic effecting PUD, Anti- H. pylori drugs, Antacids, Anti-emetics,
Purgatives, Antidiarrheal drugs, Antispasmodics.
8. Drugs acting on blood and blood forming organs:​Hematinics, Anticoagulants, Antithrombotics,
Fibrinolytics, Tissue plasminogen antagonists, Hypolipidemic drugs.

Recommended Books:
1. Goodman & Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics- Hardman, Joel G., 10th edition,
Mcgraw Hill Incorporated.
2. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology- Bertram G. Katzung, 9th edition, McGraw Hill Companies.
3. Medical Pharmacology-Andres Goth, 8th edition, Toppan Co. Ltd.
4. Pharmacology &Pharmacotherapeutics- R. S. Satosker, Paperback, 2005, Popular Prakashani Ltd.
India.
5. Clinical Pharmacology- D. R. Laurence, P. N. Bennett and M. J. Brown, 9th edition, Churchill
Livingstone.
6. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Roger walker and Clive Edwards, 3rd edition, Churchill
Livingstone.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Pharmacology II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3108
Credits: 1

1. Estimation of blood glucose by enzymatic and chemical method.

2. Estimation of blood paracetamol level after oral administration by UV:Visible spectrophotometric
methods.
3. Estimation of paracetamol in blood by colorimetric method.
4. Estimation of cholesterol in human blood by enzymatic and chemical method.
5. Study of antipyretic effect of aspirin on rabbit model.
6. Study of anti-inflammatory effect of drugs on rat model.
7. Handling of experimental animals: mice and rat.
32
8. Different routes of administration of drugs in experimental animals.

B. Pharm Year III: Term I

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Engineering I
Course Code: PHAR 3109
Credits: 3

1. The fundamentals of unit operation

a) Fluid flow, b) Heat transfer, c) Mass transfer
2. Size reduction and size separation: Definitions, principles of size reduction, objectives of size
reduction, factors affecting size reduction; principles, laws and factors affecting energy
requirements, different methods of size reduction, study of hammer mill, fluid energy mill and
disintegrator; various methods and equipments employed for size separation e. g., sieving,
sedimentation, centrifugal elutriation, microscopic methods.
3. Mixing:
a) Solid-solid mixing- Importance, fundamentals, batch homogeneity, types of solids-mixing
machines, mixing mechanisms and operations, double cone, twin shell, horizontal drum,
double-cone revolving around long axis, ribbon, vertical screw, batch muller, continuous
muller, twin rotor, performance characteristics, selection of machines.
b) Paste mixing- Definition, importance, simple blending, dispersion operations, general
equipment design, standard types of equipment and operations, change-can mixer, change-can
mixer with planetary motion, change-can mixer with rotating turntable, troy angular mixer,
duplex mixer, stationary-tank mixer, kneader, mullers, three-roll mill, selections of process and
mixer.
c) Liquid mixing- Definition, importance, mixing equipment, axial and radial flow, mechanisms,
flow patterns, impellers, flat-blade and curves-blade turbines, spiral turbines, paddles, gate
impellers, anchor impellers, different fixed-mounted and portable positions, shaft lengths,
baffled and unbaffled tanks, vortex formation and its control, costs, selection of impeller.
4. Drying: Definition, importance of drying, terminology, theory and fundamental concepts, periods
of drying, constant rate period, falling rate period, critical moisture content, equilibrium moisture
content, classification, direct, indirect, radiation, batch and continuous, dielectric, types of beds-
static, moving, fluidized, pneumatic bed systems, different drying equipments, construction,
operation, merits, demerits, tray dryer, through-circulation dryer, pneumatic conveying, rotary
dryer, spray dryer, tunnel dryer, steam tube rotary dryer, agitated pan dryer, vacuum rotary dryer,
selection of drying equipment, preliminary dryer selection, drying tests, final selection.
Freeze drying:​ Definition, application, basic principles, and basic elements.
5. Material Handling System:
a) Liquid handling: Different types of pump.
b) Gas handling: various types of fans, blowers & compressors.
c) Solid handling: bins, bunkers, conveyors, and air transport.
6. Materials for construction: General study of pharmaceutical plant construction materials,
Properties & applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel &
glass, Fundamental of corrosion, mechanism of corrosion, test of corrosion, corrosion resistance.

33
 B. Pharm Year III: Term II
Course Title: Veterinary and Agro-Pharmaceuticals
Course Code: PHAR 3111
Credits: 2

1. Chemistry, applications and toxicity of commonly used pesticides.

2. Cattle:
a) Introduction, classification, indications, contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug
interaction of common drugs used for cattle diseases.
b) Bovine and goat reproduction and pediatrics.
c) Respiratory diseases and management.
d) Lactation problems and management of the cattle.
e) Musculoskeletal problems and management of the cattle.
f) Cattle nutrition and integument.
g) Vaccines available for cattle.
h) Common routes of administration in cattle.
i) Principle of dose determination.
j) Preparation and administration of dosage forms for cattle diseases.
3. Birds & poultry:
a) Introduction, classification, indications, contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug
interaction of common drugs used for poultry diseases.
b) Poultry reproduction and pediatrics.
c) Vaccines available for poultry and their mechanism of action.
d) Common diseases of poultry and their management.
e) Parasite control in poultry.
f) Common routes of administration in poultry.
g) Principle of dose determination.
h) Preparation and administration of dosage forms for poultry diseases.
4. Pet animals, dog, cat, etc.
a) Common diseases in pet animals and their management.
b) Food supplements for dogs and cats
c) Vaccines available for pet animals and their mechanism of action.
5. Some common veterinary formulations available in Bangladesh.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Field work
Course Code: PHAR 3112
Credits: 1

Field work:​ Pharmaceutical Industry visit (a day long program)

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control II
Course Code: PHAR 3201
Credits: 3

1. Visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometry: Introduction, electromagnetic radiation, units,

electromagnetic spectra and absorption of radiation, Lambert’s and Beer’s law, deviations from
Lambert-Beer law, instrumentation, colorimetry, chromophores and auxoochromes, analysis of

34
 mixtures, absorption and intensity shifts, applications of ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy in
quantitative analysis of drugs.
2. High performance liquid chromatography: Principle, instrumentation, characteristics of
stationary and mobile phases, reversed phase chromatography, retention time (tR), retention
volume (vR), special techniques, precautions, detectors, applications.
3. Gas chromatography: Principle, theoretical consideration, methodology, detectors, applications,
GCMS.
4. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:​1​HNMR spectroscopy: Introduction and theory,
relaxation process, instrumentation, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, different spin systems,
coupling constants, spin-spin decoupling, long range coupling; Two dimensional NMR
spectroscopy, nuclear over hauser effect, 2D correlated (COSY) and 2D Nuclear over hauser
enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY), HMBC, HMQC.
13​
5. C NMR spectroscopy:​ Introduction, principle, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, applications.
6. Mass spectrometry: Introduction, theory, the mass spectrum, recognition of molecular ion,
isotopic peaks, ionization techniques- electron impact, chemical ionization, fast atom bombardment
etc.; fragmentation pattern; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes,
ketones, acids, esters, amides etc.; analyzing techniques-magnetic sector, quadrupole;
determination of molecular formula, applications of mass spectrometry.
7. Atomic absorption spectroscopy: Theory, instrumentation and application in quantitative
analysis.
8. Potentiometric titration: Introduction, theory and principles, electrochemical cells and halfcells,
electrodes, measurement of potential, application of potentiometric titration.
9. Polarography and amperometric titration: Introduction, theoretical considerations,
instrumentation, general polarographic analysis, amperometric titration using one and two
electrodes.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3202
Credits: 1

1. Analysis of various classes of drugs from the pharmaceutical preparation by

a) Thin layer chromatography
b) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
2. Detection of medicinal substances by infrared spectroscopy.
3. Separation of chemical compounds by thin layer chromatography.
4. Estimation of aspirin by UV spectrophotometric method.
5. Determination of protein concentration in tissue preparation by UV-Vis spectrometry.
6. Estimation of ferrous fumerate from iron capsule.
7. Determination of potency of atenolol in the tablet by volumetric and conductometric method.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Medicinal Chemistry II
Course Code: PHAR 3203
Credits: 3

1. Drug Design and Discovery:

35
 a) Drug design: Definition, purposes and factors governing of drug design, Interpretation of SAR
of small molecules (sulfa drugs), Design of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
b) Drug discovery: Discovery of new drugs without leads, Lead discovery strategies,
Requirements for identification of lead compounds, Principle and development of rational drug
design (Cimetidine) and Role of biotechnology in drug design.
c) Drug Development: Objectives, Pharmacophore, Patterns and SAR of drug development from
natural sources, Modification synthetic analogues (Variation of Substituents, Bioisosterism,
Homologation, Chain Branching and Ring variation).
d) Drug Design for Pharmacokinetics Problems: Metabolic blockers, Prodrugs, Sentry drugs,
‘Search and destroy’ drugs, Self-destruct drugs, Drug distribution and survival of drugs.
e) Introduction of Computational Molecular Modeling of Drug Design: Quantitative Structure
Activity Relationships (QSAR): Physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electronic
effects, steric factors, solvent accessible surface area etc), Application of QSAR ( Hansch
equation, Hammett relationships) on biological systems.
2. Chemistry, mode of action, SAR and synthesis of
a) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
b) Psychotropic drugs and antidepressants
c) Antidiabetic drugs
d) Antihypertensive drugs (β- Blocker)
e) H​2 -​ Blocker
f) Semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, and quinolone derivatives
g) Oral contraceptives and steroidal hormones.
3. Drug metabolism: Introduction, drug metabolism pathways, sites of drug metabolism, relationship
between structure and extent of metabolism, metabolism of various groups of drugs, factors
affecting drug metabolism, methods of studying drug metabolism, drug metabolism and drug
design, prodrug.
4. Combinatorial chemistry :
a) Combinatorial synthesis- Introduction to drug discovery process
b) Library synthesis on resin beads – solid phase chemistry, resin beads, speeding up of peptide
synthesis, mix and split library synthesis
c) Solution phase combinatorial synthesis,
d) Encoded combinatorial synthesis- encoded requirements, examples of tagged libraries
e) Solid phase library, chemistry of linkers, carboxylic acid linkers, carboxamide linkers, alcohol
linkers, amine linkers, traceless linkers, light cleavable linkers, selected solid phase chemistry
f) Combinatorial chemistry- applications and impact on drug discovery.
5. Toxicity studies of drugs: Adverse drug reactions and drug toxicity, principles of toxicology,
types of toxic reactions, descriptive toxicity tests in animals.
6. Name Reactions:​A detailed study of the important name reactions with their application in drug
synthesis:HofmanMannic, Michael, and various methods of oxidation and reduction like
Oppenauer, Wolf-Kishner, Meerwein-Pondroff-Verley, Reimer-timenn, Vilsmeier-Haak, Drazen
condensation, Brich reduction, Clemmensen reduction, Gattermann-Koch and Sandmeyer reaction.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Medicinal Chemistry II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3204
Credits: 1

