ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025

MATHEWS MAR ATHANASIUS RESIDENTIAL

CENTRAL SCHOOL (CBSE AFFILIATION NO: 931142)
ANGADICAL P.O., CHENGANNUR, KERALA- 689122

PHYSICS PROJECT
ON
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

SUBMITTED IN THE FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR SSCE 2024-2025

Name :
Roll no :
Year :
 MATHEWS MAR ATHANASIUS RESIDENTIAL
CENTRAL SCHOOL (CBSE AFFILIATION NO: 931142)
ANGADICAL P.O., CHENGANNUR, KERALA- 689122

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the Bonafide Record of the practical work done by

…………………………………………… of class XII in physics for
the purpose of SSCE to be held on …………………………….

Teacher in charge : Principal:

Internal Examiner : External Examiner :

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I avail this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to those

who had given guidance help and encouragement through this
project.
First of all, I thank God for being with me in all my difficulties,
and without his blessings, I could not complete my project. I
would like to express my sincere thanks to our principal Dr. Viji
Jacob Mathew and vice principal Mrs. Chithra D for providing all
the facilities required for the project. I articulate heartfelt
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Thomson Mathai Chacko for the
information and the guidance given during the development of
this project.
I also extend my sincere gratitude towards my parents who gave
me support and help for the successful completion of this project.
Finally, I thank all my group members for their cooperation and
help in the fulfillment of this project.
 INDEX

1. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

2. FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT

3. FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

4. LENZ’S RULE

5. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

6. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

7. SELF INDUCTANCE
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

DEFINITION
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process where a
conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current – it
is said to induce the current.

Theory
While Oersted's surprising discovery of electromagnetism paved the way for more
practical applications of electricity, it was Michael Faraday who gave us the key to
the practical generation of electricity: electromagnetic induction. Faraday
discovered that a voltage would be generated across a length of wire if that wire
was exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field flux of changing intensity.

An easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is to move a permanent

magnet next to a wire or coil of wire. The magnetic field must increase or decrease
in intensity perpendicular to the wire (so that the lines of flux "cut across" the
conductor), or else no voltage will be induced.
Faraday’s Experiment

The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the discovery of the

electromagnetic induction.

When the strength of magnetic field is varied

Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is connected with
galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When tapping key is pressed and when it
is released galvanometer shows deflection showing the presence of induced
current.
Explanation:

When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed
because of increase in magnetic field of coil P and induced current is produced and
when it is released magnetic flux is again changed and induced current is produced.
But when the tapping key is kept pressed then the magnetic flux linked with coil do
not changed and induced current do not produce so galvanometer shows no
deflection.

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction are known as

“Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”. These are stated as below:

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or a coil or an electric
circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f. is produced.

2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continuous.

3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of change of

magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
Faraday was able to mathematically relate the rate of change of the magnetic field
flux with induced voltage (the lower-case letter "e" represents voltage. This refers
to instantaneous voltage, or voltage at a specific point in time, rather than a steady,
stable voltage.):
The "d" terms are standard calculus notation, representing rate-of-change of flux
over time. "N" stands for the number of turns, or wraps, in the wire coil (assuming
that the wire is formed in the shape of a coil for maximum electromagnetic
efficiency).

A corollary of Faraday’s Law, together with Ampere’s Law and Ohm’s Law is Lenz’s
Law: The EMF induced in an electric circuit always acts in such a direction that the
current it drives around the circuit opposes the change in magnetic flux which
produces the EMF.

Lenz’s Rule:

Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of induced current

produced in the circuit.

Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit always flows in such
a direction that it opposes the change or cause that produce it.

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise direction and
magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right. Then magnetic flux linked
with the coil S changed. The direction of induced current should be such that it
should oppose the direction of flow of magnetic field lines. So induced current in
the coil S is in the direction opposite to the magnetic field in P. Hence, direction of
induced current in coil S is from right to left. So induced current in coil S should flow
in anticlockwise direction.

Electromagnetic Induction is put into practical use in the construction of electrical

generators, which use mechanical power to move a magnetic field past coils of wire
to generate voltage. However, this is not the only practical use for this principle.

The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire was always perpendicular

to that wire, and that the flux intensity of that magnetic field varied with the
amount of current through it, we can see that a wire is capable of inducing a
voltage along its own length simply due to a change in current through it. This effect
is called self-induction: a changing magnetic field produced by changes in current
through a wire inducing voltage along the length of that same wire. If the magnetic
field flux is enhanced by bending the wire into the shape of a coil, and/or wrapping
that coil around a material of high permeability, this effect of self-induced voltage
will be more intense. A device constructed to take advantage of this effect is called
an inductor.
 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices and

systems. Induction is used in power generation and power transmission. Electric
generators and electric motors are based on electromagnetic induction.

Electric Generator
An electric generator is a device for transforming mechanical energy into electrical
energy. Generators have a wire coil in a magnetic field. When the device is used
as a generator, the coil is spun which induces current in the coil.

An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes Faraday’s law of induction, spinning

a coil at a constant rate in a magnetic field to induce an oscillating emf. A coil
turning in a magnetic field can also be used to generate DC power.
Electric Motor

An electric motor is a device which converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
It also has a coil. When a current is passed through the coil, the interaction of the
magnetic field with the current causes the coil to spin.
Mutual Inductance

Consider two coils P and S are placed very close to each other. Coil P consists of
battery and tapping key and coil S consists of galvanometer G. When the key of coil
P is pressed then magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it
opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are very close to each
other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil S and induced current is produced
which opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is produced in a coil as a

result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with a neighboring coil is called
mutual induction.
Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and  be the magnetic flux linked

with coil S

 I

= MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.

Let  be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

= – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M = /

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a rate of change of
current of 1 ampere per second in one coil induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring
coil.

A device specifically designed to produce the effect of mutual inductance between

two or more coils is called a transformer.
A transformer designed to output more voltage than it takes in across the input coil
is called a "step-up" transformer, while one designed to do the opposite is called a
"step-down," in reference to the transformation of voltage that takes place. The
current through each respective coil, of course, follows the exact opposite
proportion.
Self Inductance

Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key K is pressed
magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it and induced e.m.f. is produced.
Direction of induced e.m.f. is opposite to that of growth of current. On the other
hand when key is released the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is produced
in opposite direction. Thus during both growth and decay of current an opposite
induced e.m.f. is produced. This e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f. is produced in the

coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with the coil is called
self induction.

Coefficient of Self Induction :

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil and magnetic flux 
linked with the coil.

I

 = MI
L is called coefficient of self induction.

Let  be the induced e.m.f.

  

 (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)

M = /

Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change of current of 1

ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICS - NCERT, CLASS XII

 WEBSITES

o www.wikipedia.com

o www.howstuffworks.com

o www.scienceforall.com

o www.allaboutcircuits.com

o www.allprojectreports.com