Milan

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Milan

Milano (Italian)

Comune
Comune di Milano

Skyline of Milan with Porta Nuova business district

Arch of Peace

Milan Cathedral

Sforza Castle

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II

La Scala

Milano Centrale

San Carlo al Corso

Flag of Milan

Flag

Coat of arms of Milan

Coat of arms

Milan is located in Italy

Milan

Milan

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Coordinates: 45°28′01″N 09°11′24″E / 45.46694°N 9.19000°E
Country Italy
Region Lombardy Lombardy
Metropolitan city Metropolitan City of Milan Milan (MI)
Government
• Type Strong Mayor–Council
• Mayor Giuseppe Sala
• Legislature Milan City Council
Area
• Comune 181.76 km2 (70.18 sq mi)
Elevation 120 m (390 ft)
Population

(31 December 2023)[1]

• Comune 1,417,597
• Density 7,800/km2 (20,000/sq mi)
 • Metro

[2]
4,336,121
Demonym(s) Milanese
Meneghino[3]
GDP

[4]
• Metro €204,514 billion (2020)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code 0039 02
Website www.comune.milano.it
Map

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Milan ( mil-AN, mil-AHN,[5][6] Milanese: [miˈlãː] ⓘ; Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ⓘ)

is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in
Italy by urban population[7] and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy
after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million,[8] while its
metropolitan city has 3.22 million residents.[9] The urban area of Milan is the
fourth-most-populous in the EU with 6.17 million inhabitants.[10] According to
national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area (also
known as Greater Milan) is estimated between 7.5 million and 8.2 million, making it
by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.[11]
[12] Milan is the economic capital of Italy, one of the economic capitals of Europe
and a global financial centre.[13][14]

Milan is a leading alpha global city, with strengths in the fields of art,
chemicals, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance,
healthcare, media (communication), services, research, and tourism.[15][16] Its
business district hosts Italy's stock exchange (Italian: Borsa Italiana), and the
headquarters of national and international banks and companies. In terms of GDP,
Milan is the wealthiest city in Italy, having also one of the largest economies
among EU cities.[17][18] Milan is viewed along with Turin as the southernmost part
of the Blue Banana urban development corridor (also known as the "European
Megalopolis"), and one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is a major
international tourist destination, appearing among the most visited cities in the
world, ranking second in Italy after Rome, fifth in Europe and sixteenth in the
world.[19][20] Milan is a major cultural centre, with museums and art galleries
that include some of the most important collections in the world, such as major
works by Leonardo da Vinci.[21][22] It also hosts numerous educational
institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total of
enrolled students.[23][24]

Founded around 590 BC[25] under the name Medhelanon by a Celtic tribe belonging to
the Insubres group and belonging to the Golasecca culture, it was conquered by the
ancient Romans in 222 BC, who Latinized the name of the city into Mediolanum.[25]
[26] The city's role as a major political centre dates back to the late antiquity,
when it served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire.[27] From the 12th
century until the 16th century, Milan was one of the largest European cities and a
major trade and commercial centre, as the capital of the Duchy of Milan, one of the
greatest political, artistic and fashion forces in the Renaissance.[28][29] Having
become one of the main centres of the Italian Enlightenment during the early modern
period, it then became one of the most active centres during the Restoration, until
its entry into the unified Kingdom of Italy. From the 20th century onwards Milan
became the industrial and financial capital of Italy.[30][31]

Milan has been recognized as one of the world's four fashion capitals.[32] Many of
the most famous luxury fashion brands in the world have their headquarters in the
city, including: Armani, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Loro Piana and Zegna.[33][34]
It also hosts several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week
and the Milan Furniture Fair, which are among the world's biggest in terms of
revenue, visitors and growth.[35][36][37] The city is served by many luxury hotels
and is the fifth most starred in the world by Michelin Guide.[38] It hosted the
Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. In the field of sports, Milan is home to two
of Europe's most successful football teams, AC Milan and Inter Milan, and one of
Europe's main basketball teams, Olimpia Milano. Milan will host the Winter Olympic
and Paralympic games for the first time in 2026, together with Cortina d'Ampezzo.
[39][40][41]
Bas-relief sculpted on the Palazzo della Ragione of the scrofa semilanuta ("half-
woolly sow") from which, according to tradition, the city's toponym derives

Milan was founded with the Celtic name of Medhelanon,[26][25] later Latinized by
the ancient Romans into Mediolanum. In Celtic language medhe- meant "middle,
centre" and the name element -lanon is the Celtic equivalent of Latin -planum
"plain", meant "(settlement) in the midst of the plain",[42][43] or of "place
between watercourses" (Celtic medhe = "in the middle, central"; land or lan =
"land"), given the presence of the Olona, Lambro, Seveso rivers and the Nirone and
Pudiga streams.[44]

The Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio (in the middle) and
planus (plain).[45] However, some scholars believe that lanum comes from the Celtic
root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory (source of the Welsh word
llan, meaning "a sanctuary or church", ultimately cognate to English/German Land)
in which Celtic communities used to build shrines.[46]

Hence Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe.
Indeed, about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France bore the name "Mediolanum", for
example: Saintes (Mediolanum Santonum) and Évreux (Mediolanum Aulercorum).[47] In
addition, another theory links the name to the scrofa semilanuta ("half-woolly
sow") an ancient emblem of the city, fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato's
Emblemata (1584), beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls, where a
boar is seen lifted from the excavation, and the etymology of Mediolanum given as
"half-wool",[48] explained in Latin and in French.

According to this theory, the foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic

peoples, the Bituriges and the Aedui, having as their emblems a ram and a boar;[49]
therefore "The city's symbol is a wool-bearing boar, an animal of double form, here
with sharp bristles, there with sleek wool."[50] Alciato credits Ambrose for his
account.[51]
Celtic finds dating back to the period preceding the Roman conquest (3rd-2nd
century BC), which is preserved in the Civic Archaeological Museum of Milan

Around 590 BC[25] a Celtic tribe belonging to the Insubres group and belonging to
the Golasecca culture settled the city under the name Medhelanon.[26][25] According
to the legend reported by Livy (writing between 27 and 9 BC), the Gaulish king
Ambicatus sent his nephew Bellovesus into northern Italy at the head of a party
drawn from various Gaulish tribes; Bellovesus allegedly founded the settlement in
the times of the Roman monarchy, during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus. Tarquin is
traditionally recorded as reigning from 616 to 579 BC, according to ancient Roman
historian Titus Livy.[52]

Medhelanon, in particular, was developed around a sanctuary, which was the oldest
area of the village.[53] The sanctuary, which consisted of a wooded area in the
shape of an ellipse with a central clearing, was aligned according to precise
astronomical points. For this reason, it was used for religious gatherings,
especially in particular celebratory moments. The sanctuary of Medhelanon was an
ellipse with axes of 443 m (1,453 ft) and 323 m (1,060 ft) located near Piazza
della Scala.[53] The urban planning profile was based on these early paths, and on
the shape of the sanctuary, reached, in some cases, up to the 19th century and even
beyond. For example, the route of the modern Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Piazza del
Duomo, Piazza Cordusio and Via Broletto, which is curvilinear, could correspond to
the south side of the ellipse of the ancient sanctuary of Medhelanon.[53]

One axis of the Medhelanon sanctuary was aligned towards the heliacal rising of
Antares, while the other towards the heliacal rising of Capella. The latter
coincided with a Celtic spring festival celebrated on 24 March, while the heliacal
rising of Antares corresponded with 11 November, which opened and closed the Celtic
year and which coincided with the point where the Sun rose on the winter solstice.
[53] About two centuries after the creation of the Celtic sanctuary, the first
residential settlements began to be built around it. Medhelanon then transformed
from a simple religious center to an urban and then military centre, thus becoming
a real village.[53]

The first homes were built just south of the Celtic sanctuary, near the modern
Royal Palace of Milan.[53] Subsequently, with the growth of the town centre, other
important buildings for the Medhelanon community were built. First, a temple
dedicated to the goddess Belisama was built, which was located near the modern
Milan Cathedral. Then, near the modern Via Moneta, which is located near today's
Piazza San Sepolcro, a fortified building with military functions was built which
was surrounded by a defensive moat.[53]
Roman ruins in Milan: the Columns of San Lorenzo

During the Roman Republic, the Romans, led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio
Calvus, fought the Insubres and captured the settlement in 222 BC. The chief of the
Insubres then submitted to Rome, giving the Romans control of the settlement.[54]
The Romans eventually conquered the entirety of the region, calling the new
province "Cisalpine Gaul" (Latin: Gallia Cisalpina)—"Gaul this side of the Alps"—
and may have given the city its Latinized name of Mediolanum: in Gaulish *medio-
meant "middle, centre" and the name element -lanon is the Celtic equivalent of
Latin -planum "plain", thus *Mediolanon (Latinized as Mediolānum) meant
"(settlement) in the midst of the plain".[43][55] Mediolanum became the most
important center of Cisalpine Gaul and, in the wake of economic development, in 49
BC, was elevated, within the Lex Roscia, to the status of municipium.[56]
Ruins of the Emperor's palace in Milan located in Via Gorani. Here Constantine and
Licinius issued the Edict of Milan.
Remains of the Roman walls of Milan located inside the Civic Archaeological Museum
of Milan

The ancient Celtic settlement was, from a topographic point of view, superimposed
and replaced by the Roman one. The Roman city was then gradually superimposed and
replaced by the medieval one. The urban center of Milan has therefore grown
constantly and rapidly, until modern times, around the first Celtic nucleus. The
original Celtic toponym Medhelanon then changed, as evidenced by a graffiti in
Celtic language present on a section of the Roman walls of Milan which dates back
to a period following the Roman conquest of the Celtic village, in Mesiolano.[57]
In 286, the Roman Emperor Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire
from Rome to Mediolanum.[58] Diocletian himself chose to reside at Nicomedia in the
Eastern Empire, leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan.

During the Augustan age Mediolanum was famous for its schools; it possessed a
theatre and an amphitheatre (129.5 x 109.3 m), the third largest in Roman Italy
after the Colosseum in Rome and the vast amphitheatre in Capua.[59] A large stone
wall encircled the city in Caesar's time, and later was expanded in the late third
century AD, by Maximian. Maximian built several gigantic monuments including the
large circus (470 × 85 metres) and the thermae or Baths of Hercules, a large
complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which few visible
traces remain. Maximian increased the city area to 375 acres by surrounding it with
a new, larger stone wall (about 4.5 km long) with many 24-sided towers. The
monumental area had twin towers; the one included later in the construction of the
convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16.6 m high.