1. Synthesis and characterization of different compounds of medicinal importance:

a) Nicotinamide
b) Isoniazid
c) Tramodol
d) Celecoxib
36
 e) Trimethoprim
2. Preparation of different analogs of drugs by:
a) Acetylation
b) Methylation
c) Oxidation
d) Reduction
3. Extraction of metabolic enzymes from liver and their effects.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Technology III
Course Code: PHAR 3205
Credits: 3

1. Parenteral products: Route of administration, selection of vehicles, added substances, containers,

suspension and emulsion for injections, production facilities, environmental control, personnel,
cleaning of containers and closures, sterilization of equipment, compounding the products,
filtration of solutions, filling and sealing procedures, sterilization of products, various quality
control tests for parenteral products.
2. Capsules:
a) Hard Gelatin Capsules: Definition and classification, advantages and limitations of capsule
dosage form, gelatin and its manufacture, manufacture of hard capsule shells, properties of
capsules, formulation of capsules, capsule filling machines, tooling and accessories. Problems
in capsule manufacturing, quality control methods of capsules, packaging of capsules.
b) Soft Gelatin Capsules: Definitions and classifications, advantages and limitations, properties,
formulation, manufacturing, quality control and packaging of soft capsules. Problems and
remedy of soft capsule manufacturing.
3. Microencapsulation technology: Purpose, methods of preparation, evaluation, pharmaceutical
and biological applications of microencapsulation process.
4. Ophthalmic Preparation: Requirements, formulation, preservatives and choice thereof, methods
of preparation, containers and evaluation.
5. Design and operation of clean rooms: Source of contamination, classification of clean rooms,
airflow systems-conventional flow, unidirectional flow, laminar, airflow units; air filtration
mechanisms, fibrous filters and HEPA filters, temperature and humidity control, building,
construction and use, personnel, protective clothing, cleaning and disinfection, commissioning
tests of clean and aseptic rooms, routine monitoring tests, the operation of clean and aseptic rooms,
key factors in clean room operations.
6. Packaging technology: Purpose of packaging, properties of packaging materials, factors
influencing choice of package, advantages and disadvantages of different packaging materials,
glass and glass containers, metal and metal containers, plastic and plastic containers, films, foils
and laminates, rubber based materials, closures, tamper resistant packaging, testing and quality
assurance of packaging materials, different packaging machines and accessories, organization of
packaging line, labeling.
7. Pilot plant study and scale-up techniques: Introduction, selected factors to be considered during
development, types of organizational structures responsible for pilot operations, educational
backgrounds of pilot plant personnel, pilot plant design for tablet development, paper flow between
37
 research, quality control, and production, use of the pilot plant scale-up to select the optimal
procedure, problems caused by a change in excipients supplier, process variables and measures to
overcome, selected process development projects of current interest, additional pilot plant
responsibilities.
8. Appraisal of drug product quality and performance: Introduction, purity and identity of active
ingredient, content uniformity, chemical stability, physical stability, bioavailability, inequivalent
bioequivalence, relationship between in vitro tests and bioequivalence, factors influencing
bioavailability data, quality control, manufacturer’s reliability, manufacturer/ drug information
profile.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Technology III Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3206
Credits: 1

1. Capsules: Preparation of amobarbital capsule B.P and tests for uniformity in weight in capsules.
2. Filling and sealing of hard gelatin capsules.
3. Quality control of capsules.
4. Leakage test of packaging of capsules.
5. Preparation of water for injection.
6. Evaluation of parenteral products like clarity test, pyrogen test, microbial test, isotonicity
determination.
7. Evaluation of ophthalmic preparation: microbial test, pH determination, isotonicity determination.

B. Pharm Year III: Term ​II

Course Title: Pharmacology III
Course Code: PHAR 3207
Credits: 3

1. Modes and mechanisms of drug action:

a) Basic concept of drug action
b) Physico-chemical nature of drugs
c) Drug receptors
d) Receptor and non receptor mechanism of drug action
e) Macromolecular nature of drug receptors
f) Relationship between drug concentrations versus response: Concentration-effect curve and
receptor binding of agonist, competitive and irreversible antagonism, partial agonists,
receptor-effector coupling and spare receptors, other mechanisms of drug antagonism.
g) Signalling mechanisms and drug action; G-proteins and second messangers; well-established
second messangers such as cyclic-AMP, calcium and phosphoinositides and cyclic GMP;
interplay among signaling mechanisms.
h) Receptor classes and drug development
i) Relation between drug dose and clinical response: Graded dose response relations, shapes of
dose-response curve, quantal dose-effect curve, variation in drug responsiveness, beneficial
versus toxic effects of drugs.
2. Antibacterial and antifungal agents: Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action,
structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, dose, adverse
effects and drug interaction of following individual classes of drugs:
38
 a) Drugs which interface with synthesis and action of folate: Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
b) β- Lactum antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins etc.
c) Drugs affecting bacterial protein synthesis: Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides,
Macrolides.
d) Drugs affecting the enzyme topoisomerase-1, fluoroquinolones.
e) Miscellaneous antibacterial Agents: Glycopeptide antibiotics, Polymixin antibiotics, Bacitracin,
Nitrofurantoin.
f) Antitubercular agents: Streptomycin, Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide,
Capreomycin ,Thiacetazone.
g) Antileprosy drugs: Dapsone, Rifampicin, Clofazimine
h) Antifungal agents.
3. Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory drugs:
a) Non-narcotic analgesic- salicylates, pyrazolone derivatives, para-aminophenol derivatives,
propionic acid derivatives, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, diclofenac;
b) Narcotic analgesics - opium alkaloids, morphine antagonists, synthetic & semisynthetic opiates.
4. Anesthetics:​ Introduction and classification.
a) Local anesthetics: History, mechanism of action, properties, SAR, pharmacological action and
fate, ester and amide types of local anesthetics.
b) General anasthetics. (i) Inhalation anasthetics: nitrous oxide, halothane, enflurane,
isoflurane&sevoflurane (ii) Intravenous anesthetics: barbiturates, benzodiazepines & opioid
analgesics, propofol, ketamine.
5. Cardiovascular drugs:
a) Functions and diseases of heart: Arrhythmia, atheroma, ischemia, angina pectoris, coronary
thrombosis, myocardial infarction, arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, hypertension and
congestive heart failure.
b) Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action, structure-activity relationship,
pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug interaction of
following individual class of drugs:
i. Antihypertensive drugs
ii. Antiarrhythmic drugs
iii. Diuretics
iv. Drugs used in heart failure
v. Drugs used in angina and myocardial infarction.
6. Antidiabetic drugs:
a) Introduction to diabetes, classification, causes, complications and treatment of diabetes,
hypoglycemia, causes and treatment, relationship between stroke and diabetes, causes of stroke,
insulin resistance, management of diabetes mellitus, glucagon structure, mechanism, and uses.
b) Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, indications,
contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug interaction of following individual classes of
drugs:
i. Oral hypoglycemic agents: sulfonylureas, biguanides.
ii. Hormone preparations: Insulin

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics I
Course Code: PHAR 3209
Credits: 3
1. Introduction to Biopharmaceutics: ​Biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, clinical
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicokinetics, measurement of drug concentrations, and
interpretation of drug-plasma level curve.
2. Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs:
39
 a) Biological consideration: Membrane physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, mechanism of
absorption etc.
b) Physicochemical consideration: pKa and gastrointestinal absorption, pH partition theory and
other physicochemical factors.
c) Dosage form consideration: Role of different dosage forms like solution, suspension, tablet,
capsule, emulsion etc. on gastrointestinal absorption.
d) Disintegration and dissolution of drugs.
3. Distribution of drugs:
a) Important Pharmacokinetic parameters such as biological half-life, apparent volume of
distribution, area under the curve, elimination rate constant etc.
b) Interpretation of drug-plasma level curve.
c) Drug-protein interaction: Theoretical aspect of protein-drug interaction, methods used for
protein binding, identification of drug binding sites, kinetics of protein binding, determination
of binding sites and association constant, factors affecting protein binding, effects of protein
binding on drug distribution, elimination and pharmacological effects of drugs.
4. Drug clearance:
a) Theoretic aspects of drug elimination, excretion and biotransformation.
b) Renal elimination: Glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption,
determination of renal clearance.
c) Hepatic elimination: Biotransformation of drugs, drug biotransformation reactions,
pharmacokinetics of drugs and metabolites (MichelisMentenEquation), first pass effect, liver
excretion ratio, relation between absolute bioavailability and liver excretion, hepatic clearance-
relationship between blood flow, intrinsic clearance and hepatic clearance, Hepatic clearance of
a protein bound drug (effect of protein binding on hepatic clearance).
d) Biliary excretion of drugs.
5. Pro-drug and chemical delivery systems: Eye as a target organ, chemical delivery systems, CDS,
for eye skin, CDS for kidney, lugs as a target organ, colon targeting, CDS for liver targeting,
lymphatic targeting, brain as a target organ for CDS, tumor targeting by CDS, antibody and
enzyme based tumor targeting.
6. Determination of bioavailability and bioequivalence: Definitions, purpose of bioavailability
studies, relative and absolute availability, methods for assessing bioavailability, measures of
bioequivalence study and single dose bioequivalence study and relevant statistics, review of
regulatory requirements for conducting bioequivalence study.
7. Biopharmaceutical considerations in drug product design: Rate-limiting steps in drug
absorption, pharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, physicochemical nature of the drug,
formulation factors affecting drug dissolution, in vitro dissolution testing, compendial methods of
dissolution, methods for testing enteric-coated products, meeting dissolution requirements,
problems of variable control in dissolution testing, in vitro-in vivo correlation of dissolution.
8. Drug product selection on the basis of bioavailability testing.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics I Lab
Course Code: PHAR 3210
Credits: 1
1. Establishment of standard curve of a drug substance.
2. Weight variation, hardness and friability, disintegration and dissolution tests of tablets.
3. Influence of vehicle on drug availability from topical dosage forms in-vitro.
4. Release of drug from suppository base.
5. Comparative in-vitro release rate studies of marketed formulations.

