RESOURCES

AND
DEVELOPMENT
RESOURCES
 C ES ?
ES O UR
A RE R
H AT
W
 Everything available in our
environment which can be
used to satisfy our needs,
provided, it is technologically
accessible, economically
feasible and culturally
acceptable can be termed as
‘Resource’.
CLASSIFICATION
OF RESOURCES
These resources can be classified
in the following ways –
1. On the basis of origin
2. On the basis of exhaustibility
3. On the basis of ownership
4. On the basis of status of
development
 RESOURCES

HUMAN
NATURAL

STRUCTURES & QUANTITY AND

INSTITUTIONS QUALITY

RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE

RECYCLABLE NON-RECYCLABLE

FLOW (eg – Wind) BIOLOGICAL

NATURAL
WILDLIFE
VEGITATION
On the Basis of Origin
 Biotic Resources
These are obtained from biosphere
and have life such as human
beings, flora and fauna, fisheries,
livestock etc.
 Abiotic Resources
All those things which are
composed of non-living things are
called abiotic resources. For
example, rocks and metals.
ON THE BASIS OF
EXHAUSTIBILITY
 Renewable Resources
The resources which can be renewed or
reproduced by physical, chemical or
mechanical processes are known as renewable
resources. For example, solar and wind energy,
water, forests and wildlife, etc.
Non-Renewable Resources
These occur over a very long geological time.
Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such
resources. These resources take millions of years in
their formation. Some of the resources like metals
are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be
recycled and get exhausted with their use.
On the Basis of
Ownership
 Individual Resources
These are also owned privately by individuals. In
villages there are people with land ownership. Urban
people own plots, houses and other property.
Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc.
are some of the examples of resources ownership by
individuals.
Community Owned Resources
There are resources which are accessible
to all the members of the community.
Village commons and public parks, picnic
spots, playgrounds in urban areas are
accessible to all the people living there.
 National Resources
Technically, all the resources belong to the nation.
The country has legal powers to acquire even private
property for public good. All the minerals, water
resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political
boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles
(19.2 km) from the coast resources therein belong to
the nation.
 International Resources
There are international institutions which regulate
some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200
nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong
to open ocean and no individual country can utilise
these without the concurrence of international
institutions.
ON THE BASIS OF THE
STATUS OF
DEVELOPMENT
 Potential Resources
Resources which are found in a region, but
have not been utilised. For example, the
western parts of India particularly Rajasthan
and Gujarat have enormous potential for the
development of wind and solar energy, but so
far these have not been developed properly.
 Developed Resources
Resources which are surveyed and their quality
and quantity have been determined for
utilisation. The development of resources
depends on technology and level of their
feasibility. For eg :- Petroleum
 Stock
Materials in the environment which have the
potential to satisfy human needs but human
beings do not have the appropriate technology
to access these, are included among stock. For
example, water is a compound of two
inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen,
which can be used as a rich source of energy.
But we do not have the required technical
‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose.
Hence, it can be considered as stock.
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESOURCES
 It is the process of developing the
resources in order to make them useful
for satisfying human wants. Some
resources cannot be used directly. They
have to be processed to make them
useful for satisfying our wants. Ex: Land
has to be cleared and ploughed for
growing crops. Water has to be taken
to the field to irrigate.
 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
The economic development which
does not damage the environment
and at the same time takes care of
the needs of the future
generations is called sustainable
development
RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH
SUMMIT – 1992
It was firstly celebrated in 1992 at
brazil. Its motive was to address
urgent problems of environmental
protection and socioeconomic
development at the global level.
RESOURCE
PLANNING
WHAT IS RESOURCE
PLANNING?
It means planning of resources
distribution from one place of
access resources to the place of
less resources.
 IMPORTANCE OF
RESOURCE PLANNING
 It is necessary because there are
some regions which have acute
shortage of resources as compared
to that which are considered self
sufficient in terms of availability of
resources.
Wastage of resources
can be avoided by
resource planning.
 Environmental pollution
can be reduced by resource
planning.
 Over exploitation of
resources can be avoided by
resource planning.
CONSERVATION OF
RESOURCES
 It is a practice to protect,
preserve or renew natural
resources in a manner that will
ensure their highest economic
or social benefits
 IDEA OF GANDHI JI
ABOUT CONSERVATION
OF RESOURCES
ACCORDING TO GANDHI JI –

“THERE IS ENOUGH
FOR ONE’S NEED,
NOT FOR ONE’S
GREED”
LAND AS A
RESOURCE
LAND IS ALSO A RESOURCE
AS IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR
US. IT HAS TOO MUCH
IMPORTANCE IN THE LIVES
OF HUMAN BEINGS. TAKE
AGRICULTURE AS AN Eg.
 LAND
UTILISATION
 LAND RESOURCES ARE
USED FOR THE
FOLLOWING PURPOSES.
FOR ESTS
 Land not available for
cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural
uses, e.g. buildings etc.
O t h e r u n c ul ti vate d
l a nd
Permanent pastures
and grazing land.
Land under miscellaneo-
-us tree crops groves.