It was from Mediolanum that the Emperor Constantine issued what is now known as the
Edict of Milan in AD 313, granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire,
thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of the Empire.
Constantine was in Mediolanum to celebrate the wedding of his sister to the Eastern
Emperor, Licinius. In 402, the Visigoths besieged the city and the Emperor Honorius
moved the Imperial residence to Ravenna.[60] In 452, Attila besieged the city, but
the real break with the city's Imperial past came in 539, during the Gothic War,
when Uraias (a nephew of Witiges, formerly King of the Italian Ostrogoths) carried
out attacks in Milan, with losses, according to Procopius, being about 300,000 men.
The Lombards took Ticinum as their capital in 572 (renaming it Papia – the modern
Pavia), and left early-medieval Milan to the governance of its archbishops.
The Medieval Porta Ticinese (12th century) is one of the three medieval gates of
the city that still exist in the modern Milan.
Piazza Mercanti used to be the heart of the city in the Middle Ages.

After the siege of the city by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence moved
to Ravenna. Attila, King of the Huns, sacked and devastated the city in 452 AD. In
539 the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against
Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569 the Lombards (from whom the
name of the Italian region Lombardy derives), conquered Milan, overpowering the
small Byzantine garrison left for its defence. Some Roman structures remained in
use in Milan under Lombard rule.[61] Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the
Franks in 774.

The 11th century saw a reaction against the control of the Holy Roman Emperors.
City-states emerged in northern Italy, an expression of the new political power of
the cities and their will to fight against all feudal powers. Milan was no
exception. It did not take long, however, for the Italian city-states to begin
fighting each other to try to limit neighbouring powers.[62] The Milanese destroyed
Lodi and continuously warred with Pavia, Cremona and Como, who in turn asked
Frederick I Barbarossa for help. In a sally they captured Empress Beatrice and
forced her to ride a donkey backward through the city until getting out. These
brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162.[63][64]

A period of peace followed and Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its
geographical position. During this time, the city was considered one of the largest
European cities.[28] As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained
in the Peace of Constance in 1183, Milan returned to the commune form of local
government first established in the 11th century.[65][66]

In 1395, Gian Galeazzo Visconti became the first Duke of Milan upon receiving the
title from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. In 1447 Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of
Milan, died without a male heir; following the end of the Visconti line, the
Ambrosian Republic was established; it took its name from St. Ambrose, the popular
patron saint of the city.[67] Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked
together to bring about the Ambrosian Republic in Milan. Nonetheless, the Republic
collapsed when, in 1450, Milan was conquered by Francesco I of the House of Sforza,
which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian Renaissance.[67][68]
Under the House of Sforza, Milan experienced a period of great prosperity, which in
particular saw the development of mulberry cultivation and silk processing.[69]
Following this economic growth, works such as the Sforza Castle (already existing
in the Visconti era under the name of Porta Giovia Castle, but re-adapted, enlarged
and completed by the Sforza family) and the Ospedale Maggiore were completed. The
Sforzas also managed to attract to Milan personalities such as Leonardo da Vinci,
who redesigned and improved the function of the navigli and painted The Last
Supper, and Bramante, who worked on the church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro, on
the basilica of Sant'Ambrogio and to the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie,
influencing the development of the Lombard Renaissance.
Spanish walls of Milan
Highlighted in yellow, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, which had Milan as its
capital

Milan's last independent ruler, Lodovico il Moro, requested the aid of Charles VIII
of France against the other Italian states, eventually unleashing the Italian Wars.
The king's cousin, Louis of Orléans, took part in the expedition and realized most
of Italy was virtually defenseless. This prompted him to come back a few years
later in 1500, and claim the Duchy of Milan for himself, his grandmother having
been a member of the ruling Visconti family. At that time, Milan was also defended
by Swiss mercenaries. After the victory of Louis's successor François I over the
Swiss at the Battle of Marignan, the duchy was promised to the French king François
I. When the Spanish Habsburg Emperor Charles V defeated François I at the Battle of
Pavia in 1525, northern Italy, which included Milan, passed to Habsburg Spain.[70]

In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother
Ferdinand I. Charles's Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II
and remained with the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand's Austrian line of
Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire. The Great Plague of Milan in 1629–31, that
claimed the lives of an estimated 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000,
caused unprecedented devastation in the city and was effectively described by
Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece The Betrothed. This episode was seen by many
as the symbol of Spanish bad rule and decadence and is considered one of the last
outbreaks of the centuries-long pandemic of plague that began with the Black Death.
[71]

In 1700, the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of Charles
II. After his death, the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701. In 1706, the
French were defeated in Ramillies and Turin and were forced to yield northern Italy
to the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1713–1714 the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt
formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Habsburg Spain's Italian
possessions including Lombardy and its capital, Milan. Napoleon invaded Italy in
1796, and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic. Later, he declared
Milan capital of the Kingdom of Italy and was crowned King of Italy in the
cathedral. Once Napoleon's occupation ended, the Congress of Vienna returned
Lombardy and Milan, to Austrian control in 1815.[72]
Late modern and contemporary

[edit]
Popular print depicting the "Five Days of Milan" (18–22 March 1848) uprising
against Austrian rule

On 18 March 1848 Milan effectively rebelled against Austrian rule, during the so-
called "Five Days" (Italian: Le Cinque Giornate), that forced Field Marshal
Radetzky to temporarily withdraw from the city. The bordering Kingdom of Piedmont–
Sardinia sent troops to protect the insurgents and organised a plebiscite that
ratified by a huge majority the unification of Lombardy with Piedmont–Sardinia. But
just a few months later the Austrians were able to send fresh forces that routed
the Piedmontese army at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July and to reassert Austrian
control over northern Italy. About ten years later, however, Italian nationalist
politicians, officers and intellectuals such as Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini were
able to gather a huge consensus and to pressure the monarchy to forge an alliance
with the new French Empire of Napoleon III to defeat Austria and establish a large
Italian state in the region. At the Battle of Solferino in 1859 French and Italian
troops heavily defeated the Austrians that retreated under the Quadrilateral line.
[73] Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into
Piedmont-Sardinia, which then proceeded to annex all the other Italian statlets and
proclaim the birth of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861.

The political unification of Italy enhanced Milan's economic dominance over

northern Italy. A dense rail network, whose construction had started under Austrian
patronage, was completed in a brief time, making Milan the rail hub of northern
Italy and, with the opening of the Gotthard (1882) and Simplon (1906) railway
tunnels, the major South European rail hub for goods and passenger transport.
Indeed, Milan and Venice were among the main stops of the Orient Express that
started operating from 1919.[74] Abundant hydroelectric resources allowed the
development of a strong steel and textile sector and, as Milanese banks dominated
Italy's financial sphere, the city became the country's leading financial centre.
In May 1898, Milan was shaken by the Bava Beccaris massacre, a riot related to
soaring cost of living.[75]
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II destroyed by Allied bombings, 1943

Milan's northern location in Italy closer to Europe, secured also a leading role
for the city on the political scene. It was in Milan that Benito Mussolini built
his political and journalistic careers, and his fascist Blackshirts rallied for the
first time in the city's Piazza San Sepolcro; here the future Fascist dictator
launched his March on Rome on 28 October 1922. During the Second World War Milan's
large industrial and transport facilities suffered extensive damage from Allied
bombings that often also hit residential districts.[76] When Italy surrendered in
1943, German forces occupied and plundered most of northern Italy, fueling the
birth of a massive resistance guerrilla movement.[77] On 29 April 1945, the
American 1st Armored Division was advancing on Milan but, before it arrived, the
Italian resistance seized control of the city and executed Mussolini along with his
mistress and several regime officers, that were later hanged and exposed in
Piazzale Loreto, where one year before some resistance members had been executed.

During the post-war economic boom, the reconstruction effort and the Italian
economic miracle attracted a large wave of internal migration (especially from
rural areas of southern Italy) to Milan. The population grew from 1.3 million in
1951 to 1.7 million in 1967.[78] During this period, Milan was rapidly rebuilt,
with the construction of several innovative and modernist skyscrapers, such as the
Torre Velasca and the Pirelli Tower, that soon became the symbols of this new era
of prosperity.[79] The economic prosperity was, however, overshadowed in the late
1960s and early 1970s during the so-called Years of lead, when Milan witnessed an
unprecedented wave of street violence, labour strikes and political terrorism. The
apex of this period of turmoil occurred on 12 December 1969, when a bomb exploded
at the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana, killing 17 people and injuring 88.
Expo 2015, which took place in Milan

In the 1980s, with the international success of Milanese houses (like Armani,
Prada, Versace, Moschino and Dolce & Gabbana), Milan became one of the world's
fashion capitals. The city saw also a marked rise in international tourism, notably
from America and Japan, while the stock exchange increased its market
capitalisation more than five-fold.[80] This period led the mass media to nickname
the metropolis "Milano da bere", literally "Milan to be drunk".[81] But in the
1990s Milan was badly affected by Tangentopoli, a political scandal in which many
politicians and businessmen were tried for corruption. The city was also affected
by a severe financial crisis and a steady decline in textiles, automobile and steel
production.[79] Berlusconi's Milano 2 and Milano 3 projects were the most important
housing projects of the 1980s and 1990s in Milan and brought to the city new
economical and social energy.

In the early 21st century Milan underwent a series of sweeping redevelopments over
huge former industrial areas.[82] Two new business districts, Porta Nuova and
CityLife, were built in the space of a decade, radically changing the skyline of
the city. Its exhibition centre moved to a much larger site in Rho.[83] The long
decline in traditional manufacturing has been overshadowed by a great expansion of
publishing, finance, banking, fashion design, information technology, logistics and
tourism.[84] The city's decades-long population decline seems to have partially
reverted in recent years, as the comune gained about 100,000 new residents since
the last census. The successful re-branding of the city as a global capital of
innovation has been instrumental in its successful bids for hosting large
international events such as 2015 Expo and 2026 Winter Olympics.
Satellite picture of Milan
Navigli in Milan by night

Milan is located in the north-western section of the Po Valley, approximately

halfway between the river Po to the south and the foothills of the Alps with the
great lakes (Lake Como, Lake Maggiore and Lake Lugano) to the north, the Ticino
river to the west and the Adda to the east. The city's land is flat, the highest
point being at 122 m (400.26 ft) above sea level.