40
 B. Pharm Year III: Term II
Course Title: Pharmaceutical Engineering II
Course Code: PHAR 3211
Credits: 3

1. Refrigeration and Air conditioning:

a) Refrigeration: Definition, pharmaceutical application, refrigerators design, mechanism of
cooling, refrigerants, brine selection, pharmaceuticals needing refrigerated storage.
b) Air conditioning: Definition, importance, pharmaceutical application, differences between air
conditioner & air cooler, comfort zone, different types of air conditioners, selection of an air
conditioner, design of an air conditioned room, pharmaceuticals needing air conditioning.
c) Humidity: Terminology (absolute humidity, relative humidity, dew point, humid heat, humid
volume, wet bulb temperature and adiabatic saturation temperature), relationship between wet
bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, humidifier, dehumidifier, uses of psychometric
charts, measurement of humidity and applications of humidity control.
d) HVAC ​details.
2. Heat processes:
a) Evaporation: Factors affecting evaporation, study of evaporating stills and evaporating pans,
heat transferring evaporators, vapor compression evaporators and evaporation under reduced
pressure, operations of rotary evaporator.
b) Distillation: Importance of distillation in pharmacy, methods of distillation, brief introduction
to freeze drying, sublimation, desiccation and exsiccation, efflorescence and its importance.
3. Filtration: Definition, importance of filtration, difference with expression, sedimentation and
drying, classification of filters, theory of filtration, filter media, filter aids, filter thickeners,
different filtration equipment, construction, operation, merits, demerits, the gravity nutsche,
delpark industrial filter, bag filters, sand filters, plate and frame press, recessed plate filter press,
eimco-burwell plates and frames, readco short cycle filter, vertical pressure leaf filter, horizontal
plate filter, industrial tubular filter, Rodney hunt pressure filter, Moore filter, vacuum-flow suction
leaf filter, string discharge filter, clarifying filters, selection of filtration equipments.
4. Centrifugation: General principles, magnitude of centrifugal force, materials of construction,
critical speed, sedimentation centrifuges, filtering centrifugals, centrifuge auxiliaries, drive
mechanisms, feed and discharge lines, feed treatment, costs, selection of centrifugal separators.
5. Lay out plan of pharmaceutical manufacturing plant: Guidelines for selecting new plant sites,
pharmaceutical layout plan and designing, USFDA guidelines for production facilities.
6. Pharmaceuticals and environment: Effluent treatment plant (ETP), water treatment process
(WTP), predictive hazard and risk assessment of pharmaceutical mixtures, environmental risk
assessment of pharmaceuticals, green pharmacy concept, advanced sewage treatment — technical
and economical feasibility, safety regulations.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: Molecular Biology I
Course Code: PHAR 3213
Credits: 2

1. Nucleic acids: Structure, isolation, purification, molecular weight determination, chemical and
enzymatic hydrolysis & hybridization.
2. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
a) Replication, b) Transcription, c) Genetic code, d) Translation e) Structure of protein,
important domains and their function.
3. Restriction Enzymes:​ Sources, specificity, digestion of DNA fragments by restriction Enzymes.
4. Techniques in Molecular Biology: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequence techniques,
southern, Northern & Western blotting, agarose gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, RT-PCR, Invitro
kinase assay, Realtime PCR, Reverse Transcriptase, Alkaline lysis method to isolate DNA.
41
5. Gene Manipulation: Joining of DNA molecules, cohesive and blunt end joining, addition of
linker, adapters &homopolymers. method of construction of gene bank, cDNA library construction,
Cloning of a particular fragment of gene in different vector, expression in the recombinant DNA
molecules.
6. Mutation: Types of mutation, molecular mechanism of mutation, site specific mutagenesis,
mutation hot spot, DNA repair mechanism, inheritant mutation disease.

B. Pharm Year III: Term II

Course Title: ​Viva Voce
Course Code: PHAR 3215
Credits: 1

An oral examination based on the syllabus of third year (Term I and II), will be taken after the
semester final examination.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Technology IV
Course Code: PHAR 4101
Credits: 3
1. Sustained release drug delivery systems: ​Principles; advantages, limitations and types of SR
dosage forms; classification and types of SR dosage forms; methods of obtaining SR; effects of
drugs; formulation and manufacturing of SR tablets; novel chemical approaches for sustained drug
delivery; drug release mechanisms from SR dosage forms; evaluation of SR dosage forms; dose
calculation for SR dosage forms.
2. Site-specific drug delivery:
a) Drug delivery to brain: Introduction, cell biology and anatomy of blood brain barrier (BBB),
limitation in brain uptake of drugs, transport through BBB, factors affecting drug permeation
through BBB, brain drug delivery strategies, small colloidal particles for brain targeting, future
prospects.
b) Drug delivery to tumour: Introduction, molecular targets for tumour therapy, immunotherapy of
tumour, molecular approaches in tumour therapy, gene therapy, tumour targeting and drug
delivery systems, future perspectives.
c) Drug delivery to bone marrow: Introduction, anatomy and physiology of bone marrow, bone
marrow transplantation, bone marrow targeting, haemopoietic cytokines as homing molecules,
colloidal carriers for bone marrow targeting, monoclonal antibodies and immunoconjugates for
ex vivo drug delivery, future trends.
3. Novel Drug Delivery System: ​Different types of drug effects seen after percutaneous drug
delivery; percutaneous absorption; factors affecting percutaneous absorption; transdermal drug
delivery systems; advantages, disadvantages, design features and objectives of TDS; general
consideration in the use of transdermal drug delivery system; examples of transdermal systems in
use; nanoparticles; mucoadhesives; nasal, vaginal, buccal and sublingual preparations; multiple
emulsion and solid dispersion.
4. Pharmaceutical aerosols for pulmonary drug delivery: ​Definition and classification of aerosols;
propellants for aerosol manufacturing; components of aerosol formulations; inhalation aerosols and
the importance of size distribution; methods of aerosol size analysis; containers and valves for
aerosols; manufacturing of aerosols; metered dose delivery of aerosols; containers, propellants,
metering valve, formulating MDIs, filling MDI canisters; advantages and disadvantages of MDIs;
spacers and breath-actuated MDIs; dry powder inhalers (DPIs); formulating DPIs; nebulizers, jet
nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers, formulating nebulizer fluids, cascade impactors and impingers;
testing and quality assurance of aerosols.
5. Delivery of pharmaceutical proteins: ​Sources of pharmaceutical proteins, specific challenges;
formulation of pharmaceutical proteins for parenteral administration; stability issues, physical
instability, chemical instability, excipients used, microbiological requirements; analytical
42
 techniques to characterize proteins; administration of pharmaceutical proteins, routes of
administration and release control.

Recommended Books:
1. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy - Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Liberman, Joseph L.
Kanig, 3rd edition, Varghese Publishing House Inc.
2. Sprowl’s American Pharmacy - Lewis W. Dittert, 7th edition, J. B. Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia.
3. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage form Design - Michael Aulton, 1993, E.L.B.S., London.
4. Remington’s The Science & Practice of Pharmacy - Alfronso R. Gennaro, 20th edition, Mack
Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania.
5. Modern Pharmaceutics - Gilbert S. Banker and Christopher T. Rhodes, Drug & Pharmaceutical
Science.
6. Novel Drug Delivery Systems – Yie W. Chien, 2​nd​ edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
7. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems - Howard C. Ansel, 6th edition, B. I.
Waverly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Pharmacology IV
Course Code: PHAR 4103
Credits: 3

1. Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system:

a) Cholinergic drugs
b) Anticholinergic drugs
c) Adrenergic drugs
d) Antiadrenergic drugs
2. Drugs acting on central nervous system:
a) Sedatives and hypnotics
b) CNS stimulants
c) Antiperkinsonian drugs
d) Antimigrane drugs
3. Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Drugs: ​Classification, mode of action and pharmacological
actions of antipsychotic and antidepressant Drugs; indications, toxicities and contraindications of
chlorpromazine, benzodiazepam, TCA, MAO inhibitors etc.
4. Antiepileptic Drugs: ​Types of seizures; mode of action of antiepileptic drugs; indications,
toxicities and contraindications of phenytoin, phenobarbitone, mephobarbitone, carbamazepine,
valproic acid, gabapentin, lamotrigine, vegabatrin, benzodiazepines, trimathadone.
5. Antineoplastic Drugs: ​Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids, taxanes antibiotics,
cisplatin, carboplatin, etoposide.
6. Antiviral Drugs: ​Anti-herpes virus, antiretro virus, anti-influenza virus, nonselective antiviral
drugs.
7. Immonosuppressive agent and gene therapy: ​Cytotoxic drugs, glucocorticoids, antibodies,
specific T-cell inhibitors, gene modification, gene transfer, application.
8. Hormone therapy:​Biochemistry and mode of action of hormones; hormones as drugs; selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitor; types of chemical signal; rule of hormone; mechanism of hormone
action; interaction between hormones; hormone therapy; bio-identical hormones; hormones
replacement therapy; risk, benefits and alternative of hormone replacement therapy.

