Chapter 4 Human

biology-Circulation

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 Glossary
pulmonary artery 肺动脉
circulatory system 循环系统 pulmonary vein 肺静脉
blood circulation 血液循环 vena cava (上、下)腔静脉
heart 心脏 semilunar valve 动脉瓣，半月瓣
blood vessel 血管 atrioventricular valve 房室瓣
blood 血液 systemic circulation 体循环
chamber 腔 pulmonary circulation 肺循环
atrium 心房(pl.atria) pacemaker 心脏起搏器
ventricle 心室 artificial heart 人工心脏
artery 动脉 stent 血管内支架
vein 静脉 bypass surgery 冠状动脉搭桥手术
aorta 主动脉 Coronary Heart Disease 冠心病
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Circulatory System:
is made up of blood vessels, a heart and
blood.
Why do people need a blood circulatory system?

We are made up of billions of cells, so our surface area to

volume ratio is small and direct diffusion is not enough to
supply all of your cells.
The circulatory system is needed to supply our body cells
with glucose and oxygen for respiration, and to remove
the waste materials that are the by-products of
respiration.

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4.1 The circulatory
system and heart

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01 Location

Heart

 Shape: like a peach

 Size: as big as your fist
 Location: on the middle left of the
chest, between the lungs

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02 Structures
The heart wall is mainly made of:
 Muscle tissue

Function:
 Contract and relax
 Pumping organ of the blood
circulation

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02 Structures - Four chambers  Atria(upper chambers):
receive blood back to the heart
 Ventricles(lower chambers):
pump blood out of the heart

left
right
atrium
atrium

right left
ventricle
ventricle

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 atrium: entry hall
02 Structures - Four chambers

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02 Structures - Four chambers

[图片]

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02 Structures - Four vessels  artery: away from the heart
 vein: back to the heart

aorta
vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein pulmonary vein

right atrium
left atrium

right ventricle
left ventricle

vena cava
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02 Structures - Four vessels  artery: away from the heart
 vein: back to the heart
Vena cava Pulmonary vein

Left
ventricle Aorta
right left
atrium atrium Right Pulmonary
ventricle artery
Pulmonary
right left Left atrium vein
ventricle ventricle
Right
atrium Vena cava

Pulmonary artery Aorta

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02 Structures
 The heart is like a double pump:
- Right side pumps blood to the lungs
- Left side pumps blood to all other
parts of the body

 Thickness of ventricle wall:

left ＞ right

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Quiz
Why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle
thicker than that of the right ventricle?
 The muscle wall of the left ventricle is noticeably thicker
than the wall of the right ventricle.
 This allows the left ventricle to develop much more
pressure than the right. This higher pressure is needed as
the blood travels through the arterial system all over your
body, whilst the blood leaving the right ventricle moves
only through the pulmonary arteries to your lungs.

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 Capillaries in the upper body
Vena cava Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary vein
Aorta Pulmonary artery
Right atrium Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

Vena cava
Abdominal
capillaries

Capillaries in
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the lower body
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Pulmonary circulation Deoxygenated→Oxygenated
Alveoli
CO2 O2

Right Pulmonary Lung Pulmonary Left atrium

ventricle artery capillaries vein

Tissue
Right atrium Vena cava Aorta Left ventricle
capillaries

CO2, wastes O2, nutrients

Body
Systemic circulation tissues Oxygenated→Deoxygenated
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Ø Double circulatory system

Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation

Start Left ventricle

___________ Right ventricle
___________

End Right atrium

___________ Left atrium
___________
Differ
Blood oxygenated→deoxygenated deoxygenated→oxygenated
ence
It carries oxygen and nutrients to In the lungs, the blood and
Signifi
tissues, while taking away waste alveoli exchange gases.
cance products like carbon dioxide.

Systemic and pulmonary circulation occur at the same

time and are connected through the heart.
Connection In a complete blood circulation, blood goes through the
heart twice, through the lungs once.

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02 Four valves Why doesn't the blood flow backwards?
 Valve prevents blood from
flowing backwards, ensuring that
blood flows in the right direction.

Semilunar valve

Semilunar valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
valve

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02 Four valves
• Valves in the heart:
- Atrioventricular valves: between
the atrium and ventricle.
- Semilunar valves: between the
ventricle and artery.
• Venous valve:
can be found in some large veins.