The administrative comune covers an area of about 181 square kilometres (70 sq mi),
with a population, in 2013, of 1,324,169 and a population density of 7,315
inhabitants per square kilometre (18,950/sq mi). The Metropolitan City of Milan
covers 1,575 square kilometres (608 sq mi) and in 2015 had a population estimated
at 3,196,825, with a resulting density of 2,029 inhabitants per square kilometre
(5,260/sq mi).[85] A larger urban area, comprising parts of the provinces of Milan,
Monza e Brianza, Como, Lecco and Varese is 1,891 square kilometres (730 sq mi) wide
and has a population of 5.27 million with a density of 2,783 inhabitants per square
kilometre (7,210/sq mi).[10]

The concentric layout of the city centre reflects the Navigli, an ancient system of
navigable and interconnected canals, now mostly covered.[86] The suburbs of the
city have expanded mainly to the north, swallowing up many comuni along the roads
towards Varese, Como, Lecco and Bergamo.[87] In the 21st century the Navigli region
of Milan is a highly active area with a large number of residential units, bars and
restaurants. It is also a well-known centre for artists.[88]
The cloister of Santa Maria delle Grazie in the spring of 2010

Milan features a mid-latitude, four-season humid subtropical climate (Cfa),

according to the Köppen climate classification. Milan's climate is similar to much
of Northern Italy's inland plains, with hot, humid summers and cold, foggy winters.
The Alps and Apennine Mountains form a natural barrier that protects the city from
the major circulations coming from northern Europe and the sea.[89]

During winter daily average temperatures can fall below freezing (0 °C [32 °F]) and
accumulations of snow can occur: the historic average of Milan's area is 25
centimetres (10 in) in the period between 1961 and 1990, with a record of 90
centimetres (35 in) in January 1985. In the suburbs the average can reach 36
centimetres (14 in).[90] The city receives on average seven days of snow per year.
[91]

The city was often shrouded in thick cloud or fog during winter, although the
removal of rice paddies from the southern neighbourhoods and the urban heat island
effect have greatly reduced this occurrence since the turn of the 21st century.
Occasionally, the Foehn winds cause the temperatures to rise unexpectedly: on 22
January 2012 the daily high reached 16 °C (61 °F) while on 22 February 2012 it
reached 21 °C (70 °F).[92] Air pollution levels rise significantly in wintertime
when cold air clings to the soil, causing Milan to be one of Europe's most polluted
cities.[93][94]
Total monthly precipitation in Milan from 1940 to 2023. Data from open-meteo.com

Summers in Milan are hot and humidity levels are high with peak temperatures
reaching above 35 °C (95 °F). Due to the high humidity, urban heat effect and lack
of wind, nighttimes often remain muggy during the summer months.[95] Usually the
summer enjoys clearer skies with an average of more than 13 hours of daylight:[96]
when precipitation occurs though, it is more likely to be accompanied by
thunderstorms and hail.[96] Springs and autumns are generally pleasant, with
temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F); these seasons are
characterized by higher rainfall, especially in April and May.[97] Relative
humidity typically ranges between 45% (comfortable) and 95% (very humid) throughout
the year, rarely dropping below 27% (dry) and reaching as high as 100%.[96] Wind is
generally absent: over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 to 14
km/h (0 to 9 mph) (calm to gentle breeze), rarely exceeding 29 km/h (18 mph) (fresh
breeze), except during summer thunderstorms when winds can blow strong. In the
spring, gale-force windstorms may happen, generated either by Tramontane blowing
from the Alps or by Bora-like winds from the north. Due to its geographic location
surrounded by mountains on 3 sides, Milan is among the least windy cities in
Europe.[96]
Climate data for Linate Airport, Milan (1991–2020 normals, sun 1981-2010, extremes
1946–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 23.8
(74.8) 26.9
(80.4) 32.4
(90.3) 35.5
(95.9) 36.6
(97.9) 37.2
(99.0) 39.3
(102.7) 33.2
(91.8) 28.2
(82.8) 25.5
(77.9) 24.5
(76.1) 39.3
(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 10.0
(50.0) 15.5
(59.9) 19.3
(66.7) 23.9
(75.0) 28.1
(82.6) 30.7
(87.3) 29.9
(85.8) 25.5
(77.9) 19.0
(66.2) 12.4
(54.3) 7.4
(45.3) 19.1
(66.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 5.2
(41.4) 9.9
(49.8) 13.8
(56.8) 18.5
(65.3) 22.7
(72.9) 25.1
(77.2) 24.4
(75.9) 19.9
(67.8) 14.4
(57.9) 8.7
(47.7) 3.9
(39.0) 14.1
(57.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 0.6
(33.1) 4.4
(39.9) 8.4
(47.1) 12.8
(55.0) 17.2
(63.0) 19.3
(66.7) 18.8
(65.8) 14.9
(58.8) 10.2
(50.4) 5.3
(41.5) 0.6
(33.1) 9.3
(48.8)
Record low °C (°F) −15.0
(5.0) −15.6
(3.9) −7.4
(18.7) −2.5
(27.5) −0.8
(30.6) 5.6
(42.1) 8.4
(47.1) 8.0
(46.4) 3.0
(37.4) −2.3
(27.9) −6.2
(20.8) −13.6
(7.5) −15.6
(3.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.9
(1.41) 38.2
(1.50) 42.2
(1.66) 57.7
(2.27) 70.3
(2.77) 67.4
(2.65) 44.2
(1.74) 82.2
(3.24) 73.4
(2.89) 82.0
(3.23) 112.4
(4.43) 45.8
(1.80) 751.7
(29.59)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.7 4.5 5.4 7.2 8.4 6.6 4.5
5.5 5.1 6.6 8.3 5.7 72.5
Average relative humidity (%) 78.9 73.6 68.0 67.7 67.2 66.9 66.2 67.4
70.0 76.5 81.0 81.8 72.1
Average dew point °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 0.8
(33.4) 3.9
(39.0) 7.0
(44.6) 11.2
(52.2) 14.7
(58.5) 16.6
(61.9) 16.8
(62.2) 13.4
(56.1) 10.1
(50.2) 5.9
(42.6) 1.2
(34.2) 8.5
(47.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 91.4 108.5 170.0 178.4 212.3
247.6 293.2 237.6 179.3 116.5 73.3 67.1
1,975.2
Source 1: NOAA NCEI[98][99]
Source 2: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale[100]
Climate data for Malpensa Airport, Milan (1961–1990 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Municipal government

[edit]
Palazzo Marino, Milan City Hall
Palazzo Lombardia, headquarters of the regional government of Lombardy
The city's nine municipi ("boroughs")

The legislative body of the Italian comuni is the City Council (Consiglio
Comunale), which in cities with more than one million population is composed by 48
councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, at the same time
of the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta
Comunale), composed by 12 assessors, that is nominated and presided over by a
directly elected Mayor. The current mayor of Milan is Giuseppe Sala, an independent
leading a centre-left alliance led by the Democratic Party.

The municipality of Milan is subdivided into nine administrative Borough Councils

(Consigli di Municipio), down from the former twenty districts before the 1999
administrative reform.[103] Each Borough Council is governed by a Council
(Consiglio) and a President, elected contextually to the city Mayor. The urban
organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. 114), the Municipal
Statute[104] and several laws, notably the Legislative Decree 267/2000 or Unified
Text on Local Administration (Testo Unico degli Enti Locali).[105] After the 2016
administrative reform, the Borough Councils have the power to advise the Mayor with
nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics and are responsible for running
most local services, such as schools, social services, waste collection, roads,
parks, libraries and local commerce; in addition they are supplied with an
autonomous funding to finance local activities.
Palazzo Isimbardi is the seat of the Council of the Metropolitan City of Milan.

Milan is the capital of the eponymous Metropolitan city. According to the last
governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation, the urban area
of Milan is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities (città metropolitane), new
administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015.[106] The new Metro
municipalities, giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province,
are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash
local spending by better co-ordinating the municipalities in providing basic
services (including transport, school and social programs) and environment
protection.[107] In this policy framework, the Mayor of Milan is designated to
exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor (Sindaco metropolitano), presiding
over a Metropolitan Council formed by 24 mayors of municipalities within the Metro
municipality. The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor
(Sindaco metropolitano) and by the Metropolitan Council (Consiglio metropolitano).
Since 21 June 2016, Giuseppe Sala, as mayor of the capital city, has been the mayor
of the Metropolitan City.
Regional government

[edit]

Milan is also the capital of Lombardy, one of the twenty regions of Italy. Lombardy
is by far the most populated region of Italy, with more than ten million
inhabitants, almost one sixth of the national total. It is governed by a Regional
Council, composed of 80 members elected for a five-year term. On 26 March 2018, a
list of candidates of the centre-right coalition, a coalition of centrist and
right-wing parties, led by Attilio Fontana, largely won the regional election,
defeating a coalition of socialists, liberals and ecologists and a third-party
candidate from the populist Five Stars Movement. The conservatives have governed
the region almost uninterruptedly since 1970. The regional council has 48 members
from the centre-right coalition, 18 from the centre-left coalition and 13 from the
Five Star Movement. The seat of the regional government is Palazzo Lombardia that,
standing at 161.3 metres (529 feet),[108] is the fifth-tallest building in Milan.

A wide view of the Milan skyline, with accompanying cityscape, from the roof of the
Milan Cathedral
Milan Cathedral is the largest church in the Italian Republic—the larger St.
Peter's Basilica is in the State of Vatican City, a sovereign state—and the third
largest in the world.[109]
Sforza Castle (Castello Sforzesco), a historic medieval fortress
The Royal Palace of Milan, the seat of government of the city for many centuries
Royal Villa of Milan, one of the finest examples of Neoclassical architecture in
Lombardy
The Arch of the Peace, dating back to the 19th century, although its origins can be
traced back to a gate of the Roman walls of Milan
Palazzo Castiglioni, designed in the Liberty style

The architectural and artistic presence in Milan represents one of the attractions
of the Lombard capital. Milan has been among the most important Italian centers in
the history of architecture, has made important contributions to the development of
art history, and has been the cradle of a number of modern art movements.