43
9. Enzymes in Therapy: ​General properties of enzymes and their mode of actions; activators,
inhibitors and cofactors; enzymatic basis of drug action; enzymes of pharmaceutical importance;
their production, preparation, formation, use and assay methods.
10. Drugs affecting the uterine motility: ​Oxytocin, prostaglandin, ergot alkaloid, tocolytics.
11. Ophthalmology: ​Anatomical consideration, corneal grafting, cataract formation, contact lens,
drugs used in the treatment of eye disorders (microbial and viral diseases).
12. Vitamins: ​Water soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
13. Pharmacological Studies of Various Groups of Drugs:
a) Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis:
I. Chemotherapeutics: INH, para-aminosalicylic acid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, etc.
II. Antibiotics: gentamicin, rifampicin, streptomycin, etc.
b) Antidiarrhoeal agents: ORS, tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamide, loperamide and
spasmodic drugs, etc.
c) Drugs used in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Recommended Books:
1. Goodman & Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics - Hardman, Joel G., 10th edition,
Mcgraw-Hill Incorporated.
2. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology - Bertram G. Katzung, 9th edition, McGraw Hill Companies.
3. Clinical Pharmacology - D. R. Laurence, P. N. Bennett and M. J. Brown, 9th edition, Churchill
Livingstone.
4. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Roger walker and Clive Edwards, 3rd edition, Churchill
Livingstone.
5. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology: K. D. Tripathi.
6. Pharmacology - H. P. Rang, M. M. Dale and J. M. Ritter.
7. Lipponcott’s Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology - R. A. Harvey and P. C. Champe.
8. Principles of Drug Action, The Basis of Pharmacology - A. Goldstein and L. Aronow.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Pharmacology III Lab
Course Code: PHAR 4104
Credits: 1

1. Determination of plasma proteins by the Biuret Method (Method of Reinhold).

2. Determination of paracetamol in blood by colorometric method.
3. Estimation of cholesterol in human blood by enzymatic and chemical method.
4. Estimation of indometacin in human blood by spectrophotometric method.
5. Effect of digitalis, adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline on test animal.
6. Effect of CNS stimulants, CNS depressants on test animal.
7. Estimation of glucose in blood in normal condition and after administration of insulin.
8. Determination of plasma protein by burette method.
9. Microbiological assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
10. Spectrophotometric estimation of blood pigments.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics II
Course Code: PHAR 4105
Credits: 3
44
1. Introduction: ​Importance of pharmacokinetics in bioavailability and clinical practice; concepts,
definition and explanation of terminologies used.
2. Compartment models:
a) One compartment open model: Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and
urine data after intravenous injection and oral administration from one compartment open
model; calculation of apparent volume of distribution; calculation of K from urinary excretion
data.
b) Multiple-Compartment models: (i) Two compartment open model - method of residuals,
apparent volumes of distributions; drug in tissue compartment; elimination rate constant;
dosage adjustment in patients with and without renal failure (ii) Three compartment open
model: method of residuals; determination of area under curve; apparent volumes of
distribution; elimination rate constant.
3. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption: ​Zero order absorption model; first order absorption
model; determination of absorption rate constants from oral absorption data: method of residuals
Wagner Nelson method; determination of k​a from two comportment oral absorption data; Loo
Riegelman method.
4. Multiple dosage regimen (MDR): ​Drug accumulation; repetitive intravenous injection; multiple
oral dosage regimens; loading dose; determination of bioavailability and bioequivalence from
MDR.
5. Dosage adjustment in renal diseases:
a) Pharmacokinetic considerations; general approaches for dose adjustment in renal disease; dose
adjustment based on drug clearance; method based on changes in the elimination rate constant;
measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GER); calculation of creatinine clearance from
serum creatinine concentration; dose adjustment based on Nomogram, GiustiHayton method,
Wagner method.
b) Extracorporeal removal of drugs; dialysis.
6. Non-compartmental analysis: ​Physiologic-pharmacokinetic model, statistical moment, means
residence time etc.

Recommended Books:
1. Biopharmaceutics& Clinical Pharmacokinetics- Milo Gibaldi, 4th edition, Le &Febiger,
Philadelphia.
2. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics - Leon Shargel and Andrew B.C.
3. Biopharmaceutics& Clinical Pharmacokinetics- Notari, R. E., 4th editions, Marcel Dekker Inc.
4. Biopharmaceutics& Relevant Pharmacokinetics- T. G. Wagner and M. Pernarowski, 5th edition,
Hamilton Drug Intelligence Publication.
5. Biopharmaceutics& Drug Interactions- Donald E. Cadwallader, 3rd editions, Raven Press,
Newyork.
6. Pharmacokinetics- M. Gibaldi& D. Perrier.
7. Textbook of Physical Pharmaceutics: CVS Subrahmanyam.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics II Lab
Course Code: PHAR 4106
Credits: 1

1. Determination of bioavailability of marketed formulations by plasma concentration analysis.

2. Determination of bioavailability of marketed formulations by urinary excretion method.
3. Determination of relative bioavailability of paracetamol using different dosage forms.
4. Drug release from capsules, suppository base and effect of diluents etc.
5. Effect of protein binding by egg albumin; dialysis method.
45
 6. In-vivo evaluation of parenteral preparation by pyrogen test.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Immunology
Course Code: PHAR 4107
Credits: 3

1. Introduction to immune response: ​Innate and acquired immunity; complement, self and non-self
discrimination and source and chemistry of antigen; immuno regulation and diversity, types of
immunity, infections, pathogenicity and virulence; immunity; hypersensitivity; inflammation;
autoimmunity; cancer immunotherapy; immunodiagnostics and immunological products (vaccines,
toxoids, sera).
2. Innate immunity: ​Non-specific defense of the host: First line and second line of defense; cell
immune system; phagocytosis; inflammation; complement system; interferon.
3. Adaptive immunity: ​Specific defense of the host: Dual nature of adaptive immune system;
antigen; antibody; B-cell and humoral immunity; T-cell and cellular immunity; APC; cytokine;
immunogial memory and type of adaptive immunity.
4. Cells involved in immune system: ​Macrophage and other antigen presenting cells; T cells; B cells
etc.
5. Antibody: ​Classification; chemistry and function; antibody fragmentation and its application.
6. Hypersensitivity: ​Immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.
7. Practical application of Immunology: ​Vaccine, type of vaccine, diagnostic immunity.
8. Effector mechanisms of immune responses: ​Effector mechanisms of phagocytes, natural killer
(NK) cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in immune responses; Cytokines and their roles in
immune responses.
9. Cytokines: ​Definition, types and mechanism in immune system.

Recommended Books:
1. Cellular and Molecular Immunology: Abul K. Abbas, A.H. Lichtman and J.S. Pober
2. Immunology: Ivan Roitt, J. Brostoff and David Male

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
Course Code: PHAR 4109
Credits: 3
A. Pharmaceutical Marketing
1. Basics of Marketing: ​Needs, wants and demands; product, value, cost, satisfaction; exchange,
transaction and relationship; markets, marketing and marketers.
2. Production, Product, Selling and Marketing Concepts: ​Marketing process - selecting marketing
opportunities; targeting the market; product positioning; formulating marketing strategy and plans,
organizing, and implementing and controlling marketing efforts.
3. Market Segmentation: ​Necessity of market segmentation; prescription market-group of doctors;
therapeutic market; OTC market; wholesale market and government market; clinics, NGOs, foreign
market.
4. Formulation of Marketing Strategies: ​Establishing competitive edge; product differentiation;
service differentiation; product positioning; medical treatment problems.
5. New Product Launches: ​Screening; business and medical analysis; organizing launching
program; coordination with regulatory affairs department; manufacturing, purchasing, packaging
design & pricing; advertising agency; training the sales personnel; and post marketing surveillance.
6. Product Life Cycle of Pharmaceutical Products: ​Marketing strategies in different stages;
marketing strategies of market challengers; market followers; market leaders.

46
 7. Drug Supply: ​Planning and management, supply process and its pitfalls, planning for drug supply,
planning models, steps to develop a formulary, predicting drug requirements, procurement cycle
and its methods, designing training programs to improve pharmaceutical logistics.
8. Evaluation and dynamics of physicians: ​Evaluating attitudes of physicians, factors of
evaluation, market dynamics and market size.
B. Pharmaceutical Management
1. Management: ​Nature and purpose; managerial function, roles and skill; social responsibility and
ethics of pharmaceutical managers.
2. Planning: ​Nature, types of plans, planning steps and processes; decision making & controlling
functions of management in different environments.
3. Managerial role of pharmacists: ​Pharmacists in different services of health and pharmaceutical
industry- pharmaceutical production and quality control, marketing and sales, regulatory affairs,
training, medical information services, research and development, hospital pharmacy, community
pharmacy, NGOs, education consultancy.
4. Personnel management and industrial relations: ​Objectives and functions of personnel
department, employment and development of personnel; industrial relations: problems of labor
management relations, causes of industrial disputes; remedies, industrial dispute act; trade union
grievance and grievance handling procedure; causes of grievances and remedies; recruitment
process and technique.
5. Purchasing and store keeping: ​Objectives, organization and responsibilities of purchasing department;
methods and types of purchasing- centralized and decentralized purchasing; types of stores, depot, location and layout
of a store; problems and development.
6. Materials management: ​Materials handling; equipment, inventory management, economic
ordering quantity; ABC analysis; value analysis; classification and codification of stores; obsolete;
surplus and scrap management; lead time; inventory carrying costs; safety stock; solutions to
problems relating to EOQ.