Cultruable waste land

Fallow lands
Current fallow land
Other than Current
fallow land
N et s ow n a rea
 LAND UNDER
DIFFERENT RELIEF
FEATURES IN INDIA
MOUNTAINS 30%
PLATEAUES 27%
PLAINS 43%
 LAND USE
PATTERN IN
INDIA
43.41% OF THE LAND AREA
IS NET SOWN AREA.
 FORESTS OCCUPY
22.57% OF LAND AREA.
6.29% OF THE LAND IS
WASTE LAND.
7.92% OF THE LAND IS USED
FOR NON AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES.
3.45% OF THE LAND IS
PASTORAL LAND.
1.10% OF THE LAND IS TREE
CROPS.
4.41% OF THE LAND IS
CULTIVABLE WASTE.
3.82% OF THE LAND IS FALLOW
OTHER THAN CURRENT FALLOW.
7.03% OF THE LAND IS
CURRENT FALLOW.
 LAND
DEGRADATION
 Land degradation is a process
in which the value of
the biophysical environment is
affected by one or more
combination of human-induced
processes acting upon the land.
Large scale soil erosion caused by
running water and wind.
Dumping of waste materials from
mining centers and industrial units.
Over irrigation leads to increase in
salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Over grazing by animals and
deforestation by man.
Waste water from the industrial
units pollute the lands.
 Mineral processing like grinding of
limestone for cement industry and
calcite and soap stone for ceramic
industry creates a lot of dust. This dust
is deposited in the neighbouring land.
 LAND
CONSERVATION
MEASURE
 Soil erosion can be prevented by ending
deforestation, controlling grazing, encouraging
afforestation and practicing terrace farming in
hilly areas.
Preparation of shelter belts of plants and
stabilizing of sand dunes by growing
thorny bushes will help to prevent land
degradation in deserts.
Mining activities should be controlled.
New technology which reduces
wastage can be adopted .
 Industrial waste should be
chemically treated to remove the
harmful substances.
 Urban waste should be used
for the production of bio- gas
and bio-manure.
Over irrigation should be stopped
and new method of irrigation
should be followed.
SOIL
 The upper most layer of the earth’s
crust which is loose , broken and useful
for plants is called soil.
Soil consists of mineral matt er such as
sand and clay and Organic matt er such
as humus, bacteria and earth worms.
FORMATION
OF SOIL
 Soil is formed mainly due to the process of
weathering. As a result of weathering a layer
of loose rock materials is formed on the land
surface. If this layer remains undisturbed for a
long period of time, chemical, physical and
organic changes take place in it. These changes
lead to the formation of soil.
TYPES OF
SOIL
THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF SOIL :-
[Link] SOIL
[Link] SOIL
[Link] AND YELLOW SOIL
[Link] SOIL
[Link] SOIL
[Link] SOIL
ALLUVIAL
SOIL
 Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide
spread soil found in India. It is formed due
to the deposition of fine silt called
alluvium by the rivers. It consists of sand,
silt and clay. It is divided into khadar and
Bangar. It contains soil nutrients .
OCCURRENCE
It is found in the northern
plains, Gujarat plains and the
coastal plains.
 CROPS
SUGERCANE RICE(PADDY)

WHEAT PULSES
BLACK
SOIL
 The soil is called black cotton soils
because they are black in colour and are
very good for cotton cultivation. It has the
capacity to hold moisture for a long time.
This soil is sticky. It is formed due to the
weathering of volcanic rocks. It is very rich
in potash, calcium carbonate, magnesium
and lime.
OCCURRENCE
It is found in the Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh.
 CROPS
SUGERCANE COTTON

TOBACCO CEREALS
RED AND
YELLOW
SOIL
 The soil develop reddish colour
due to diffusion of iron in
crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
It looks yellow when it occurs in
hydrated form.
 OCCURRENCE
It is found in the Tamil nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa,
Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
 CROPS
POTATOES RICE(PADDY)

TOBACCO GROUND NUT

LATERITE
SOIL
 The word laterite is derived from
Latin word later which means
brick. It contain humus in very low
quantity. It is high temperature and
high rainfall receiving.
OCCURRENCE
It is found in the Kerala,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.
 CROPS
TEA COFFE

COCONUT PADDY
ARID
SOIL
It range from red to brown colour.
It is sandy in texture and saline in
nature. It receives high
temperature and has dry climate.
It consist of kankar layer.
OCCURRENCE
It is found in the dry area
like Rajasthan and Gujarat.
 CROPS

CACTUS DATE PALM

FOREST
SOIL
 Forest soils are found in hilly and
mountainous regions. They are loamy and
silty in valleys and coarse in the upper
slopes. In Himalayas they suffer
denudation and are acidic with low humus
content. The soils found in the lower
slopes of the valley are fertile.
OCCURRENCE
It is found in the Himalayas,
Southern hills and peninsular
region.

HIMALYAS
 CROPS
TEA COFFE

SPICES TROPICAL
FRUITS
 SOIL
EROSION
 Removal of top soil from one place to
another by natural agencies is called soil
erosion. It is caused by running water
and wind. Deforestation, over grazing
and unscientific agricultural practices are
responsible for large scale soil erosion.
 SOIL
CONSERVATION
MEASURES
 Contour ploughing reduces
the fl ow of water and prevent
soil erosion.
 In hilly areas terraced
farming should be followed.
 Strip farming helps to
reduces the force of winds.
 Shelter belts of plants around
the fields reduce soil erosion.
Afforestation should be practiced
on a large scale and deforestation
should be stopped.
Over grazing by animals
should be avoided.
ANKUR AMBA
X-C
[Link].- 23