There are only few remains of the ancient Roman city, notably the well-preserved
Colonne di San Lorenzo. During the second half of the 4th century, Saint Ambrose,
as bishop of Milan, had a strong influence on the layout of the city, reshaping the
centre (although the cathedral and baptistery built in Roman times are now lost)
and building the great basilicas at the city gates: Sant'Ambrogio, San Nazaro in
Brolo, San Simpliciano and Sant'Eustorgio, which still stand, refurbished over the
centuries, as some of the finest and most important churches in Milan. Milan's
Cathedral, built between 1386 and 1877, is the largest church in the Italian
Republic—the larger St. Peter's Basilica is in the State of Vatican City, a
sovereign state—and the third largest in the world,[109] as well as the most
important example of Gothic architecture in Italy. The gilt bronze statue of the
Virgin Mary, placed in 1774 on the highest pinnacle of the Duomo, soon became one
of the most enduring symbols of Milan.[110]

In the 15th century, when the Sforza ruled the city, an old Viscontean fortress was
enlarged and embellished to become the Castello Sforzesco, the seat of an elegant
Renaissance court surrounded by a walled hunting park. Notable architects involved
in the project included the Florentine Filarete, who was commissioned to build the
high central entrance tower, and the military specialist Bartolomeo Gadio.[111] The
alliance between Francesco Sforza and Florence's Cosimo de' Medici bore to Milan
Tuscan models of Renaissance architecture, apparent in the Ospedale Maggiore and
Bramante's work in the city, which includes Santa Maria presso San Satiro (a
reconstruction of a small 9th-century church), the tribune of Santa Maria delle
Grazie and three cloisters for Sant'Ambrogio.[112] The Counter-Reformation in the
16th to 17th centuries was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by
two powerful figures: Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin, Cardinal Federico
Borromeo. Not only did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of
Milan, but they also gave a great impulse to culture, with the creation of the
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, in a building designed by Francesco Maria Richini, and the
nearby Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. Many notable churches and Baroque mansions were built
in the city during this period by the architects, Pellegrino Tibaldi, Galeazzo
Alessi and Richini himself.[113]

Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was responsible for the significant renovations
carried out in Milan during the 18th century.[114] This urban and artistic renewal
included the establishment of Teatro alla Scala, inaugurated in 1778, and the
renovation of the Royal Palace. The late 1700s Palazzo Belgioioso by Giuseppe
Piermarini and Royal Villa of Milan by Leopoldo Pollack, later the official
residence of Austrian viceroys, are often regarded among the best examples of
Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy.[115] The Napoleonic rule of the city in
1805–1814, having established Milan as the capital of a satellite Kingdom of Italy,
took steps to reshape it accordingly to its new status, with the construction of
large boulevards, new squares (Porta Ticinese by Luigi Cagnola and Foro Bonaparte
by Giovanni Antonio Antolini) and cultural institutions (Art Gallery and the
Academy of Fine Arts).[116] The massive Arch of Peace, situated at the bottom of
Corso Sempione, is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. In the second
half of the 19th century, Milan quickly became the main industrial centre of the
new Italian nation, drawing inspiration from the great European capitals that were
hubs of the Second Industrial Revolution. The great Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II,
realised by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 to celebrate Vittorio Emanuele
II, is a covered passage with a glass and cast iron roof, inspired by the
Burlington Arcade in London. Several other arcades such as the Galleria del Corso,
built between 1923 and 1931, complement it. Another late-19th-century eclectic
monument in the city is the Cimitero Monumentale graveyard, built in a Neo-
Romanesque style between 1863 and 1866.

The tumultuous period of early 20th century brought several, radical innovations in
Milanese architecture. Art Nouveau, also known as Liberty in Italy, is recognisable
in Palazzo Castiglioni, built by architect Giuseppe Sommaruga between 1901 and
1903.[117] Other examples include Hotel Corso,[117] Casa Guazzoni with its wrought
iron and staircase, and Berri-Meregalli house, the latter built in a traditional
Milanese Art Nouveau style combined with elements of neo-Romanesque and Gothic
revival architecture, regarded as one of the last such types of architecture in the
city.[118] A new, more eclectic form of architecture can be seen in buildings such
as Castello Cova, built the 1910s in a distinctly neo-medieval style, evoking the
architectural trends of the past.[119] An important example of Art Deco, which
blended such styles with Fascist architecture, is the huge Central railway station
inaugurated in 1931.[120]

The post-World War II period saw rapid reconstruction and fast economic growth,
accompanied by a nearly two-fold increase in population. In the 1950s and 1960s, a
strong demand for new residential and commercial areas drove to extreme urban
expansion, that has produced some of the major milestones in the city's
architectural history, including Gio Ponti's Pirelli Tower (1956–60), Velasca Tower
(1956–58), and the creation of brand new residential satellite towns, as well as
huge amounts of low-quality public housings. In recent years, de-industrialization,
urban decay and gentrification led to a vast urban renewal of former industrial
areas, that have been transformed into modern residential and financial districts,
notably Porta Nuova in downtown Milan and FieraMilano in the suburb of Rho. In
addition, the old exhibition area is being completely reshaped according to the
Citylife regeneration project, featuring residencial areas, museums, an urban park
and three skyscrapers designed by international architects, and after whom they are
named: the 202-metre (663-foot) Isozaki Arata—when completed, the tallest building
in Italy,[121] the twisted Hadid Tower,[122] and the curved Libeskind Tower.[123]

Two business districts dominate Milan's skyline: Porta Nuova in the north-east
(boroughs No. 9 and 2) and CityLife (borough No. 8) in the north-west part of the
commune. The tallest buildings include the Unicredit Tower at 231 m (though only
162 m without the spire), and the 209 m Allianz Tower, a 50-story tower.
Sempione Park
Montanelli Gardens
Orto Botanico di Brera

The largest parks in the central area of Milan are Sempione Park, at the north-
western edge, and Montanelli Gardens, situated north-east of the city. English-
style Sempione Park, built in 1890, contains the Civic Arena, the Civic Aquarium of
Milan (which is the third oldest aquarium in Europe[124]), a steel lattice
panoramic tower, an art exhibition centre, a Japanese garden and a public library.
[125] The Montanelli gardens, created in the 18th century, hosts the Natural
History Museum of Milan and a planetarium.[126] Slightly away from the city centre,
heading east, Forlanini Park is characterised by a large pond and a few preserved
shacks which remind of the area's agricultural past.[127] In recent years Milan's
authorities pledged to develop its green areas: they planned to create twenty new
urban parks and extend the already existing ones, and announced plans to plant
three million trees by 2030.[citation needed]

Also notable is Monte Stella ("Starmount"), also informally called Montagnetta di

San Siro ("Little mountain of San Siro"), an artificial hill and surrounding city
park in Milan. The hill was created using the debris from the buildings that were
bombed during World War II, as well as from the last remnants of the Spanish walls
of the city, demolished in the mid 20th century. Even at only 25 m (82 ft) height,
the hill provides a panoramic view of the city and hinterland, and in a clear day,
the Alps and Apennines can be distinguished from atop. A notable area of the park
is called "Giardino dei Giusti" (Garden of the Just), which is a memorial to
distinguished opponents of genocide and crimes against humanity; each tree in the
garden is dedicated to one such person. Notable people who have been dedicated a
tree in the Giardino dei Giusti include Moshe Bejski, Andrej Sakharov, Svetlana
Broz, and Pietro Kuciukian.

The Orto Botanico di Brera a botanical garden located behind Palazzo Brera at Via
Brera 28 in the center of Milan, is another major park in the city. The garden
consists primarily of rectangular flower-beds, trimmed in brick, with elliptical
ponds from the 18th century, and specula and greenhouse from the 19th century (now
used by the Academy of Fine Arts). It contains one of the oldest Ginkgo biloba
trees in Europe, as well as mature specimens of Firmiana platanifolia, Juglans
nigra, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, and Tilia.

In addition, even though Milan is located in one of the most urbanised regions of
Italy, it is surrounded by a belt of green areas and features numerous gardens even
in its very centre. The farmlands and woodlands north (Parco Nord Milano since
1975) and south (Parco Agricolo Sud Milano since 1990) of the urban area have been
protected as regional parks.[128][129] West of the city, the Parco delle Cave (Sand
pit park) has been established on a neglected site where gravel and sand used to be
extracted, featuring artificial lakes and woods.[130]
Population censusYear Pop. ±%
1861 267,621 —
1871 290,518 +8.6%
1881 354,045 +21.9%
1901 538,483 +52.1%
1911 701,411 +30.3%
1921 818,161 +16.6%
1931 960,682 +17.4%
1936 1,115,794 +16.1%
1951 1,274,187 +14.2%
1961 1,582,474 +24.2%
1971 1,732,068 +9.5%
1981 1,604,844 −7.3%
1991 1,369,295 −14.7%
2001 1,256,211 −8.3%
2011 1,242,123 −1.1%
2021 1,371,498 +10.4%
Istat historical data 1861–2021[131]

The official estimated population of the City of Milan was 1,417,597 as of 31

December 2023, according to the municipality's statistical office.[132]

Mid-2024 estimates suggest that 3,251,166 people lived in Milan province-level

municipality.[133] The population of Milan today is lower than its historical peak.
With rapid industrialization in post-war years, the population of Milan peaked at
1,743,427 in 1973.[134] Thereafter, during the following decades, about one third
of the population moved to the outer belt of suburbs and new satellite settlements
that grew around the city proper.