Recommended Books:
1. Basic Principles of Marketing - Jeorge R. Terry.
2. Pharmaceutical Marketing - Smith.
3. Marketing Management - Philips Kottler, 10th edition, Printice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
4. Marketing Strategy: A Global Perspective - Vernon R. Stauble, The Dryden Press.
5. Principles and Methods of Pharmacy Management - H. A. Smith.
6. Pharmaceutical Industrial Management - R. M. Mehta.
7. Personnel management and Industrial Relations - R. S. Davar.
8. Personnel management - Mamoria.
9. Purchasing and Store Keeping - D. R. Gupta, R. K. Rajput.
10. Materials management - Gopalkrisnan,and R. K. Rajput.
11. Quantitative Techniques for Managerial Decision Making - U.K. Srivastava and S. C. Sharma.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Molecular Biology II
Course Code: PHAR 4111
Credits: 2

1. Regulation of Gene Expression:

a) Characterization and identification of cis and trans elements; methodology; mechanism of
transcription repression by methylation; silencers.
b) Prokaryotic gene control: The Jacob-Mondol Model; Bacterial transcription initiation; lactose;
arabinose.
47
 c) Eukaryotic gene control: Purpose and general principle; Molecular mechanism.
2. Gene Replacement and Transgenic Animals: ​Production of knockout and transgenic organisms;
use of knockout animal to study genetic disease.
3. Repair Mechanism of DNA: ​DNA damage; mechanism of different types of DNA repair system
in bacteria and their relation with carcinogenesis.
4. Gene Therapy: ​Central concept of gene therapy; basic molecular mechanism of gene transfer;
prerequisite of human gene therapy; biological basis of gene therapy strategies; vehicles for gene
transfer; clinical gene therapy studies; gene therapy for hereditary disease; gene therapy for cancer;
gene therapy for HIV.
5. Techniques used in Molecular Biology:​Radioimmunoassay (RIA); fluorescence immunoassay
(FIA); luminescence immunoassay (LIA); Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA);
enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT).

Recommended Books:
1. Cellular and Molecular Immunology - Abul K Abbas, Andrew H Lichtman, Jordan S Pober
2. Immunology - Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostoff , David Male
3. Molecular Biology - PC Turner, AG Mclennam, AD Bates
4. Molecular Biology of Cells - Alberst
5. The Cell: A Molecular Approach - Alberts B. et al.
6. Applied therapeutics - Young kodekihble et.al.
7. Hand book of Drug Interaction - Karalliedde&Hanry
8. Molecular Cell Biology - Lodish et al

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Molecular Biology Lab
Course Code: PHAR 4112
Credits: 1

1. Estimation of protein concentration by Lowry method.

2. Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacteria.
3. Agarose-gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids.
4. Estimation of DNA, RNA and oligonucleotides.
5. Determination of bacterial drug resistance by disk diffusion method.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Quality Control & Analytical Method Validation
Course Code: PHAR 4113
Credits: 3

1. Quality control overview: ​Introduction, general information & significance of quantitative and
qualitative analyses in quality control, sampling techniques. Pharmacopoeial tests and
specifications, standardization of pharmaceuticals and formulated products, quality control
systems for drugs and pharmaceuticals, causes of poor quality, theory and basic concepts of
GLP, ISO 9000, ISO 9001, ISO 17025, TQM and ICH.
2. Terminology and validation overview: ​Introduction, terminology used in the validation of
analytical procedures, regulatory basis for process validation.

48
 3. Validation of analytical methods: ​Strategy and parameters for the validation of methods,
verification of standard methods, validation of non-routine methods, analytical validation
within the pharmaceutical environment, validation of standard operating procedures (SOP).
4. Overview of pharmaceutical product development and its associated quality system:
Discovery research, preclinical phase, clinical phases, regulatory submission, quality system for
the analytical development laboratory.
5. Potency method validation: ​Validation practices, strategies and validation parameters,
potency method revalidation, common problems and solutions.
6. Method validation for HPLC analysis​: Introduction, background information, method
validation experiments, common problems and solutions.
7. Bioanalytical method validation: ​Definition of bioanalytical method validation, regulatory
guidance on bioanalytical method validation, current validation practices, common problems
and solutions.
8. Performance verification:
a) Performance verification of HPLC: Introduction, performance verification practices,
operation tips for HPLC performance verification.
b) Performance verification of UV-Vis and IR spectrophotometers: Introduction,
performance attributes practical tips in UV-Vis and IR spectroscopic performance
verification.
c) Performance verification of NMR and MS: Introduction, calibration of spectra, internal
standards, common problems and solutions.
d) Karl fisher apparatus and its performance verification: Introduction, instrumentation,
performance verification, common problems and solutions.
9. Quality control of herbal drugs:​Introduction, detection of adulterants including the presence
of API, determination of foreign matters, development of standardization parameters,
phytoconstituents and their analysis, analytical procedures for some bioactive materials,
screenings of herbal drugs for pesticide residues and other potential contaminants.

Recommended Books
1 Assurance of Quality Pharmaceuticals: M. Shah Nawaz Khan
.
2 Quality control of herbal drugs:Pulok K. Mukherjee
.
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term I

Course Title: Quality Control & Analytical Method Validation Lab
Course Code: PHAR 4114
Credits: 1

1. Calibration of UV spectrophotometer through absorbance and wavelength checks.

2. Determination of the effects of slit width and scanning speed on the UV absorption spectrum
of a given drug.
3. Test of packaging materials, cartons, aluminum foils, films used for blister packing,
ampoules, vials, etc.
4. Testing of containers, closures, liners, glasses and plastics used for packing pharmaceutical
products.

49
 5. Separation and identification of the xanthene derivatives in tea or coffee by HPLC.
6. Assessment of the precision of quantitative measurements using HPLC.
7. Gas chromatographic determination of the composition of fatty acids in fixed oils.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics III
Course Code: PHAR 4201
Credits: 3

1. Biopharmaceutics of Modified Release Drug Products: ​Modified release drug products;

biopharmaceutic factors; dosage form selection, drug release from matrix; advantages and
disadvantages of extended release products; kinetics of control release dosage forms;
pharmacokinetic simulation of extended release products; types of extended release products;
considerations in the evaluation of modified release products; regulatory studies for the evaluation
of in vivo bioavailability data.
2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein Drugs : ​Elimination of
protein therapeutics; distribution of protein therapeutics; pharmacodynamics of protein
therapeutics; protein binding of protein therapeutics; interspecies scaling; heterogeneity of protein
therapeutics; chemical modification of protein therapeutics; immunogenicity.
3. Pharmacogenetics (PGt) and Pharmacogenomics (PGx): ​Introduction; polymorphisms; adverse
drug reactions related to genetic differences; genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism, transport
and drug targets; PK/PD considerations and PGt/PGx.
4. Intravenous Infusion: ​One compartment model drugs; two compartment model drugs; infusion
plus loading dose.
5. Non-Linear pharmacokinetics: ​Special reference to one compartment model after intravenous
drug administration; MichaelesMenton equation; detection of non-linearity; saturation mechanism.
6. Relationship between pharmacokinetic and therapeutic responses: ​Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics, relation of dose to pharmacologic effect, relation between dose and duration of
activity, effect of dose and elimination half-life on the duration of activity, rate of drug absorption
and pharmacodynamic response, drug tolerance and physical dependency, drug distribution and
pharmacologic response.

Recommended Books:
1. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics - Shargel and Andrew B.C. Yu.
2. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics - Milo Gibaldi.
3. Biopharmaceutics and Drug action - Donald E. Cadwallader.
4. Pharmacokinetics for the Non-mathematical - Bourne, Triggs and Eadie.
5. Textbook of Physical Pharmaceutics - CVSSubrahmanyam.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology III
Course Code: PHAR 4203
Credits: 3

1. Introduction of Biotechnology: ​History and different dimension of biotechnology; application of

biotechnology in medicine, foods, forensic science, microbial and plant genetics.
2. Molecular biotechnology: ​Cell; gene expression; specific DNA techniques.
3. Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins: ​Protein structure; protein
folding; protein crystallography; analytical techniques; approaches for rate controlled and target
site specific delivery of proteinous drugs.

50
4. Fermentation Technology: ​Introduction to fermentation technology, improvement of industrial
strains of microorganisms, fermentative, medium and inoculum development, biological products
obtained from fermentation.
5. Recombinant DNA Technology and Production of Biotech Compounds: ​Basic principle;
genetic recombination- cloning, gene expression, restriction endonuclease, ligase and other
enzymes used in gene cloning; cloning vectors; transfection method; knock out and transgenic
animals; cultivation and downstream processing; issues to consider in production and purification
of proteins.
6. Formulation of biotech products: ​Microbiological considerations; excipients used in parenteral
formulations of biotech products; routes of administration and absorption enhancement; stability,
bioavailability and designing drug delivery systems for biotechnological products.
7. Pharmaceutical Production: ​Short study of current biotech products- Interleukins and interferons,
insulin, vaccines, monoclonal antibody-based pharmaceuticals, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
trustuzumab; dispensing of biotechnology products- storage temperature requirements, storage in
dosing and administration devices, light protection, handling, mixing and shaking, shipment
requirements, preparation and administration.
8. Gene Therapy: ​Ex vivo versus in vivo gene therapy; potential target diseases for gene therapy;
gene transfer methods; and non-viral gene transfer.
9. Additional biotechnology related techniques:
a) Polymerase chain reaction.
b) Genetically engineered animals for the production of protein drugs.
c) Protein engineering.
d) Nucleic acid technologies, oligonucleotides.

Recommended Books:
1. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology- Daan J.A. Crommelin.
2. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology- S.P. Vyas and V.K. Dixit.
3. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology- K. Sambamurthy and A. Kar.
4. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - W.H. Elliott and Daphne C. Elliott.
5. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Michael J. Groves.
6. Handbook of pharmaceutical biotechnology - Shayne Cox Gad.
7. Biotechnology Theory and Techniques - Lirikjian Su.
8. Proteins Structure and Function - David Whitford.
9. Pharmaceutical Biotechnoligy: SS Purohit, NH Kakrani and AK Saluja.
10. Biotechnology and Genomics: PK Gupta.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Clinical Pathology
Course Code: PHAR 4205
Credits: 3

1. Definition and Scope of Pathology: ​Concept of diseases; General considerations; core and scope
of basic and clinical pathology.
2. General Adaptation, Cell Injury and Cell Death:​Hyperplasia; hypertrophy; atrophy; metaplasia;
necrosis; apoptosis; intracellular accumulation; pathological calcification.
3. Acute & Chronic Inflammation: ​Vascular changes; leukocyte extravasation & phagocytosis;
chemical mediators; causes of chronic inflammation.
4. Tissue Renewal, Regeneration and Repair: ​Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue
growth; cell cycle and the regulation of cell replication; mechanisms of tissue and organ
regeneration; extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions; healing by repair, scar formation
and fibrosis.