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 Varicosity
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03 Functioning of the heart

1 The direction of blood flow in

the heart?

vein→ atrium→ventricle→ artery

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Pathway of blood through the heart

 Blood flows into the atria from the

vena cava and the pulmonary vein.
 The atria contract, pushing the blood
into the ventricles through the
Blood flows into the atria from the venaatrioventricular valves.
cava and the pulmonary vein.
The atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles.
 The ventricles contract, forcing the
The ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta, and out of the heart.
The blood then flows to the organs through blood into
arteries, andthe pulmonary
returns artery and
through veins.
aortacycle
The atria fill again and the whole through the semilunar valves, and
starts over.
out of the heart.
 The blood then flows to the organs
through arteries, and returns through
veins.
 The atria fill again and the whole cycle
starts over.

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 03 Functioning of the heart When the ventricles contract, are the AV valves,
semilunar valves open or closed ?

Atrial systole Ventricular systole Diastole

AV valve: open AV valve: close Four chambers relax,
blood flows into the
semilunar valve: close semilunar valve: open heart.

Blood: atrium ventricle ventricle artery

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  Fish have a single circulatory
system, the deoxygenated blood is
pumped from the heart to the gills
where it becomes oxygenated, and then
the oxygenated blood flows from the
gills to other organs, finally the blood
flows back to the heart.
amphibians, most reptiles birds, mammals
 Disadvantage of single circulatory
gill capillaries lung capillaries lung capillaries
system:
The blood loses a lot of pressure as it
passes through the gills, so that the
blood travels to the organs very slowly
and it cannot deliver a lot oxygen.

 Benefit of double circulatory system:

the blood passes through the heart
twice, it raises its pressure again and
travels rapidly to the rest of the body
delivering the oxygen that cells need.
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organ capillaries organ capillaries organ capillaries
Quiz What happens to the components of blood as it goes through
different organs? (oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide)

Lungs: Oxygen increases, carbon dioxide decreases, and

nutrients decrease

Small intestine：Oxygen decreases, carbon dioxide increases,

and nutrients increase

Other organs: Oxygen decreases, carbon dioxide increases

and nutrients decrease

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04 Helping the heart
Coronary arteries:
two arteries branching from the aorta and
supplying blood to the heart.

Coronary heart disease(CHD)

In CHD, layers of fatty deposits build up on the
lining of the coronary arteries. This causes the
arteries narrow, so blood flow is restricted and
there’s a lack of O2 to the heart muscle.
• Partial blockage:
causes severe chest pains called angina.
• Complete blockage:
causes heart attack, even death.

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04 Helping the heart

Treatment for CHD: Stents

• Stents keep the coronary arteries open.
• A stent is a metal mesh that is placed in the artery.
• A tiny balloon is inflated to open up the blood
vessel and the stent at the same time.
• The balloon is deflated and removed but the stent
remains in place, holding the blood vessel open.
• Doctors can put a stent in place without a general
anaesthetic.

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04 Helping the heart

Treatment for CHD: Statins

• Statins reduce fatty deposits(cholesterol) in the
blood
• They block an enzyme in the liver which is needed
to make cholesterol
• This slows down the rate of fatty material building
up in the blood, reducing the risk of CHD occurring

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04 Helping the heart

Treatment for CHD: Bypass surgery

• Doctors replace the narrow or blocked
coronary arteries with bits of veins from
other parts of the body.
• This works for badly blocked arteries where
stents cannot help.
• This surgery is expensive and involves a
general anaesthetic.

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04 Helping the heart Leaky valves
• Heart valves may be damaged or weakened
by illness, old age or a heart attack.
• The damage may cause the valve to stiffen,
so it won’t open properly.
• Or a valve may become leaky, allowing
blood to flow in both directions. This
reduces the volume of blood pumped by the
heart.

Treatment: replace the valve

• using biological valves from cows or pigs
• using mechanical valves

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04 Helping the heart
Pacemaker
• The natural resting heart rate is controlled
by a group of cells located in the right
atrium called the pacemaker.

• It coordinates the contraction of the heart

muscle, therefore it regulates the heart rate.
(Pacemaker)

• The pacemaker sends out an electrical

impulse which spreads to the surrounding
muscle cells, causing them to contract.
• A person has a resting heart rate of 70 beats
per minute(bpm).

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04 Helping the heart
Artificial pacemaker
• Sometimes, the pacemaker of the
heart stops functioning properly
(this can cause an irregular
heartbeat).

• Artificial pacemakers are electrical

devices used to correct
irregularities in the heart rhythm.