Today, Milan's conurbation extends well beyond the borders of the city proper and
of its special-status provincial authority: its contiguous built-up urban area was
home to 5.27 million people in 2015,[10] while its wider metropolitan area, the
largest in Italy and fourth largest in the EU, is estimated to have a population of
more than 8.2 million.[12]

Nationality held by residents as of 2023[135]

Italian (78.76%)

EU area (2.43%)

Other European (1.94%)

African (4.78%)

Asian (8.74%)

Latin American (3.20%)

Other (0.15%)
Foreign nationality population as of 1 January 2023

As of 2023, some 301,149 foreign residents lived in the municipality of Milan,

representing 21.2% of the total resident population.[136] These figures suggest
that the immigrant population has more than doubled in the last 15 years.[137]

After World War II, Milan experienced two main waves of immigration: the first,
dating from the 1950s to the early 1970s, saw a large influx of migrants from
poorer and rural areas within Italy; the second, starting from the late 1980s, has
been characterized by the preponderance of foreign-born immigrants.[138]

The early period coincided with the so-called Italian economic miracle of postwar
years, an era of extraordinary growth based on rapid industrial expansion and great
public works, that brought to the city a large influx of over 400,000 people,
mainly from rural and underdeveloped Southern Italy.[79]
Russian church in Milan
Decades of continuing high immigration have made the city one of the most
cosmopolitan and multicultural in Italy. Immigrants came mainly from Africa (in
particular Eritreans, Egyptians, Moroccans, Senegalese and Nigerian), and the
former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (notably Albanians, Romanians,
Ukrainians, Macedonians, Moldovans, and Russians), in addition to a growing number
of Asians (in particular Chinese, Sri Lankans and Filipinos) and Latin Americans
(Mainly South Americans). At the beginning of the 1990s, Milan already had a
population of foreign-born residents of approximately 58,000 (or 4% of the then
population), that rose rapidly to over 117,000 by the end of the decade (about 9%
of the total).[139]
Milan Chinatown in 1945

Milan is home to the second-largest Far East Asian community in Europe after Paris,
with the Philippines and China, making up about a quarter of its foreign population
(around 76,000 out of 301,000 in 2023). Another 4,000 foreigners come from other
East Asian countries; notably, Milan hosts more than 2,000 Japanese nationals and
1,000 Koreans, excluding those who also hold Italian citizenship.[140][136]
Foreigners holding East-Asian citizenship thus make up around 5.36% of the city's
population. Milan notably hosts the oldest and largest (along with Prato) Chinese
community in Italy, with around 37,000 people in 2023, excluding Italians of
Chinese descent such as immigrants who have acquired Italian citizenship or their
descendants. Situated in the 8th district, and centered on Via Paolo Sarpi, an
important commercial avenue, the Milanese Chinatown was originally established in
the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County, in the Zhejiang, and used to operate
small textile and leather workshops.[141] Milan also hosts a Japanese International
school as well as various Chinese schools throughout the city.[142][143]
Via Settala, one of the access points to the so-called "Asmarina" area

The city also hosts an historical African community originating from the Horn of
Africa. As of 2023, there were around 4,000 Eritrean, Ethiopian or Somali-born
people living in Milan, the overwhelming majority being double-citizens of Italy.
and not counting second and third generation migrants. The three countries were all
Italian colonies at a time, from 1869 (Eritrea) [144][145][146] to 1943 (East
African campaign). Due to the historical links with Italy, a small community
originating from the Horn of Africa has established its presence near Porta Venezia
district starting from the 1970s.[147][148][149][150] It is estimated that in the
"Asmarina" area (Little Asmara) there are around 2,000-2,500 people from the Horn
of Africa still living there, along with multiple restaurants, institutes as well
as an Ethiopian Church.[151][152][153]

Another notable area with a large presence of foreign residents coming from a
specific country is the so-called "quadrilatero di San Siro" or "San Siro casbah"
in reference to the large Arab-speaking populaition living in the area.[154][155]
[156][157] The neighbourhood, consisting of around 6,000 municipal flats, is
characterised by the fact of having an estimated 25% share of Arab-speaking
inhabitants, mostly hailing from Egypt.[158][159][160] The area has often been
described as a banlieue within Milan and has historically had a higher crime rate
than the rest of the city. Nevertheless, in recent years many projects have been
presented so as to mitigate the marginalisation of its inhabitants. Other areas
hosting large Arabic-speaking populations include Maciachini-Imbonati, Corvetto,
Comasina and piazza Arcole.[161][162][163][164][165][166]

Milan has also a substantial English-speaking community (around 4,500 US citizens,

British, Irish and Australian expatriates, excluding double-citizens), and several
English schools and English-language publications, such as Hello Milano, Where
Milano and Easy Milano.[136]
Santa Maria delle Grazie, completed in 1497
St. Ambrose Basilica dates back from AD 379–386.
Milan's population, like that of Italy as a whole, is mostly Catholic.[167][168] It
is the seat of the Archdiocese of Milan. Greater Milan is also home to Protestant,
Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist communities.[169][170]
[171][172][173]

Milan has been a Christian-majority city since the late Roman Empire.[174] Its
religious history was marked by the figure of St. Ambrose, whose heritage includes
the Ambrosian Rite (Italian: Rito ambrosiano), used by some five million Catholics
in the greater part of the Archdiocese of Milan,[175] which consider the largest in
Europe.[176] The Rite varies slightly from the canonical Roman Rite liturgy, with
differences in the mass, liturgical year (Lent starts four days later than in the
Roman Rite), baptism, rite of funerals, priest clothes and sacred music (use of the
Ambrosian chant rather than Gregorian).[177]

In addition, the city is home to the largest Orthodox community in Italy. Lombardy
is the seat of at least 78 Orthodox parishes and monasteries, the vast majority of
them located in the area of Milan.[178] The main Romanian Orthodox church in Milan
is the Catholic church of Our Lady of Victory (Chiesa di Santa Maria della
Vittoria), currently granted for use to the local Romanian community.[179]
Similarly, the point of reference for the followers of the Russian Orthodox Church
is the Catholic church of San Vito in Pasquirolo.[180][181]

The Jewish community of Milan is the second largest in Italy after Rome, with about
10,000 members, mainly Sephardi.[182] The main city synagogue, Hechal David u-
Mordechai Temple, was built by architect Luca Beltrami in 1892 and is also the
community's main headquarters, is located in Via della Guastalla. The interior was
renovated in 1997.

Milan hosts also one of the largest Muslim communities in Italy,[183] and the city
saw the construction of the country's first new mosque featuring a dome and
minaret, since the destruction of the ancient mosques of Lucera in the year 1300.
In 2014 the City Council agreed on the construction of a new mosque amid bitter
political debate, since it is strenuously opposed by right-wing parties such as the
Northern League.[184] As of 2018, the Muslim population is estimated at 9% of the
city's population.[185]

Currently, accurate statistics on the Hindu and Sikh presence in Milan metro area
are not available; however, various sources estimate that about 40% of the total
Indian population living in Italy, or about 50,000 individuals, reside in Lombardy,
[186][187] where a number of Hindu and Sikh temples exist and where they form the
largest such communities in Europe after the ones in Britain.[188]
Palazzo Mezzanotte, the seat of the Italian stock exchange
The skyscrapers of Porta Nuova business district
The skyscrapers of CityLife business district
Fiera Milano, the most important trade fair organiser in Italy and the world's
fourth largest[189]
Via Monte Napoleone is Europe's most expensive street and the second-most-expensive
street in the world after Fifth Avenue in New York City (2023).[190]

Milan is the economic capital of Italy[13] and is a global financial centre. Milan
is, together with London, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Munich and Paris, one of the six
European economic capitals.[14] Milan is the capital of the Lombardy region in
northern Italy and is the wealthiest city in Italy.[191] Milan and Lombardy had a
GDP of €400 billion ($493 billion) and €650 billion ($801 billion), respectively,
in 2017.[192] It is a member of the Blue Banana corridor and of the Four Motors for
Europe among Europe's economic leaders. Milan's hinterland is Italy's largest
industrial area. Milan's GDP per capita of about €49,500 (US$55,600) ranks among
Italy's highest.[193]
Whereas Rome is Italy's political and cultural capital, Milan is the country's
industrial and financial heart. With a 2019 GDP estimated at €207.4 billion,[194]
the province of Milan generates approximately 10% of the national GDP; while the
economy of the Lombardy region generates approximately 19.5% of Italy's GDP (or an
estimated €400 billion in 2021,[195] roughly the size of Belgium). The province of
Milan is home to about 45% of businesses in the Lombardy region and more than 8
percent of all businesses in Italy, including three Fortune 500 companies.[196]

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Milan was the 11th-most-expensive

city in Europe and the 22nd-most-expensive city in the world in 2019,[197] while
the well-known Via Monte Napoleone is Europe's most expensive street and the
second-most-expensive street in the world after Fifth Avenue in New York City
(2023).[190]

Since the late 1800s, the area of Milan has been a major industrial and
manufacturing centre. Alfa Romeo automobile company and Falck steel group employed
thousands of workers in the city until the closure of their sites in Arese in 2004
and Sesto San Giovanni in 1995. Other global industrial companies, such as Edison,
Prysmian Group, Riva Group, Saras, Saipem and Techint, maintain their headquarters
and significant employment in the city and its suburbs. Other relevant industries
active in metro Milan include chemicals (e.g. Mapei, Versalis, Tamoil Italy), home
appliances (e.g. Candy), hospitality (UNA Hotels & Resorts), food & beverages (e.g.
Bertolli, Campari), machinery, medical technologies (e.g. Amplifon, Bracco),
plastics and textiles. The construction (e.g. Webuild), retail (e.g. Esselunga, La
Rinascente) and utilities (e.g. A2A, Edison S.p.A., Snam, Sorgenia) sectors are
also large employers in the Greater Milan.

Milan is Italy's largest financial hub. The main national insurance companies and
banking groups (for a total of 198 companies) and over forty foreign insurance and
banking companies are located in the city,[198] as well as a number of asset
management companies, including Anima Holding, Azimut Holding, ARCA SGR and Eurizon
Capital. The Associazione Bancaria Italiana representing the Italian banking
system, and Milan Stock Exchange (225 companies listed on the stock exchange) are
both located in the city. Porta Nuova, the main business district of Milan and one
of the most important in Europe, hosts the Italian headquarters of numerous global
companies, such as Accenture, AXA, Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Celgene, China
Construction Bank, Deutsche Bank, FM Global, Herbalife, Amazon, Iliad, KPMG, Maire
Tecnimont, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Panasonic, Pirelli, Ubisoft, Shire, Tata
Consultancy Services, Telecom Italia, UniCredit, UnipolSai.

Other large multinational service companies, such as Allianz, Generali, Alleanza

Assicurazioni and PricewaterhouseCoopers, have their headquarters in the CityLife
business district, a new 900-acre-wide (3.6 km2) development project designed by
prominent modernist architects Zaha Hadid, Daniel Liebskind and Arata Isozaki.