51
5. Diseases of the Immune System: ​The normal immune response- innate and adaptive immunity;
components of the immune system- cells, tissues, and selected molecules; hypersensitivity and
autoimmune disorders; rejection of tissue transplants; immunodeficiency syndrome;, amyloidosis.
6. Neoplasia: ​Characteristics, grading and stages of cancer, metastasis, karyotype changes in tumour,
carcinogenic agents and their cellular interaction, oncogenes and cancer, sarcomas.
7. Infectious Diseases: ​Categories of infectious agents; special techniques for diagnosing infectious
agents; new and emerging infectious diseases; agents of bioterrorism; transmission and
dissemination of microbes; how microorganisms cause disease; viral infections; bacterial
infections; fungal infections; parasitic infections.
8. Nutritional diseases:​Maresmus-Kwashiorkor, deficiency states of vitamins and minerals.
9. Diseases of the cardiovascular systems:​Arteriosclerosis; thrombophelibitis; varicose veins;
Congestive heart failure; Ischemia; myocardial infarction; congenital heart disease; rheumatic
fever; rheumatic heart disease; myocarditis.
10. Diseases of the respiratory systems:​Pulmonary congestion; lung abscess; pulmonary
hypertension; bronchitis; asthma; COPD; bronchogenic carcinoma.
11. Diseases of the digestive systems.
12. Diseases of the blood and bone marrow.

Recommended Books:
1. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease - Kumar, Abbas and Fausto.
2. Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists - Russell J Greene, Norman D Harris.
3. Color Atlas of Pathology - Ursus-NikolausRiede, Martin Werner.
4. Practical Pathology and Microbiology - Prof. K. A. Khaleque, Dr. K. Z. Mamun.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Cosmetology
Course Code: PHAR 4207
Credits: 3

1. Raw materials used for cosmetic preparations: ​Surfactants; humectants; antiseptics;

preservatives; antioxidants; herbal materials; perfumes; colors.
2. The manufacture of cosmetics: ​Introduction; mixing and the manufacture of bulk cosmetic
products; solid-solid mixing; manufacture of pigmented powder products; mixing processes
involving fluids; general principles of fluid mixing; mixing equipments for fluids, solid-liquid
mixing; suspension of solids in agitated tanks; liquid-liquid mixing-miscible liquid; immiscible
liquid.
3. Hair care products: ​Introduction to hair structure; shampoos: detergents, additives, formulation of
shampoos; shampoo powders, dry shampoos, liquid dry shampoos, clear liquid shampoos, liquid
cream or lotion shampoos, shampoo pastes or creams, aerosol shampoos, anti-dandruff and
medicated shampoos, conditioning shampoos; safety and quality evaluation of shampoos;
brilliantines and hair oils, hair setting lotions, hair lacquers or sprays, hair bleaches and dyes.
4. Skin care products: ​Introduction to anatomy and physiology of skin; formulation of
cosmetic cream; liquefying cleansing creams; cold cream, cleansing creams, cleansing lotions,
moisturizing creams, all-purpose creams; foundation creams: properties of alkalis, manufacture,
pearliness, stability, perfume, formulations, colored foundation products; skin tonics, sun screen
products​.
5. Color cosmetics:
a) Lipsticks: Purpose and use; composition; formula; manufacture and quality control.
b) Nail products: Powder nail polishes; nail enamels; selection of solvents; additives;
manufacture; enamel removers; nail white; strengtheners and elongators.
52
6. Dental products: ​Anatomical structure of teeth; tooth pastes: cleansing and polishing materials,
detergent and foaming materials, humectants, binding agents, sweetening and flavoring materials,
formulation, manufacture; tooth powders, liquid dentifrices and mouthwashes.
7. Rouges and eye cosmetics: ​Liquid rouges, powder rouges, rouge creams; eye make-up: eyebrow
pencils, eyeshadow, wax or cream bases and sticks, powder eyeshadow, eyeliners, mascara, eye
make-up removers and eye lotion.
8. Personal hygiene products:
a) Shaving creams: Purpose of use; formulation and manufacture; brushless shaving creams;
aerosol shaving lathers; pre-electric shave preparations, electric shave powders.
b) After-shave preparations: Purpose of use; clear lotion; after-shave gel and cream; after-shave
powders.
9. Antiperspirants and deodorants: ​Deodorants; astringents and antiperspirants; antiperspirant
creams and lotion; roll-on antiperspirants; antiperspirants and deodorant sticks; aerosol deodorants.

Recommended Books:
1. Chemistry and Technology of the Cosmetics and Toileteries Industry - D. F. Williams and W. H.
Schmitt, Hardcover 1992, Kluwer Academic Publications.
2. Harry's Cosmeticology - J. B. Wilkinson & R. J. Moore, 7th edition, Longman Scientific &
Technical.
3. Modern Cosmetics: Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. I, II and III - W. A. Poucher, 8th edition,
Chapman & Hall, London.
4. Cosmetics Science and Technology (Vol. 1&2) - M.S.Balsam&E.Sagarin.
5. Preparation and Distribution of Drugs and Cosmetics - S.N. Sahu.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Cosmetology Lab
Course Code: PHAR 4208
Credits: 1
Preparation and quality control tests for:
1. Cold cream, vanishing cream, cleansing lotion and cream, moisturizing cream etc.
2. Hair creams
3. Hair setting lotions
4. Shampoos
5. Hair colorants
6. Shaving creams & after shave lotions
7. Tooth powders & tooth pastes

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicine
Course Code: PHAR 4209
Credits: 3
1. Introduction: ​Definition of functional foods, nutraceutical and herbal medicine, their role in
health care management
2. Food Science and nutrition: ​Overview on medical foods, nutraceuticals, functional foods and
dietary supplements.
3. Food components and nutrition​: Food composition, macronutrients, micronutrients, protein,
carbohydrates, fats and oils vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and fiber-like ingredients, trans fatty
acids and omega 3,6,9 fatty acids, sugar and fat substitutes.
4. Food, nutrition, health and diseases: Relationship of nutrition and health, dietary
guidelines/food pyramid, food habit and obesity, effects of trans and omega 3,6,9 fatty acids on
health and diseases.

53
5. Nutritional Requirements: ​Balanced diet, factors affecting BMR and energy requirements for
different activities, nutritional requirements for different types of physical activities and sports,
nutritional requirements of vulnerable sections such as infants, pregnant and lactating women,
elderly and the dietary management, malnutrition: Occurrence, manifestation, prevention and
therapeutic measures including fortification, formulation of diet and foods for specific needs.
6. Nutraceuticals in herbal products, fruits, vegetables and grains with health benefits: Effects
of nutraceutical on cancer, immune system; phytochemicals and their roles in prevention of
specific diseases; antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory andhypolipedimic herbs and
nutraceuticals.
7. Food processing and food products developments: Food preservation, food irradiation,
fermentation, processing of dairy foods, confectionary foods, cereals and grains, beverages,
special infant foods and formulas, microorganisms in food, food packaging.
8. Food biotechnology: Genetic engineering in improving plant and animal products and improving
food processing.
9. Quality assurance of nutraceuticals, dietary supplements & herbal products: GMPs, hazard
and risk analysis, quality factors, toxicity analysis, shelf life of nutraceuticals, functional foods
and dietary supplements, bioavailability and safety issues of functional foods and
nutraceuticals.Quality control of herbal drugs: detection of adulterants, determination of foreign
matters, determination for pesticides and other potential contaminants.
Recommended Books:
1. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Robert E.C Wildman
2. Functional Foods: Designer Foods, Pharmafoods, Nutraceuticals: Israel Goldberg
3. Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition: Con Kerry Kenneth Stough,
Andrew Scholey
4. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Robert E. C. Wildman
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Industrial Training and Report
Course Code: PHAR 4210
Credits: 2

At the end of the third year, the students will undergo in-plant training program for 4 to 6 weeks in any
pharmaceutical industries. After completion of the training program successfully the students will have
to submit a report to the department.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Clinical Pharmacy
Course Code: PHAR 4211
Credits: 3

1. Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice: Functions and scope. Status of clinical

pharmacy in Bangladesh.
2. Modern Dispensing aspects: Patient compliance, reasons and importance of non-compliance.
Role of pharmacists in improving patient compliance and instructions for the use of some
common drugs. Drug abuse, drug addiction, drug habituation, drug dependence, drug over-dose
and drawback of self-medication.
3. Guidance for special clinical practices: Neonates, children, elderly, terminal care, liver
diseases, renal impairment, pregnancy and lactating mothers.
a) Diagnosis and routine tests for diagnosis, common sources of laboratory errors and role of
pharmacists.
54
 b) Physiological parameters and interpretation of clinical laboratory tests:
(i) Blood chemistry,
(ii) Hematology
(iii) Urinalysis
(iv) Stool, Sputum and CSF examination
4. Manifestations and pathophysiology of the following diseases:
a) Hypertension, b) Diabetes, c) Asthma, e) Hepatitis, f) Anemia, g) Rheumatoid arthritis
5. Drug Interaction: Introduction, mechanism of drug interaction, drug-drug interaction with
reference to analgesics, diuretics, cardiovascular drugs, gastrointestinal agents, vitamins and
hypoglycemic agents. Drug-food interaction.
6. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs): Definition, importance, drug-induced diseases and
teratogenicity.
7. Clinical Toxicity: Poisons, toxins of animal origin, role of poison centers, poisoning incidence,
analysis of poisoning situation, sources and assessment of poison exposure, general treatment of
poisoning. Symptoms and management of poisoning cases with pesticides, fumigants, solvents,
vapors, food toxins and heavy metal poison. Snake poisons, venoms.

Recommended Books:
1. A Textbook of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy:PratibhaNand and R.K. Khar
2. Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy: Anees Ahmed Siddiqul and M. Ali
3. Clinical Biochemistry: J. Marshal and K. Bangert
4. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy: A. R. Gennaro
5. Forensic Pharmacy and Ethics: S.C. Sahajan and J. B. K. Narang
6. Applied Therapeutics: Lloyd Y. Young and M.A. Koda
7. Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy: B. M. Mithal
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.

