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A Critical Assessment of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Enhancing

Transport Infrastructure in Lucknow City

Preprint · October 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15836.36482

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 A Critical Assessment of Intelligent Transportation Systems in
Enhancing Transport Infrastructure in Lucknow City
G H V Sai Simha1
1
Research Scholar, Department of Architecture & Planning, NIT Rourkela

Abstract

The aim of this review paper is to examine the significance of infrastructure, transport, logistics, and power sector
development in the progress of any country. The world is moving towards smart transportation solutions to reduce
emissions and improve public transportation, with the advancements in Information Technology and Digital
technology making it easier to adapt development scenarios and projects to these technologies. Smart cities are being
developed worldwide, and transportation projects must align with the objective of creating smart cities. In this context,
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has become an indispensable component of this process. ITS provides citizens with
a more efficient mode of travel, saves time, and makes the city smarter. The paper primarily focuses on the
incorporation of smart information and technology dissemination systems into modern transit systems in the context
of a growing urban agglomeration like Lucknow city. The review paper aims to provide insights into the importance
of ITS in enhancing the urban transit experience and its potential role in the development of smart cities. The
integration of Smart Information and Communication technology (ICT) in modern transit systems will lead to a
sustainable and smarter future for cities worldwide. The paper concludes that incorporating smart information and
technology dissemination systems is necessary to improve public transportation in growing cities like Lucknow, and
ITS can be a valuable solution to enhance the overall transit experience.

Keywords: Urban transportation system, Public transportation, Intelligent Transport System, Smart transportation,
Information and communication Technologies

1. Introduction

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a contemporary strategy that utilizes advanced information and
communication technologies to enhance overall transportation efficiency, safety, and sustainability. The purpose of
this paper is to examine the potentialities of ITS in improving transportation facilities and the significance it holds in
the current era. This paper will explore numerous facets of ITS, including its benefits, challenges, and implementation
strategies. In recent years, conventional transportation systems have encountered numerous challenges, including
congestion, safety and environmental concerns. The introduction of ITS has significantly transformed the
transportation industry, creating new opportunities to surmount these challenges. The global ITS market is expected
to reach $72.5 billion by 2025, expanding at a CAGR of 4.44% from 2020 to 2025 [1]. This highlights the increasing
importance of ITS in the transportation sector. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the application of advanced
information and communication technologies to transportation systems to enable the coordination of various modes
of traffic, optimize their utilization, and enhance the safety and efficiency of transportation [2]. ITS aims to enhance
the overall transportation system by utilizing technologies such as sensors, communication devices, and data analytics

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to capture and analyze real-time traffic data and provide insights to improve traffic flow management, reduce
congestion, and enhance safety [3]. Due to its potential to resolve the challenges encountered by traditional transport
systems, the development and implementation of ITS have garnered significant global attention. ITS integration can
enhance the overall effectiveness, safety, and sustainability of transport systems, making it a crucial component of
smart cities [1].

1.1 Benefits of Intelligent Transportation Systems

Enhanced safety is one of the primary benefits of ITS. ITS technologies such as collision avoidance systems,
automated vehicle guidance, and electronic warning systems can aid in the prevention of vehicular accidents and the
reduction of road fatalities. According to a study by the US Department of Transportation, ITS technologies have
reduced fatalities by as much as 20% in some areas [4]. Another significant benefit of ITS is reduced congestion. On
highways and city streets, ITS technologies such as real-time traffic monitoring, intelligent traffic signal systems, and
dynamic route guidance can help optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. A study by the European Commission
found that ITS can reduce travel time by up to 30% [5]. ITS can help improve environmental sustainability in addition
to enhancing safety and reducing congestion. ITS can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution by
optimizing traffic flow, reducing congestion, and promoting the use of alternative transportation modalities such as
public transit and bicycling. A study by the US DOT found that ITS technologies can reduce fuel consumption by up
to 10% [4]. Additionally, ITS can enhance the mobility of all road users, including pedestrians and cyclists. Connected
vehicle systems, which enable vehicles and infrastructure to communicate with one another, can increase road users'
safety and mobility. In addition, ITS technologies, such as intelligent parking systems, can reduce the time and
aggravation associated with parking in urban areas.