The city is home to numerous media and advertising agencies, national newspapers
and telecommunication companies, including both the public service broadcaster RAI
and private television companies like Mediaset and Sky Italia. In addition, it
hosts the headquarters of the largest Italian publishing companies, such as
Feltrinelli, Giunti Editore, Messaggerie Italiane [it], Mondadori, RCS Media Group
and Rusconi Libri [it]. Milan has also seen a rapid increase in the presence of IT
companies, with both domestic and international companies such as Altavista,
Google, Italtel, Lycos, Microsoft,[199] Virgilio and Yahoo! establishing their
Italian operations in the city.

Milan is one of the fashion capitals of the world, where the sector can count on
12,000 companies, 800 show rooms and 6,000 sales outlets; the city hosts the
headquarters of global fashion houses such as Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Luxottica,
Prada, Versace, Valentino, Zegna and four weeks a year are dedicated to fashion
events.[198] The city is also a global hub for event management and trade fairs.
Fiera Milano operates the most important trade fair organiser in Italy and the
world's fourth-largest[189] exhibition hall in Rho, were international exhibitions
like Milan Furniture Fair, EICMA, EMO take place on 400,000 square metres of
exhibition areas with more than 4 million visitors in 2018.[200]

Interior of the Milan Cathedral. Milan Cathedral is the city's most popular tourist
destination.[201]

Tourism is an increasingly important part of the city's economy: with 8.81 million
registered international arrivals in 2018 (up 9.92% on the previous year), Milan
ranked as the world's 15th-most-visited city.[202] One source has 56% of
international visitors to Milan are from Europe, 44% of the city's tourists are
Italian, and 56% are from abroad.[201] The most important European Union markets
are the United Kingdom (16%), Germany (9%) and France (6%).[201] Most of the
visitors who come from the United States to the city go on business matters, while
Chinese and Japanese tourists mainly take up the leisure segment.[201] Milan is one
of the international tourism destinations, appearing among the forty most visited
cities in the world, ranking second in Italy after Rome, fifth in Europe and
sixteenth in the world.[19][20]

The city boasts several popular tourist attractions, such as the Milan Cathedral
and Piazza del Duomo, the Teatro alla Scala, the San Siro Stadium, the Galleria
Vittorio Emanuele II, the Castello Sforzesco, the Pinacoteca di Brera and the Via
Montenapoleone. Most tourists visit sights[203] such as Milan Cathedral, the
Castello Sforzesco and the Teatro alla Scala; however, other main sights such as
the Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio, the Navigli and the Brera district are less visited
and prove to be less popular.[204] The city also has numerous hotels, including the
ultra-luxurious Town House Galleria, which is the world's first seven-star hotel
according to Société Générale de Surveillance (five-star superior luxury according
to state law, however) and one of The Leading Hotels of the World.[205]
The Galleria degli arazzi ("Tapestry Gallery") with frescoes by Giambattista
Tiepolo in Palazzo Clerici
Museums and art galleries

[edit]
Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, together with the church of Santa Maria delle
Grazie, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Pinacoteca di Brera
The Triennale design and art museum
The San Carlo al Corso

Milan is home to many cultural institutions, museums and art galleries, that
account for about a tenth of the national total of visitors and receipts.[206] The
Pinacoteca di Brera is one of Milan's most important art galleries. It contains one
of the foremost collections of Italian painting, including masterpieces such as the
Brera Madonna by Piero della Francesca. The Castello Sforzesco hosts numerous art
collections and exhibitions, especially statues, ancient arms and furnitures, as
well as the Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco, with an art collection including
Michelangelo's last sculpture, the Rondanini Pietà, Andrea Mantegna's Trivulzio
Madonna and Leonardo da Vinci's Codex Trivulzianus manuscript. The Castello complex
also includes The Museum of Ancient Art, The Furniture Museum, The Museum of
Musical Instruments and the Applied Arts Collection, The Egyptian and Prehistoric
sections of the Archaeological Museum and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection
(Civica Raccolta delle Stampe Bertarelli).

Milan's figurative art flourished in the Middle Ages, and with the Visconti family
being major patrons of the arts, the city became an important centre of Gothic art
and architecture (Milan Cathedral being the city's most formidable work of Gothic
architecture). Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned
to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception
and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.[207]

The city was affected by the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries, and hosted
numerous formidable artists, architects and painters of that period, such as
Caravaggio and Francesco Hayez, which several important works are hosted in Brera
Academy. The Museum of Risorgimento is specialised on the history of Italian
unification Its collections include iconic paintings like Baldassare Verazzi's
Episode from the Five Days and Francesco Hayez's 1840 Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand
I of Austria. The Triennale is a design museum and events venue located in Palazzo
dell'Arte, in Sempione Park. It hosts exhibitions and events highlighting
contemporary Italian design, urban planning, architecture, music and media arts,
emphasising the relationship between art and industry.

Milan in the 20th century was the epicentre of the futurist artistic movement.
Filippo Marinetti, the founder of Italian Futurism wrote in his 1909 "Manifesto of
Futurism" (in Italian, Manifesto Futuristico), that Milan was
"grande...tradizionale e futurista" ("grand...traditional and futuristic", in
English). Umberto Boccioni was also an important Futurism artist who worked in the
city. Today, Milan remains a major international hub of modern and contemporary
art, with numerous modern art galleries. The Modern Art Gallery, situated in the
Royal Villa, hosts collections of Italian and European painting from the 18th to
the early 20th centuries.[208][209][210] The Museo del Novecento, situated in the
Palazzo dell'Arengario, is one of the most important art galleries in Italy about
20th-century art; of particular relevance are the sections dedicated to Futurism,
Spatialism and Arte povera. In the early 1990s architect David Chipperfield was
invited to convert the premises of the former Ansaldo Factory into a Museum. Museo
delle Culture (MUDEC) opened in April 2015.[211] The Gallerie di Piazza Scala, a
modern and contemporary museum located in Piazza della Scala in the Palazzo
Brentani and the Palazzo Anguissola, hosts 195 artworks from the collections of
Fondazione Cariplo with a strong representation of nineteenth-century Lombard
painters and sculptors, including Antonio Canova and Umberto Boccioni. A new
section was opened in the Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana in 2012. Other
private ventures dedicated to contemporary art include the exhibiting spaces of the
Prada Foundation and HangarBicocca. The Nicola Trussardi Foundation is renewed for
organising temporary exhibition in venues around the city. Milan is also home to
many public art projects, with a variety of works that range from sculptures to
murals to pieces by internationally renowned artists, including Arman, Kengiro
Azuma, Francesco Barzaghi, Alberto Burri, Pietro Cascella, Maurizio Cattelan,
Leonardo da Vinci, Giorgio de Chirico, Kris Ruhs, Emilio Isgrò, Fausto Melotti,
Joan Miró, Carlo Mo, Claes Oldenburg, Igor Mitoraj, Gianfranco Pardi, Michelangelo
Pistoletto, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Carlo Ramous, Aldo Rossi, Aligi Sassu, Giuseppe
Spagnulo and Domenico Trentacoste.
Founded in 1778, La Scala is the world's most famous opera house.[212]

Milan is a major national and international centre of the performing arts, most
notably opera. The city hosts La Scala operahouse, considered one of the world's
most prestigious,[213] having throughout history witnessed the premieres of
numerous operas, such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842, La Gioconda by Amilcare
Ponchielli, Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904, Turandot by Puccini in
1926, and more recently Teneke, by Fabio Vacchi in 2007. Other major theatres in
Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi, Teatro Dal Verme, Teatro Lirico and
formerly the Teatro Regio Ducale. The city is also the seat of a renowned symphony
orchestra and musical conservatory, and has been, throughout history, a major
centre for musical composition: numerous famous composers and musicians such as
Gioseppe Caimo, Simon Boyleau, Hoste da Reggio, Verdi, Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Paolo
Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan. The city is also the birthplace
of many modern ensembles and bands, including I Camaleonti, Camerata Mediolanense,
Gli Spioni, Dynamis Ensemble, Elio e le Storie Tese, Krisma, Premiata Forneria
Marconi, Quartetto Cetra, Stormy Six, Le Vibrazioni and Lacuna Coil.
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is Italy's oldest active shopping gallery and a major
landmark of Milan.

Milan is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design, fashion and

architecture.[214] In the 1950s and 60s, as the main industrial centre of Italy and
one of Europe's most dynamic cities, Milan became a world capital of design and
architecture. There was such a revolutionary change that Milan's fashion exports
accounted for US$726 million in 1952, and by 1955 that number grew to US$72.5
billion.[215] Modern skyscrapers, such as the Pirelli Tower and the Torre Velasca
were built, and artists such as Bruno Munari, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Castellani and
Piero Manzoni gathered in the city.[216] Today, Milan is still particularly well
known for its high-quality furniture and interior design industry. The city is home
to FieraMilano, Europe's largest permanent trade exhibition, and Salone
Internazionale del Mobile, one of the most prestigious international furniture and
design fairs.[217]

Milan is also regarded as one of the fashion capitals of the world, along with New
York City, Paris and London.[218] Milan is synonymous with the Italian prêt-à-
porter industry,[219] as many of the most famous Italian fashion brands, such as
Valentino, Versace, Prada, Armani and Dolce & Gabbana, are headquartered in the
city. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Milan.
Furthermore, the city hosts the Milan Fashion Week twice a year, one of the most
important events in the international fashion system.[220] Milan's main upscale
fashion district, quadrilatero della moda, is home to the city's most prestigious
shopping streets (Via Monte Napoleone, Via della Spiga, Via Sant'Andrea, Via
Manzoni and Corso Venezia), in addition to Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, one of
the world's oldest shopping malls.[221] The term sciura encapsulates the look and
culture of fashionable, elderly Milanese women.
Languages and literature

[edit]
Alessandro Manzoni is famous for the novel The Betrothed (1827), generally ranked
among the masterpieces of world literature.[222] This novel is a fundamental
milestone in the development of the modern, unified Italian language.[223]

In the late 18th century and throughout the 19th, Milan was an important centre for
intellectual discussion and literary creativity. The Enlightenment found here a
fertile ground. Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria, with his famous Dei delitti e delle
pene, and Count Pietro Verri, with the periodical Il Caffè were able to exert a
considerable influence over the new middle-class culture.

In the first years of the 19th century, the ideals of the Romantic movement made
their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the
primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry. Additionally, Giuseppe Parini and Ugo
Foscolo published their most important works, and were admired by younger poets as
masters of ethics, as well as of literary craftsmanship.

