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Differentiation
Formulas/Theorems
Dolfus G. Miciano

Theorems:
• Theorem 1) Constant Rule: If c is any real number, then
Dx[c] =0
( )
Ex. 1. =0 Ex. 2. =0

( )
Ex. 3. =0 Ex. 4. =0
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• Theorem 2) Power Rule: If n is any integer, then Dx[xn] =nxn-1

Ex. 5. 𝑥 = 2𝑥 = 2𝑥

Ex.6: 𝑥 = −4𝑥 = -4𝑥

Ex. 7. 6/5 = 𝑥 = 𝑥

⁄
Ex. 8. = 𝑥 = 𝑥

• Theorem 3) Constant Multiple Rule: If c is any real

number, then Dx[cf(x)] = cDx[f(x)]

Ex. 9. 5𝑥 = 5 8𝑥 = 40 𝑥

Ex. 10. −9𝑥 = −9 −4𝑥 = 36𝑥

Ex.11. −5𝑥 = −5 𝑥 =-

Ex.12. 𝑟 =  3𝑟 = 4𝑟
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• Theorem 4) Sum Rule: Given f(x) and g(x) are functions,

then Dx[f(x)+g(x)] =Dx[f(x)]+ Dx[g(x)]
Ex. 9. 3𝑥 − 4 = 3𝑥 − 4 =3–0=3
⁄
Ex. 10. −2𝑥2 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 +9
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= −2𝑥2 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15
= −4𝑥 − 4 1 − 5 ⁄ + 0 = −4𝑥 − 4 − 𝑥
2
Ex. 11. 𝑟 − 2 + 𝑟 = 𝑟 + 𝑟

= −2𝑟 +  3𝑟 = −2𝑟 + 4𝑟

• Theorem 5) Product Rule: Given f(x) and g(x) are

functions, then Dx[f(x)  g(x)] = f(x)Dx[g(x)] + g(x)Dx[f(x)]

Ex. 12. 3𝑥 + 4 4𝑥 − 3 =
𝑑 𝑑
= 3𝑥 + 4 4𝑥 − 3 + 4𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥 + 4 8𝑥 − 0 + 4𝑥 − 3 3 + 0
= 3𝑥 + 4 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 3 3
= 24𝑥 + 32𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 9
= 36𝑥 + 32𝑥 − 9
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• Product Rule: Example

Ex. 13. 𝑥 −1 5 − 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 −1 5 − 2𝑥 + 5 − 2𝑥 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 1 0 − 2 + 5 − 2𝑥 3𝑥 − 0

= 𝑥 − 1 −2 + 5 − 2𝑥 3𝑥

= −2𝑥 + 2 + 15𝑥 − 6𝑥

= −8𝑥 + 15𝑥 + 2

• Theorem 6) Quotient Rule: Given f(x) and g(x) are functions, then

( )  ( ) [ ]
𝑥 =
( ) [ ]
 (  [ ]
Ex. 14)
( )
1 − 2𝑥 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 3 −2
=
(1 − 2𝑥)
8𝑥 − 16𝑥 − −8𝑥 + 6
=
(1 − 2𝑥)
−8𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 6
=
(1 − 2𝑥)
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Quotient Rule Example

 (  [ ]
Ex. 15)
( )
3𝑥 − 2 6𝑥 + 4 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 3
=
(3𝑥 − 2)
18𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 8 − 9𝑥 + 12𝑥
=
(3𝑥 − 2)
18𝑥 − 8 − 9𝑥 − 12𝑥
=
(3𝑥 − 2)
9𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 8
=
(3𝑥 − 2)

• Theorem 7) General Power Rule: Dx[f(x)]n =n[f(x)]n-1  f(x)

Ex. 16.

=
=

=
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Example: General Power Rule: Dx[f(x)]n =n[f(x)]n-1  f(x)

Ex. 17. 𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 /

= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 /
𝑥 − 2𝑥

= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 /
2𝑥 − 2

= 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 /

= 5 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 /

• Theorem 8) Chain Rule: y = f(u) and u = g(x) then

= 

Ex. 18. and u = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 +4, find

10𝑢 and

 =  10𝑢 (6𝑥 − 10𝑥)

10(2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4) (6𝑥 − 10𝑥)
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• Theorem 9) Composite Function Derivative: Given

𝑓 𝑔 (𝑥) , then 𝑓 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)

Ex. 19. and g(x) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 1, find 𝑓 𝑔 (𝑥)

𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) = 5(𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 1)
and g(x) = 2𝑥 + 3
 𝑓 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
= 5(𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 1) (2𝑥 + 3)

Theorem 10) Derivative of Parametric Equation: y=f(t) and x=f(t);

/
; dx/dt ≠ 0
/

Ex. 20. Given x = 2 , find

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑡 − 4 ; =4
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

 = =
( )
=
( )
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• Theorem 11) Reciprocal of Derivative: x=f(y) , =

Ex. 20. Find if x = 3𝑦

= 3𝑦 = 9𝑦

Therefore, = = ; 𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = 3𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = or

= = = 

= = 𝑑𝑦 9𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 9𝑥

Exercises: Find the derivative of the following

1. F(x)= 4 − 3𝑥 4 − 3𝑥
( )
2. G(x) =
( )
3. y = 3𝑢 ;𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