• The device is implanted just under

the skin, with a wire that delivers an
electrical current to the heart to
help it contract regularly.

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04 Helping the heart
Artificial hearts
When the heart fails completely, a donor
heart or heart and lungs can be transplanted.
When people need a heart transplant, they
have to wait for a donor heart that is a tissue
match.
However,waiting lists for organs are long and
not immediately available, so a short-term
solution (or long-term solution if necessary)
involves replacing the heart with an artificial
one made from plastic and metal.
Artificial hearts may be used to keep patients
alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or
for their heart to rest and recovery.
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04 Helping the heart
Artificial hearts
• Advantages of using artificial hearts: it allows
people to live a relatively normal life whilst
they wait for a heart transplant, and there is
less chance of the patient's immune system
rejecting the artificial heart.
• Disadvantages are that artificial hearts don't
always work as well as real hearts at pumping
blood around the body.
• There is always a risk of the blood clotting in the
artificial heart (which increases the likelihood of a
stroke or death).

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 Chapter 4.2
Blood Vessels

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1 3 types of blood vessels
• Artery
• Capillary
• Vein

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 1 3 types of blood vessels
Small lumen • Definition: vessel that carries blood
away from the heart
Thick layer
of muscle Thick walls • Location: deeper in the body
and elastic
fibres
• Features:
- thick walls, elastic
- small lumen, blood flows rapidly
- has a pulse
- high blood pressure
Artery
• Examples: aorta, pulmonary artery
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1 3 types of blood vessels
Large lumen

• Definition: vessel that carries blood

Relatively back to the heart
thin walls
• Location: shallower, some can be seen
on the body surface, like “blue veins”
• Features:
- thin walls, less elastic
- large lumen, blood flows slowly
- low blood pressure
Vein - some large veins have valves
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1 3 types of blood vessels
Narrow lumen
• Definition: vessels that connect the
Walls a single smallest arteries(arteriole) to veins(venule)
cell thick
• Features:
- Numerous and widespread
- Thin: only 1 cell thick
- Narrow: only red blood cells are
allowed to pass in single rows
Capillaries - Slow: blood flows the most slowly
• Function: allow the substances exchange
between blood and tissue cells

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 Substances exchange between the blood and tissue cells

direction of blood flow

red blood cell

oxygen nutrients

carbon dioxide wastes

tissue cell

Capillaries: Widespread, thin, narrow, slow

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Artery Capillaries Vein

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1 3 types of blood vessels

Artery carries blood away from the heart

Capillaries connect the smallest arteries to veins

Vein carries blood back to the heart

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 artery vein capillary
thick, narrow thin, large lumen thinnest, narrowest
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 Summary

Type Wall Blood flow Distribution Function

normally deeper in sends blood：

Artery thick rapidly
the body heart → other organs

Some are deeper, sends blood：

Vein thin slowly
some are shallower other organs→heart

place of substances
Capillary thinnest most slowly most widespread
exchange

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Glossary
plasma 血浆 haemoglobin 血红蛋白
blood cell 血细胞 inflammation 炎症
red blood cell 红细胞 defend 防御
white blood cell 白细胞 fight the infection 对抗感染
platelet 血小板 engulf 吞噬
sodium citrate 柠檬酸钠 clot 凝血，血块
biconcave 双面凹的 plug 血栓
disclike 圆盘状 blood transfusion 输血
serum 血清 blood donation 献血
fibrin 纤维蛋白 blood type 血型
fibrinogen 纤维蛋白原 ABO system ABO血型系统
anticoagulant 抗凝血剂 agglutination 凝集反应
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 1 Components of blood Blood is made up of two
main components:
Add sodium citrate - Plasma (55%)
(a type of anticoagulant）
- Blood cells (45%)
Plasma 55%

White blood cells

Platelets Blood
cells
45%
Red blood cells

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2 Plasma

• It is yellow liquid.
• It transports blood cells.
• It carries digested nutrients,
wastes(e.g. urea, CO2), minerals,
hormones.
• It also distributes the heat
throughout the body.

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RBC Making your blood look red!
Normal count：(1012 means trillion)
Male：5.0×1012/L Female：4.2×1012/L
Structure：biconcave, no nucleus, has haemoglobin
* Haemoglobin, in the cytoplasm of red cells, is a
protein combined with iron, and it’s red.
Function：transport oxygen.