In the third decade of the 19th century, Alessandro Manzoni wrote his novel I
Promessi Sposi, considered the manifesto of Italian Romanticism, which found in
Milan its centre; in the same period Carlo Porta, reputed the most renowned local
vernacular poet, wrote his poems in Lombard Language. The periodical Il
Conciliatore published articles by Silvio Pellico, Giovanni Berchet, Ludovico di
Breme, who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics.

After the Unification of Italy in 1861, Milan retained a sort of central position
in cultural debates. New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were
accepted and discussed: thus Realism and Naturalism gave birth to prewar Italian
movement of Verismo in Southern Italy, its greatest Verista novelist Giovanni Verga
formed in Sicily who wrote his most important books in Milan.

In addition to Italian, approximately 2 million people in Northern Italy can speak

the Milanese dialect or other Western Lombard variation.[224]
The historic seat of the Corriere della Sera in via Solferino in Milan

Milan is an important national and international media centre. Corriere della Sera,
founded in 1876, is one of the oldest Italian newspapers, and it is published by
Rizzoli, as well as La Gazzetta dello Sport, a daily dedicated to coverage of
various sports and currently considered the most widely read daily newspaper in
Italy. Other local dailies are the general broadsheets Il Giorno, Il Giornale, the
Catholic newspaper Avvenire, and Il Sole 24 Ore, a daily business newspaper owned
by Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation). Free daily newspapers include
Leggo and Metro. Milan is also home to many architecture, art and fashion
periodicals, including Abitare, Casabella, Domus, Flash Art, Gioia, Grazia and
Vogue Italia. Panorama and Oggi, two of Italy's most important weekly news
magazines, are also published in Milan.

Several commercial broadcast television networks have their national headquarters

in the Milan conurbation, including Mediaset Group (owner of Canale 5, Italia 1,
Iris and Rete 4), Telelombardia and MTV Italy. National radio stations based in
Milan include Radio Deejay, Radio 105 Network, R101 (Italy), Radio Popolare, RTL
102.5, Radio Capital and Virgin Radio Italia.

The Antica trattoria Bagutto [it] in Milan, the oldest restaurant in Italy and the
second in Europe.[225]

Like most cities in Italy, Milan has developed its own local culinary tradition,
which, as it is typical for North Italian cuisines, uses more frequently rice than
pasta, butter than vegetable oil and features almost no tomato or fish. Milanese
traditional dishes includes cotoletta alla milanese, a breaded veal (pork and
turkey can be used) cutlet pan-fried in butter (similar to Viennese Wiener
Schnitzel). Other typical dishes are cassoeula (stewed pork rib chops and sausage
with Savoy cabbage), ossobuco (braised veal shank served with a condiment called
gremolata), risotto alla milanese (with saffron and beef marrow), busecca (stewed
tripe with beans), mondeghili (meatballs made with leftover meat fried in butter)
and brasato (stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes).

Season-related pastries include chiacchiere (flat fritters dusted with sugar) and
tortelli (fried spherical cookies) for Carnival, colomba (glazed cake shaped as a
dove) for Easter, pane dei morti ("bread of the (Day of the) Dead", cookies
flavoured with cinnamon) for All Souls' Day and panettone for Christmas. The salame
Milano, a salami with a very fine grain, is widespread throughout Italy. Renowned
Milanese cheeses are gorgonzola (from the namesake village nearby), mascarpone,
used in pastry-making, taleggio and quartirolo.

The comune of San Colombano al Lambro, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-
east of Milan, is home to the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wine which
includes 100 hectares (250 acres) producing a single red wine. The finished wine
must attain a minimum alcohol level of 11% to be labelled with the San Colombano
DOC designation.[226]

Milan is well known for its world-class restaurants and cafés, characterised by
innovative cuisine and design.[227] As of 2014, Milan has 157 Michelin-selected
places, including three 2-Michelin-starred restaurants;[228] these include Cracco,
Sadler and il Luogo di Aimo e Nadia.[229] Many historical restaurants and bars are
found in the historic centre, the Brera and Navigli districts. Milan is home to the
oldest restaurant in Italy and the second in Europe, the Antica trattoria Bagutto
[it], which has existed since at least 1284.[225] One of the city's oldest
surviving cafés, Caffè Cova, was established in 1817.[230] In total, Milan has 15
cafés, bars and restaurants registered among the Historical Places of Italy,
continuously operating for at least 70 years.[231]
San Siro Stadium, home of AC Milan and Inter Milan, has a capacity of 80,000. It is
Italy's biggest stadium.
Mediolanum Forum, home of Olimpia Milano
Satellite view of the Monza Circuit

Milan hosted matches at the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 and the UEFA European
Championship in 1980, and more recently held the 2003 World Rowing Championships,
the 2009 World Boxing Championships, and some games of the Men's Volleyball World
Championship in 2010 and the final games of the Women's Volleyball World
Championship in 2014. In 2018, Milan hosted the World Figure Skating Championships.
Milan will host the 2026 Winter Olympics as well as the 2026 Winter Paralympics
jointly with Cortina d'Ampezzo.

Milan, along with Manchester, is one of only two cities in Europe that is home to
two European Cup/Champions League winning teams: Serie A football clubs AC Milan
and Inter. They are two of the most successful clubs in the world of football in
terms of international trophies. Both teams have also won the FIFA Club World Cup
(formerly the Intercontinental Cup). With a combined ten Champions League titles,
Milan is only second to Madrid as the city with the most European Cups. Both teams
play at the UEFA 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the
San Siro, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of
over 80,000.[232] The Meazza Stadium has hosted four European Cup/Champions League
finals, most recently in 2016, when Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5–3 in a
penalty shoot-out. A third team, Brera Calcio, plays in Prima Categoria, the
seventh tier of Italian football.[233] Another team, Milano City FC (a successor of
Bustese Calcio),[234] plays in Serie D, the fourth level.

Milan is one of the host cities of the EuroBasket 2022. There are currently four
professional Lega Basket clubs in Milan: Olimpia Milano, Pallacanestro Milano 1958,
Società Canottieri Milano and A.S.S.I. Milano. Olimpia is the most decorated
basketball club in Italy, having won 27 Italian League championships, six Italian
National Cups, one Italian Super Cup, three European Champions Cups, one FIBA
Intercontinental Cup, three FIBA Saporta Cups, two FIBA Korać Cups and many junior
titles. The team play at the Mediolanum Forum, with a capacity of 12,700, where it
has been hosted the final of the 2013–14 Euroleague. In some cases the team also
plays at the PalaDesio, with a capacity of 6,700.

Milan is also home to Italy's oldest American football team: Rhinos Milano, who
have won five Italian Super Bowls. The team plays at the Velodromo Vigorelli, with
a capacity of 8,000. Another American football team that use the same venue is the
Seamen Milano, who joined the professional European League of Football in 2023.
Milan has also two cricket teams: Milano Fiori, currently competing in the second
division, and Kingsgrove Milan, who won the Serie A championship in 2014. Amatori
Rugby Milano, the most decorated rugby team in Italy, was founded in Milan in 1927.
The Monza Circuit, located near Milan, hosts the Formula One Italian Grand Prix.
[235] The circuit is located inside the Royal Villa of Monza park. It is one of the
world's oldest car racing circuits. The capacity for the Formula One races is
currently over 113,000. It has hosted an Formula One race nearly every year since
the first year of competition, with the exception of 1980.

In road cycling, Milan hosts the start of the annual Milan–San Remo classic one-day
race and the annual Milano–Torino one day race. Milan is also the traditional
finish for the final stage of the Giro d'Italia, which, along with the Tour de
France and the Vuelta a España, is one of cycling's three Grand Tours.
The University of Milan headquarters
The Polytechnic University of Milan is the city's oldest university, founded in
1863. It is the best university in Italy.[236]
Bocconi University is a leading institution for economics, management and related
disciplines in Europe.[237]
University of Milan Bicocca, established in 1998, is the city's newest university.

Milan is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has
the second-largest concentration of higher education institutes in Italy after
Rome. Milan's higher education system includes 7 universities, 48 faculties and 142
departments, with 185,000 university students enrolled in 2011 (approximately 11
percent of the national total)[23] and the largest number of university graduates
and postgraduate students (34,000 and more than 5,000, respectively) in Italy.[238]

The University of Milan (also known as the "State University") founded in 1924,
[239] is the largest public teaching and research university in the city.[240] The
University of Milan is the sixth-largest university in Italy, with approximately
60,000 enrolled students and a teaching staff of 2,500.[241] Most relevant
academics are in the fields of medicine, law and politics and sustainability.
Notable alumni such as former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and Nobel
laureates earned their degree at University of Milan.

University of Milano-Bicocca, established in 1998 is the city's newest institution

of higher education in science and technology. Built over a once industrial area,
today enrolls more than 30,000 students, of which more than 60% are female.[242] As
its older parent institute, it is one of the most sought-after location for medical
students.[243] It ranks as the 82nd-best young college on over 300 institutions in
the 2020 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[244]

The Polytechnic University of Milan is the city's oldest university, founded in

1863. With over 40,000 students, it is the largest technical university in Italy.
[245] According to the QS World University Rankings for the subject area
'Engineering & Technology', it ranked in 2022 as the 13th best in the world.[246]
It ranked 6th worldwide for Design, 9th for Civil and Structural Engineering, 9th
for Mechanical, Aerospace Engineering and 7th for Architecture.[246] It is the best
university in Italy.[236]

Catholic University of the Sacred Heart is the largest private teaching university
in Europe[247] and the largest Catholic University in the world with 42,000
enrolled students.[248][249] Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic serves as the
teaching hospital for the medical school of the Università Cattolica del Sacro
Cuore and owes its name to the university founder, the Franciscan friar, physician
and psychologist Agostino Gemelli.[250]

Bocconi University is a private management and finance university established in

1902, ranking as the best university in Italy in its fields, and as one of the best
in the world. In 2020, QS World University Rankings (viewed as one of the three
most-widely read university rankings in the world) ranked the university seventh
worldwide and third in Europe in business and management studies,[251] as well as
first in economics and econometrics outside the US and the UK.[252] Financial Times
ranked it the sixth-best business school in Europe in 2018.[253] Bocconi University
also ranks as the fifth-best one-year MBA course in the world, according to the
Forbes 2017 ranking.[254]