B. Pharm Year IV: Term II

Course Title: Viva Voce
Course Code: PHAR 4213
Credits: 1
An oral examination based on the syllabus of first year (Term I and II), will be taken after the semester
final examination.

B. Pharm Year V: Term I

Course Title: Disease Management I
Course Code: PHAR 5101
Credits: 2
1. Calculation of creatinine clearance for a patient and classification of their degree of renal
impairment: ​Identification of two drugs which have active metabolites that are renally eliminated;
identification of six drugs for which the dose should be reduced in renal impairment and study
about the clinical consequences of not reducing the dose; hepatic disease that may affect the
disposition and pharmacokinetics of drugs; identification of the most useful indicators to monitor
hepatic function; recommendations on how to choose drugs and/or adjust doses in patients with
hepatic disease.
2. The role and limitations of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in individualizing drug
therapy: ​Identification of five drugs for which TDM may contribute to optimization of therapy;
identification of three parameters which need to be identified in order to ensure appropriate use of
TDM.
3. Drug delivery & administration for each of the following routes of administration: ​The drug
formulations commonly given by that route; the key biopharmaceutical and therapeutic
considerations integral to the route of administration; a clinical condition or situation in which this
55
 may be the preferred route; oral, sublingual, buccal, parenteral; including intravenous,
intra-articular, intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, topical, transdermal, inhalation,
intracular, intranasal, inhalation.
4. Adverse Drug Reactions: ​Definition of an adverse drug reaction (ADR); three key difference
between type A and type B ADRs; six factors which may contribute to the development of an
ADR; thesix most common clinical manifestations of ADRs, for each of the following; two clinical
syndromes and two common causative agents.
a) drug-induced hepatic disease
b) drug-induced renal disease
c) drug-induced skin disorder
d) drug-induced hematological disorder
5. Drug Interactions: ​Six pharmacokinetic mechanisms by which interactions may occur, giving a
clinical example of each; three pharmacodynamic mechanisms by which interactions may occur,
giving a clinical example of each two examples of a drug-food interaction; two examples of a drug
alcohol interaction, one example of a drug-tobacco interaction.
6. Pharmaceutical care in respiratory disease: ​How pharmacists identify patients with undiagnosed
asthma or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); the role of the pharmacists in smoking
cessation; choices of device available to deliver treatments; methods by which patients with asthma
or COPD should be monitored; pharmacists' role in the provision of oxygen therapy for COPD;
problems which may lead to treatment failure.
7. Asthma and COPD: ​Aetiology and pathogenesis; treatments; complications and their
management; factors affecting the choice of drug; dose, formulation and route of administration;
monitoring the beneficial and adverse outcomes of drug therapy.
8. Management and treatment of different psychiatric disorders:​Depression; anxiety; manic
disorder; panic disorder; OCD; schizophrenia and others; management and treatment of drug
abusive patients.

Recommended Books:
1. Disease Management- A guide to clinical pharmacology: Randall, Michael D; Neil, Karen E.
2. Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management - Richard A. Helms, David J. Quan.
3. Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology - Marilyn Winterton Edmunds

B. Pharm Year V: Term I

Course Title: Toxicology
Course Code: PHAR 5103
Credits: 3
1. Basic concepts in toxicology: A course overview, including the assessment of toxic substances, their
impact on health and their target organs, introduction to toxicology, toxicity testing.
2. Toxic responses to drugs and chemicals:​Classification of different types of responses according to
the biochemical basis and manifestation of toxic effect, mechanism of genotoxicity and nongenotoxic
carcinogens.
3. The biotransformation of toxins, their inactivation and removal from the body: An introduction to
biotransformation, the cytochrome p450 system-its function, mechanism of action and regulation;
glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase-its function, mechanism of action and regulation.
4. The mechanism of toxin action: DNA damage and its repair, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, cell
death and apoptosis, nuclear hormone receptor mediated toxicity, peroxisome proliferators and
environmental oestrogens, neurotoxicity, intra cellular free radicals, risk assessment and toxicity
testing.
5. Target organ toxicity:​ Organs and tissue specific toxicity.
6. Pathological and abnormal states:​Effects of various disease processes on drug metabolism,
elimination and toxicity.
7. Genetic differences:​Species and strain differences in experimental animals, genetic polymorphism in
human drug metabolism and development of different toxicities.
56
8. Adverse reactions: Causes of adverse reactions, factors affecting side effects of drugs, drug induced
hepatic dysfunction, drug induced endocrine dysfunction, drug induced disorders of neuromuscular
functions peripheral neuropathy, CNS function.
9. Drug-Interactions: ​Six pharmacokinetic mechanisms by which interactions may occur, giving a
clinical example of each; three pharmacodynamic mechanisms by which interactions may occur,
giving a clinical example of each two examples of a drug-food interaction; two examples of a drug
alcohol interaction, one example of a drug-tobacco interaction.
10. Acute Poisoning: ​The different types of poisoning, the general principles of management of acute
poisoning and the management of poisoning with aspirin, paracetamol and drugs of misuse.
11. Heavy Metal Poisoning: ​Heavy metal poisoning and management

Recommended Books:
1.Handbook of Toxicology: Michael J. Derelanko, Mannfred A. Hollinger,
2. Introduction to Toxicology: John A. Timbrell
3. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology: M. N. Ghosh
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.

B. Pharm Year V: Term I

Course Title: ​Hospital Management
Course Code: PHAR 5105
Credits: 3

Designed later:

B. Pharm Year V: Term I

Course Title: Pharmacy Regulatory Affairs
Course Code: PHAR 5111
Credits: 3
1. Regulations and laws governing the practices of pharmacy in Bangladesh (The Pharmacy Ordinance
1976), role of Pharmacy Community of Bangladesh
2. Policies, sales, regulation and laws concerning to the manufacture, possession, distribution, sale of
drugs and poisons:
3. The Drug Act 1940 (XXIII of 1940)
4. The Drug (Control) Ordinance 1982 (Ordinance No. VIII of 1982), its amendments
5. The Narcotics (Control) Act 1990
6. The National drug policy 2005 for regulation of process of registration, manufacture, distribution,
sale, import, and export of drug in Bangladesh.
7. The Poisons Act 1919 and related amendments, Essential Drug List
8. Approval process, format and registration of pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh.
9. Rules and regulations for controlling poisons and narcotic materials in Bangladesh.
10. Control of drug advertisements and prices, patented and trademarked medicine, proprietary medicine,
regulation of cosmetics and poison control.
11. Schedules of drugs and poisons.
12. The Pharmacist’s code of ethics
13. Professional Ethics: ​Introduction to moral philosophy and ethical principles - attitude and values;
Professional ethics, code of ethics, Professional responsibility and liability, malpractice insurance,
negligence, confidentiality. Professional characteristics and ethical norms, relationship of trust,
ethical considerations during pharmacy practice, deficiencies of self-regulation, adherence of
self-regulation. pharmacist's rights and duty to ensure rational and efficient drug utilization; the rights
of patients (autonomy) patient individuality, informed consent, refusal of treatment, compliance,
confidentiality; Non-maleficence and beneficence "doing good", "not harming the patient", truthful
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 disclosure, nondisclosure and benevolent deception; Socioeconomic concerns conflict between
service to the patient, justice (or fairness) - costs encountered in the delivery of health care.

Recommended Books:
1. The Pharmacy Ordinance, 1976, Ministry of law and parliamentary Affairs, Bangladesh Government,
Dhaka
2. The Drugs (Control) Ordinance, 1982, Ministry of law and land reforms, Bangladesh Government,
Dhaka
3. Drug Policy of Bangladesh Ministry of Health and population Control, Health Division, Dhaka
4. A Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy: B.M. Mithal
5. Pharmacists’ Code of Ethics, Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh, Dhaka
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers

B. Pharm Year V: Term I

Course Title: Research Methodology
Course Code: PHAR 5113
Credits: 3
1. Fundamentals of Research: ​Definition, Objectives, Research question and hypothesis, Research
process, Research problem and Non-research problem, Importance and Types of Research.
2. Research Design: ​Concepts of Research Design,features of good design, development of research
plan, validity in experiments, Importance of research methodology.
3. Methods of research: ​Survey, case study, historical documentary characteristics, advantages,
limitations and techniques, collection of primary data, observation methods, interview method,
questionnaire method, other method, their advantages and disadvantages, designing questionnaire and
structured interview.
4. Sample Design: ​Sample design, Types of sampling procedures, characteristics, requirements of a
good sample, types of random and purposive sampling, systematic sampling, multiphase sampling,
sampling errors.
5. Data processing and analysis: ​Editing: Central editing, field editing, coding and decoding,
tabulation, application of statistics, interpretation of results, graphical representation and problems of
data processing.
6. Manuscript preparation and Report writing: ​Technique of scientific report writing, designing
framework of a research report, drafting report, reviewing, editing, rules for using quotations, Case
studies, web page, references and bibliographies.
7. Evaluation: ​Report evaluation, Techniques of report evaluation and criteria for evaluation of a report.
8. Literature Review: ​Chemical abstract review, Journals related to chemical science.

Recommended Books:
1​. Research Methodology: Ranjit Kumar
2. Research Methodology: Rajender Kumar
3. Methods and Methodology in Composition Research: Gesa Kirsch, Patricia A. Sullivan
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers

B. Pharm Year V: Term II

Course Title: Clinical Research and Pharmacokinetics
Course Code: PHAR 5201
Credits: 3
1. Basic concept and general discussion on clinical research​: Pre-clinical, toxicity studies,
evolution of drugs and regulatory framework. Drugs discovery and development, clinical
data management. ICH, GCP introduction
2. Definition of clinical research​: Guidelines for undertaking clinical trials, data to be
submitted for clinical trials. Structure, content & format for clinical study report, approval
for clinical trials, responsibility of sponsor, investigator & ethical committee.