1.2 Successful implementation of Intelligent Transport Systems in various cities

The implementation of intelligent transport systems (ITS) can be found in various cities around the world. London
has implemented a congestion charging scheme that employs ITS technologies such as Automatic Number Plate
Recognition (ANPR) to identify and charge vehicles for entering the city centre during peak hour. The plan was
successful in minimizing the traffic congestion and enhancing air quality [6]. The city-state of Singapore has
implemented an advanced traffic management system known as the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). The system
uses a network of sensors and cameras to monitor traffic flow and adjust traffic signals in real-time. The system has
effectively reduced congestion and enhanced traffic movement [7]. The city of Tokyo has implemented an extensive
public transportation system that utilizes ITS technologies such as digital signage, mobile applications, and real-time
train tracking to enhance the passenger experience. The system has been effective in minimizing wait times and
enhancing public transport dependability [8]. New York City has implemented the Intelligent Transportation System
Priority Lane (ITS-Priority Lane) ITS system. The system employs sensors and cameras to give buses priority on
designated lanes, thereby reducing commuters' travel times. The system has been effective in minimizing congestion
and enhancing bus service dependability [9]. The Seoul Smart Mobility System (SSMS) is a smart transport system
implemented by the city of Seoul, South Korea. The system combines multiple modes of transportation and utilizes
real-time data to provide users with the most efficient routes and modes of transportation. The system has successfully
reduced travel times and enhanced passenger satisfaction [10]. There are several successful implementations of ITS
in various cities around the world. These examples demonstrate the potential of ITS technologies to reduce congestion,
improve public transportation, and enhance the overall travel experience for commuters. Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS) have gained popularity in recent years in India as a means to improve traffic management and reduce
congestion. ITS technologies use real-time data and communication systems to enhance transportation safety and
efficiency. The case studies of successful ITS implementations in various Indian cities. The government of Karnataka's
directorate of urban land transport indicates that the Traffic Information and Management Centre (TIMC) was
established in Bangalore to monitor traffic and generate real-time traffic updates. The TIMC collects data using CCTV
cameras, vehicle detectors, and other sensors, which is then analyzed to identify traffic patterns and generate alerts.
The alerts are then disseminated to commuters via variable message signs, mobile applications, and social media. The
TIMC has decreased congestion by 20 percent and accidents by 30 percent [11,12]. The report from the Government

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of National Capital Territory of Delhi and Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System Ltd. demonstrates that the
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) initiative was initiated in Delhi to enhance traffic flow and reduce air pollution.
The initiative includes an integrated command and control centre that monitors traffic and generates alerts in real time.
In addition, the ITS includes a fleet management system that monitors public transportation vehicles and provides
commuters with real-time information. The initiative has decreased travel time by 15 percent and enhanced air quality
by 20 percent [13,14]. Pune Smart City Development Corporation Limited (PSCDCL) implemented an ITS system to
enhance traffic flow and safety in Pune. The solution consists of an intelligent traffic management system that employs
real-time data to optimize signal timing and reduce congestion. In addition, the system includes a public transport
management system that monitors vehicles and provides commuters with real-time information. The PSCDCL has
decreased travel time by 25 percent and increased safety by 40 percent [15,16]. An integrated command and control
centre (ICCC) was established in Mumbai in order to monitor traffic and public transport and respond to incidents in
real time. The ICCC collects data using traffic cameras, vehicle detectors, and other sensors, which are then analyzed
to produce real-time traffic updates and alerts. Additionally, the ICCC contains a public transport administration
system that provides real-time information on bus and railway schedules and locations. The implementation of the
ICCC has reduced travel times by 15% and accidents by 30% (Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
(MMRDA), 2020), (Mumbai Traffic Police, 2020) [17,18]. In Ahmedabad, ITS solution was implemented to manage
the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. The solution includes a real-time passenger information system that provides
bus schedules and locations to commuters through mobile apps and digital displays at bus stops. The solution also
includes an automatic vehicle location (AVL) system that tracks the location and speed of buses, and enables real-
time communication between drivers and control center operators. The implementation of the ITS solution has led to
a 25% reduction in travel time and a 20% increase in ridership [19]. In Hyderabad, ITS system was implemented to
manage traffic signals and reduce congestion. The system uses adaptive traffic signal control algorithms that adjust
signal timings based on real-time traffic conditions. The system also includes a traffic data collection system that
collects data on traffic volume, speed, and travel time, and generates traffic reports and alerts. The implementation of
the ITS system has resulted in a 20% reduction in travel time and a 15% reduction in fuel consumption [20,21].