Vita-Salute San Raffaele University is a private teaching medical university linked

to the San Raffaele Hospital.[255]

University Institute of Languages and Communication (also known as "University

IULM") is a private teaching university established in 1968, later renamed from its
original name "University Institute of Languages of Milan", becoming first Italian
university offering courses on public relations; later it became a point of
reference also for business communication; media and advertising; translation and
interpreting; communication in culture and arts markets, tourism and fashion.[256]
Milan Conservatory

Milan is also well known for its fine arts and music schools. The Milan Academy of
Fine Arts (Brera Academy) is a public academic institution founded in 1776 by
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria; the New Academy of Fine Arts is the largest
private art and design university in Italy;[257] the European Institute of Design
is a private university specialised in fashion, industrial and interior design,
audio/visual design including photography, advertising and marketing and business
communication; the Marangoni Institute, is a fashion institute with campuses in
Milan, London and Paris; the Domus Academy is a private postgraduate institution of
design, fashion, architecture, interior design and management; the Pontifical
Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music, a college of music founded in 1931 by the
blessed cardinal A.I. Schuster, archbishop of Milan, and raised according to the
rules by the Holy See in 1940, is—similarly to the Pontifical Institute of Sacred
Music in Rome, which is consociated with—an Institute "ad instar facultatis" and is
authorised to confer university qualifications with canonical validity[258] and the
Milan Conservatory, a college of music established in 1807, currently Italy's
largest with more than 1,700 students and 240 music teachers.[259]
Carsharing cars in Piazza Duca d'Aosta

Milan is one of the key transport nodes of Italy and southern Europe. Its central
railway station is Italy's second, after Rome Termini railway station, and Europe's
eighth busiest.[260][261] The Malpensa, Linate and Orio al Serio airports serve the
Greater Milan, the largest metropolitan area in Italy.

Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) is the Milanese municipal transport company; it

operates 5 metro lines, 18 tram lines, 131 bus lines, 4 trolleybus lines and 1
people mover line, carrying about 776 million passengers in 2018.[262] Overall the
network covers nearly 1,500 km (932 mi) reaching 46 municipalities.[263] Besides
public transport, ATM manages the interchange parking lots and other transport
services including bike sharing and carsharing systems.[264]
Milan Metro is the largest rapid transit system in Italy in terms of length, number
of stations and ridership; and the fifth longest in the European Union and the
eighth in the Europe.[265]

The Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving the city and surrounding
municipalities. The network consists of 5 lines (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5), with a
total network length of 104 kilometres (65 mi), and a total of 121 stations, mostly
underground.[266] It has a daily ridership of 1.15 million,[267] the largest in
Italy as well as one of the largest in Europe.

The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by Franco Albini and Franca
Helg, and the signs, designed by Bob Noorda, received the Compasso d'Oro award in
1964.[268] Within the European Union it is the seventh-largest network in terms of
kilometres.[269]
A TSR train at Milano Porta Venezia railway station on the Milan Passerby Railway

As of May 2023, the Milan suburban railway service, operated by Trenord, comprises
11 S lines connecting the metropolitan area with the city centre, with possible
transfers to all the metro lines. Most S lines run through the Milan Passerby
Railway, commonly referred to as "il Passante" and served by double-decker trains
every 4/8 minutes in the central underground section.[270]
National and international trains

[edit]
Milano Centrale railway station

Milan Central station, with 110 million passengers per year, is the largest and
eighth-busiest railway station in Europe and the second busiest in Italy after Roma
Termini.[260] Milano Centrale railway station is the largest railway station in
Europe by volume.[271] Milano Cadorna and Milano Porta Garibaldi stations are,
respectively, the seventh- and the eleventh-busiest stations in Italy.[260] Since
the end of 2009, two high-speed train lines link Milan to Rome, Naples and Turin,
considerably shortening travel times with other major cities in Italy. Further
high-speed lines are under construction towards Genoa and Verona. Milan is served
by direct international trains to Nice, Marseille, Lyon, Paris, Lugano, Geneva,
Bern, Basel, Zurich and Frankfurt, and by overnight sleeper services to Munich and
Vienna (ÖBB).[272] Overnight services to Paris were suspended in 2020 following the
COVID lockdown and subsequently discontinued.[273][274]

Milan is also the core of Lombardy's regional train network. Regional trains were
operated on two different systems by LeNord (departing from Milano Cadorna) and
Trenitalia (departing from Milan Centrale and Milano Porta Garibaldi). Since 2011,
a new company, Trenord, has operated both Trenitalia and LeNord regional trains in
Lombardy, carrying over 750,000 passengers on more than 50 routes every day.[275]
[276]
Intersecting trams under the arcs of Porta Nuova medieval gate. This type of
historical trams are also used in San Francisco, United States[277]

The city tram network consists of approximately 160 kilometres (99 mi) of track and
18 lines, and is Europe's most advanced light rail system.[278] Bus lines cover
over 1,070 km (665 mi). Milan has also taxi services operated by private companies
and licensed by the City Council of Milan. The city is also a key node for the
national road network, being served by all the major highways of Northern Italy.
Numerous long-distance bus lines link Milan with many other cities and towns in
Lombardy and throughout Italy.[279]
Milan Malpensa Airport
Departures area of the Milan Bergamo Airport

In the surroundings of Milan there are three airports dedicated to normal civilian
traffic (Milan Malpensa Airport and Milan Linate Airport, managed by SEA, and Milan
Bergamo Airport by SACBO).

Overall, the Milan airport system handles traffic of over 51.4 million passengers
and around 700,000 tons of goods every year and is the first in Italy in terms of
passenger volume and cargo volume (the second Italian airport system is Rome with
44.4 million passengers in 2023).[280] The Milan Malpensa airport, with over 700
thousand tons, confirms the national leadership, processing 70% of the country's
air cargo.[281]

The intercontinental hub of Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP) is Italy's second-

busiest airport, after Rome Fiumicino Airport, with 24.1 million passengers served
in 2023 and Italy's busiest for freight and cargo, handling about 700,000 tons of
international freight in 2022. Malpensa Airport is the largest international
airport in northern Italy, serving Lombardy, Piedmont and Liguria, as well as the
Swiss Canton of Ticino. The airport is located 49 kilometres (30 mi) north-west of
Milan,[282] in the province of Varese next to the Ticino river dividing Lombardy
and Piedmont. Malpensa airport is 9th in the world and 6th in Europe for the number
of countries served with direct scheduled flights[283] It is connected to Milan by
the Malpensa Express railway service and by various bus lines.[284] The airport is
located inside the Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino, a nature reserve
included by UNESCO in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[285][286]
Milan Linate Airport (LIN) is Milan's city airport, less than 8 kilometres (5
mi) from central Milan, and is mainly used for domestic and short-haul
international flights. It served 8.6 million passengers in 2023 ranking as the 8th
airport in Italy for passenger traffic.[287] Linate Airport is hub of ITA Airways
together with Rome Fiumicino Airport and is connected the centre of Milan via the
M4 blue metro line.
Milan Bergamo Airport (BGY) is mainly used for low-cost, charter and cargo
flights.[288] The airport is located in Orio al Serio, 3.7 km (2.3 mi) south-east
of Bergamo and 45 km (28 mi) north-east of Milan. It is one of Ryanair's three main
operating bases, along with Dublin Airport and London Stansted Airport.[289] It
served 14.7 million passengers in 2023.[290] A bus service operated by ATB connects
to the airport, about 10 minutes from the Bergamo railway station.[291]

Lastly, Bresso Airfield is a general aviation airport, operated by Aero Club

Milano.[292] Since 1960 the airport mostly serves as a general aviation airfield
for flying club activity, touristic flights and air taxi.[293] It also hosts a base
of the state helicopter emergency service Elisoccorso.[294]
BikeMi station and bikes along Corso Garibaldi

The bicycle is becoming an increasingly important mode of transportation in Milan.

Since 2008, the implementation of a city-wide network of bike paths has been
initiated, to fight congestion and air pollution. During the COVID pandemic in
2019, 35 km of bike lanes were realized on short notice, to relieve pressure on the
subway occupation.[295]

The bike sharing system BikeMi has been deployed in almost all the city and enjoys
increasing popularity. Stationless commercial bike and scooter sharing systems are
widely available.
International relations

[edit]
Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Milan is twinned with:[296]

Brazil São Paulo, Brazil, since 1961

United States Chicago, United States, since 1962
France Lyon, France, since 1967
Russia Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1967
Germany Frankfurt, Germany, since 1969
United Kingdom Birmingham, United Kingdom, since 1974
Senegal Dakar, Senegal, since 1974
China Shanghai, China, since 1979
Japan Osaka, Japan, since 1981
Israel Tel Aviv, Israel, since 1997
State of Palestine Bethlehem, Palestine, since 2000
Canada Toronto, Canada, since 2003
Poland Kraków, Poland, since 2003
Australia Melbourne, Australia, since 2004
South Korea Daegu, South Korea, since 2015

The partnership with Saint Petersburg was suspended in 2012 (a decision taken by
the city of Milan), because of the prohibition of the Russian government on
"homosexual propaganda".[297] However, it was later restored and as of 2022, St.
Petersburg is still listed on Milan's official list of twin towns.[296]

People awarded the honorary citizenship of Milan are:

Date Name Notes
24 February 1972 Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977) English comic actor
March 1980 Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989) Russian nuclear physicist, dissident and
activist
December 1988 Alexander Dubček (1921–1992) Czechoslovak and Slovak politician
and dissident
16 February 1990 Paola Borboni (1900–1995) Italian actress
21 October 2004 Rudolph Giuliani (1944–present) American politician, former
mayor of New York City, and attorney of Donald Trump
3 September 2005 Rania Al-Abdullah (1970–present) Queen consort of Jordan
10 December 2008 Al Gore (1948–present) American politician and former Vice
President of the United States
18 January 2012 Roberto Saviano (1979–present) Italian journalist and writer
4 April 2016 Nino Di Matteo (1961–present) Italian magistrate
20 October 2016 Dalai Lama (1935–present) Tibetan Buddhist spiritual
leader[298][299]
10 December 2020 Patrick Zaki (1991–present) Egyptian student

List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits

Outline of Italy
Outline of Milan
Biscione
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