Transformations of functions (p 36–39)
1 Vertical and Horizontal shifts
Given the original graph
y = f (x),
and if c > 0 is constant. Here are some transformations
• y = f (x) + c upward-shift of a distance c,
• y = f (x) − c downward-shift of a distance c,
• y = f (x + c) left-shift of a distance c,
• y = f (x − c) right-shift of a distance c.
Examples
Sketch the graph √
y= x−3
2 Vertical and Horizontal stretching and reflect-
ing
If c > 1 is constant
• y = cf (x) vertical-stretch by a factor of c,
• y = 1c f (x) vertical-shrink by a factor of c,
• y = f (cx) horizontal-shrink by a factor of c,
• y = f 1c x horizontal-stretch by a factor of c,
• y = −f (x) reflection about the x-axis,
• y = f (−x) reflection about the y-axis,
1
Examples
Sketch the graph
y = sin(1 − 2x) and y = x2 + 4x + 1
3 Compositions of functions
Two functions f and g can be combine to form new functions
f
f + g, f − g, f g, and .
g
Here are the definitions of these functions
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) (1)
(f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x) (2)
(f g)(x) = f (x)g(x) (3)
f f (x)
(x) = (4)
g g(x)
3.1 Compositions
Given two functions f and g then we can define the composition function f ◦ g
as follows
f ◦ g(x) = f g(x)
Examples Determine f ◦ g and g ◦ f
x
1. f (x) = , g(x) = tan x
x2 +1
√ √
2. f (x) = 1 − x, g(x) = x
4 Home Work
1
1. With the graph of y = x sketch the graph of
3
y= .
2x + 2
p
2. If f ◦ g(x) = x2 + 2x − 4|x + 1| + 5 and f (x) = |2 − x|. Prove that
g(x) = |x + 1|.