Disorder：below normal - anemia

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HGB combines with oxygen where HGB releases oxygen where the Thus RBC can
the oxygen concentration is high. oxygen concentration is low. tranport oxygen

Oxygen-rich blood looks Oxygen-poor blood looks

bright red, is called deep purple-red, is called
oxygenated blood. deoxygenated blood.
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 Defending your body
WBC against diseases!
Normal count：(4 ~ 10)×109/L
You have only 1 white cell for every 1000 red cells.

Structure：largest，has nucleus
Function：defend and protect the body against
both infection and foreign invaders.

Why do we get pus when we get a cut?

- It shows that our body is fighting the infection.
- The pus is made up of dead WBCs and bacteria.
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WBC
• White blood cells are part of the body's immune system.
• There are two main types: lymphocytes and phagocytes.

• Lymphocytes (large round nucleus) produce antibodies and antitoxins.

- have large round nucleus
- antibodies destroy microorganisms.
- antitoxins neutralise toxins released by microorganisms.
• Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens.
- They have multi-lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm.
- They can leave the blood and patrol the tissues.
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Phagocytosis

When the bacteria invade the

human body, the phagocytes
can deform, penetrate the
capillary wall, surround and
engulf the bacteria.

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 Platelet

Normal count： (1 ~ 3)×1011/L

Structure：small fragments of cells,

no nucleus
Function：clot the blood, stop bleeding,
prevent entry of microorganisms.
Disorder： Below normal - prolonged bleeding
Above normal - form plug or bruise
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 Blood clotting
Blood clotting is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
• Skin/blood vessel is broken.
• Platelets activated, they release chemicals that cause soluble
fibrinogen to convert into insoluble fibrin.
• The network of protein fibers capture lot of red blood cells.
• Clot forms and it stops the bleeding.
• The clot dries and hardens to form a scab.

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Blood clotting
Fibrinogen(soluble) in plasma
becomes fibrin (insoluble).
Fibrin and blood cells together
form a clot.
Fibrin + blood cells = clot

fibrinogen

What is the plasma without fibrinogen?

When the blood clots, it turns
Serum -- the yellow, clear fluid into clots and serum.
surrounding the clot.
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SUMMARY-Blood, plasma, serum
Color Component

Blood red plasma+blood cells

without blood cells,

Plasma yellow
with fibrinogen

without blood cells,

Serum yellow, transparent
without fibrinogen

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Summary-Blood Cells

Red cell White cell Platelet

biconcave disc spherical irregular
Shape shape

mature red
Nucleus blood cells have has no
no nuclei

Size medium largest smallest

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SUMMARY
Blood cell Normal count Function
M：5.0×1012/L
Red cell carry oxygen
F：4.2×1012/L

White cell (4~10)×109/L fight disease

clot the blood,

Platelet (1~3)×1011/L
stop bleeding
M：120~160g／L
Haemoglobin carry oxygen
F：110~150g／L

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Blood groups

• There are several different blood grouping systems, but the best known is the
ABO systems.
• It has 4 blood groups - A, B, AB and O.
• There are two possible antigens on the red blood cells - antigen A and antigen B.
• There are two possible antibodies in your plasms - antibody a and antibody b.
• Antigen A and antibody a are complementary.
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 Blood groups

• Antigens are proteins on the

Antigen A Antibody b surface of cells.
on type A
donor • The antigens on other organism’s
cells are different from the ones on
your cells.
• Your white blood cells recognise
Antigen B
on type B Antibody b
these different antigens and make
donor antibodies.
• Antibodies can attach to ‘foreign’
antigens, and then the immune
system can destroy the foreign cells.

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Blood agglutination
Red blood cells clump together

X’s red cells Y’s plasma

No agglutination

• Blood typing before blood transfusion is vital because

mixing incompatible blood can cause blood agglutination.
• Blood agglutination: red blood cells clump together,
blocking circulation and even leading to death.
• Transfusion of the same blood type should be the
principle of transfusion.
• Blood group O is universal donor.
• Blood group AB is universal recipient.
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Antigens and organ transplants

• In an organ transplant, a diseased organ is replaced with a

healthy one from a donor.
• The recipient makes antibodies that will attack the antigens
on the donor organ, this results in the rejection and
destruction of the new organ.
• Ways of preventing rejection of the transplanted organ:
- Good tissue match: the donor organ has similar tissue
type(similar antigens) to the recipient.
- Immunosuppressant drugs: treat the recipient with drugs
that suppress their immune system for the rest of their lives.
• The disadvantage of taking immunosuppressant drugs is
that they prevent patients from dealing effectively with
infectious diseases.
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