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3. Animal toxicology: (non-clinical toxicity study), Animal pharmacology, human
pharmacology (phase I), therapeutic exploratory trail (phase II), therapeutic confirmatory
trails (phase III), post marketing trails (phase IV), studies in special population, special
studies: bioavailability /bioequivalence, pharmacovigilance.
4. Introduction and review of pharmacokinetic processes: Kinetics following IV bolus,
define clearance, volume of distribution and elimination half-life, concentration-time profile
following IV bolus, estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters from IV data.
5. Kinetics following IV infusion: Define steady state and describe the concentration-time
profile following IV infusion, estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters following IV
infusion and cessation of infusion.
6. Kinetics following extravascular administration: Describe concentration: time profile of
first order absorption, define absorption rate constant and bioavailability, estimation of
pharmacokinetic parameters following extravascular administration.
7. Kinetics following multiple dosing.
8. Pharmacokinetics of drug molecules in different disease conditions: ​In-vivo and in-vitro
relationship study, detail pharmacokinetics for bioequivalence study of different
formulations, drug-drug interaction study, pharmacokinetics of drug molecules in different
populations.

Recommended Books:
1. Clinical Pharmacokinetics: Amitabh Prakash and Jasbir Singh
2. Clinical Pharmacokinetics: John E. Murphy
3. Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics​: ​Larry Bauer
4. Basic Pharmacokinetics: Sunil S. Jambhekar, Philip J. Breen
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.

B. Pharm Year V: Term II

Course Title: Hospital Training
Course Code: PHAR 5202
Credits: 3

Students must go through rigorous hospital training for a period of three months. Hospital authority will
arrange their visit in each unit of the hospital; will give training about how to manage patients in different
critical conditions, prevention of diseases, use of drugs etc. After completion of training, students will
produce their work through multimedia presentation in the faculty.

B. Pharm Year V: Term II

Course Title: Hospital and Community Pharmacy
Course Code: PHAR 5203
Credits: 3

1. Introduction: Goals, minimum standards, abilities required for a hospital pharmacist. Hospital as
an organization, classification, organizational patterns, management and administration, different
departments and services, role of a pharmacist in the hospital. Hospital pharmacy, organizational
and personnel, supportive personnel, pharmacy education, job descriptions.
2. Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee: Description and purpose, membership and functions.
Hospital formulary, guiding principles, legal basis, principles for admission or deletion of drugs,
selection of text.
3. Investigational Use of Drugs: Description, principles involved, classification, control,
identification, role of hospital pharmacist, advisory committee.
4. Purchasing and Inventory Control: ​Purchasing agent, purchasing procedure, control on
purchases, storage, perishable inventory, physical inventory, perpetual inventory.
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5. Control of Special Classes of Drugs: ​Use of samples, in-patient drug orders, out-patient
prescriptions, ward stock drugs, label symbols. Narcotics and their control, classes, procurement
and execution of order forms, dispensing, hospital narcotic regulations, new systems. Floor stock
drugs, selection, charge and non-charge, labeling, regulations concerning narcotics, inspection of
nursing drug cabinets.
6. Dispensing to In and Out Patients: Drug distribution systems, dispensing of charge, non- floor
stock drugs, mobile dispensing unit, unit dose dispensing, new concepts. Dispensing to out
patients, locality of out-patient dispensing area, dispensing routine, record keeping. Dispensing
during off-hours, use of nursing supervisors, emergency boxes and night drug cabinets,
pharmacist-on-call. Drug charges in hospitals, pricing, and break- even point pricing.
7. Manufacturing-Bulk and Sterile: Control and budget, manufacturing facility and capacity,
operating costs, quality control.
8. Drug Information Centre and Library: ​Physical facilities, selection of contents, methods of
dissemination, role in educational and training programmes, professional education, internal
teaching programmes, external teaching programmes.
9. Community Pharmacy: Concept of community health care, health needs of the community,
different levels of health care, elements of primary health care. Principles of primary health care:
Equitable distribution, community participation, intersectoral coordination, appropriate
technology, health manpower, health care delivery at different levels, community pharmacy in
dealing with communicable diseases problem, nutritional problems, environmental sanitation
problems and indigenous systems of medicine, development of community pharmacy
infrastructure, participation of non-governmental voluntary health agencies. Communication,
counseling for patient compliance, role of pharmacist in community health care and education.

Recommended Books:
1. Hospital Pharmacy: W.E. Hassan
2. A Textbook of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy: PratibhaNand and R.K. Khar
3. Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy:Anees Ahmed Siddiqul and M. Ali
4. Textbook of Community Medicine and Public Health: Rashid, Khabiruddin and Hyder
5. The Essentials of Community Medicine:Selim Reza
6. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine: K. Park
7. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy: A. R. Gennaro
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.

B. Pharm Year V: Term II

Course Title: Project and Dissertation
Course Code: PHAR 5204
Credits: 3
A project: thesis work will be given to the students by the teachers of the department and a dissertation
should be submitted by the students to the department after completing the project. The students will have to
present his/her work using multimedia overhead projector.

B. Pharm Year V: Term II

Course Title: Pharmacy Practice
Course Code: PHAR 5205
Credits: 3

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1. Therapeutic drug monitoring of aminoglycosides and vancomycin in hospitalized patient​:
Assessment of peak and trough concentration of the antibiotics during treatment to avoid
toxicities.
2. Empirical uses of antibiotics in different infections​: Choice of antibiotics on the basis of culture
sensitivity report, antibiotics in clean cut surgery, antibiotics uses in intra-operative surgery.
3. Antibiotic policy in a hospital​: Role of physicians and pharmacist in implementing the antibiotic
policy in a hospital setting.
4. Assessment of medication to the patients undergoing cardiac surgery​: Coronary artery
stenting, closing of atrial septal defect (ASD) through surgery, closing of petentductusarteriosus in
neonates through surgery and medicines used for treatment of petentductusarterious, patient
management in coronary care unit (CCU), drug use management in cardiac patient.
5. Drug uses and management during pregnancy​: Relatively safe drugs, drug associated with
some risk, drugs contraindicated during pregnancy.
6. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN): Requirements of TPN in a hospital setting, types of patients
need TPN, calculation and preparation of TPN by the pharmacist in a hospital following good
professional practice, TPN required in pre-termed baby, TPN required by a cancer patient unable
to take food orally, TPN to patient in long term unconsciousness etc
7. Extemporaneous preparation​: Professional justification, legal justification, compounding
accuracy and medication potency, sources of medicinal ingredients, examples of some oral
preparations, dermatological preparations, ophthalmic preparations, parenteral admixtures.
8. Therapeutic Management of Patient in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with Case Studies.
9. Dispensing of anticancer drug by the pharmacist and its rationale​: Pre- and post- medication
of the patient during chemotherapy, side effects and risk of anticancer drugs
10. Adverse drug reaction reporting and role of pharmacist in prevention ADR event.
11. Prescription error​: Types and assessment, role of pharmacist in prevention.
12. Dosage adjustment of medicines in patients with hepatic and renal failure.
Recommended Books:
1. Pharmacy Practice Manual: A Guide to the Clinical Experience: Larry E. Boh, Lloyd Y. Young
2. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy: David B. Troy, Paul Beringer
3. Pharmacy Practice: Kevin M. G. Taylor, Geoffrey Harding
4. Pharmacy Practice: Kevin M. G. Taylor, Geoffrey Harding
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.
B. Pharm Year V: Term II
Course Title: Viva-Voce
Course Code: PHAR 5207
Credits: 1

An oral examination based on the syllabus of fifth year (Term I and II), will be taken after the semester final
examination.

B. Pharm Year V: Term II

Course Title: Disease Management II
Course Code: PHAR 5209
Credits: 2

1. Contraception and women's health: Advantage and disadvantages of combined oral contraception
(COC); symptoms including the need to stop taking COC immediately; advice when stopping or
changing the COC; advice given to a patient who forgets to take a progestogen only pill (POP) or the
COC pill; other forms of contraception available to women where COC and POP are unsuitable or are
not their first choice; the role of the pharmacist in the supply of emergency hormonal contraception.
Common symptoms associated with cystitis, thrush, dysmenorrhoea and pre-menstrual tension (PMT);
suitable OTC treatments, advice pharmacists should give about these conditions.

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2. Urinary tract infections: Clinical features of urinary tract infections and population groups at risk;
natural history and current treatment options in relation to UTls; therapeutic options for resistant UTl.
3. Sexually transmitted infections: Signs and symptoms of, and causative organisms and treatment
options for gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis, candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis,
genital herpes, syphilis, genital warts, and cervical infections.
4. Diabetes: Etiology and pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes; aims of diabetes management;
dietary and lifestyle advice for diabetes, The pharmacists role in the prevention and identification of
undiagnosed diabetes; core elements education programmes; prevention and management of
hypoglycaemia; advice that should be given during intercurrent illness; the pharmacists role in risk
modification to prevent long-term complications.
5. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis: The drug and non-drug measures used to manage
osteoarthritis and the modern therapeutic approach used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,
pharmaceutical care in bone and joint disease-how pharmacists can contribute to the prevention of falls
and care of patients with osteoporosis, arthritis or taking long term corticosteroids. Etiology and
pathology of osteoporosis; risk factors for the development of osteoporosis; lifestyle advice for
prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
6. Management of Gastrointestinal Diseases:​Gastroesophegousreflax disease (GRD), gastric acidity,
diarrhoea, dysentery, constipation, ulcer etc.; Management of Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD):
diagnosis and management, immunomodulators and biologic therapy for IBD, advancements,
post-surgical management of IBD, complications of IBD/ surgical complications andmanagement,
serologic markers and drug metabolite in IBD, issues in surveillance and management of dysplasia in
IBD; Approaches to food and drugs for proper control of gastrointestinal diseases.
7. Acute poisoning: The different types of poisoning, the general principles of management of acute
poisoning and the management of poisoning with aspirin, paracetamol and drugs of misuse.
8. Management and treatment of different cardiovascular diseases: Hypertension, angina pectoris,
heart failure etc.

Recommended Books:
1. Disease Management-A guide to clinical pharmacology: Randall, Michael D; Neil, Karen E.
2. Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management: Richard A. Helms , David J. Quan
3. Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology: Marilyn Winterton Edmunds.
* Other Books will be indicated by respective teachers.

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