The case studies presented in this article demonstrate the success of ITS implementations in various Indian cities. The
use of real-time data and communication systems has improved traffic management, reduced congestion, and
enhanced transportation safety and efficiency. As India continues to urbanize and its cities grow, the adoption of ITS
technologies is crucial for sustainable development.

1.3 Potential benefits of ITS

1.3.1 Traffic flow management
Traffic flow management is a critical challenge faced by transportation authorities worldwide and in India, especially
in congested cities. According to a report by the World Economic Forum, traffic congestion costs the global economy
approximately $1 trillion per year, and the problem is anticipated to deteriorate in the coming years [22].
Transportation authorities around the world have implemented a variety of measures, including Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS), road pricing, and public transportation, to address this issue. ITS, which includes traffic
management systems, advanced traveler information systems, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication, has emerged as
a potential solution to manage traffic flow in congested cities. ITS can provide vehicles with real-time information on
traffic conditions, alternate routes, and parking availability, among other things. This information can assist vehicles
in making informed decisions, thereby reducing congestion and enhancing traffic flow. Additionally, ITS can improve
safety by providing warnings about potential hazards and reducing the risk of accidents.

In India, transportation congestion is a significant problem in densely populated cities. According to a 2018 report by
the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, traffic congestion costs the Indian economy approximately 1.47 percent
of its GDP annually. Transportation authorities in India have instituted various measures, including intelligent
transportation systems, road pricing, and public transportation, to address this issue. The Indian government has
initiated a number of ITS-related initiatives after recognizing the potential benefits of ITS for traffic flow management.
The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has developed an Integrated Transport Management System (ITMS) that

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enables real-time monitoring of traffic flow and reduces road congestion [23]. Moreover, the Delhi Integrated Multi-
Modal Transit System (DIMTS) has implemented an ITS-based traffic management system that has reduced traffic
congestion by as much as 30 percent [24]. Globally and in India, efficient traffic flow management is essential for
sustainable transportation in congested cities. To combat traffic congestion, transportation authorities worldwide and
in India have instituted various measures, including intelligent transportation systems (ITS), road pricing, and public
transportation. In congested cities worldwide and in India, the prospective advantages of ITS for traffic flow
management are evident. ITS can enhance traffic flow, decrease congestion, increase safety, and decrease pollution.
Effective traffic flow management requires a comprehensive approach that considers various factors like
infrastructure, technology, and policy frameworks. The global and Indian scenarios face similar challenges, such as
inadequate infrastructure, lack of public transport, and poor road safety. However, the solutions adopted in each
scenario are different. Global trends show that the use of ITS is becoming more prevalent, while Indian trends show
a focus on improving public transport and non-motorized transport. Both scenarios require continuous efforts to ensure
efficient and sustainable traffic flow management.

1.3.2 Enhanced public transport

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have emerged as a possible means of enhancing public transportation
services. ITS can provide passengers with real-time information such as bus schedules, arrival times, and route
modifications, resulting in an enhanced passenger experience and reduced congestion. ITS can provide passengers
with real-time information on bus schedules, arrival times, and route modifications. This information can assist
passengers in more efficiently planning their journeys and reducing wait times. According to a study by Li and Mamun
(2019), real-time information systems can improve public transport service quality and passenger satisfaction. ITS
can improve passenger satisfaction by supplying information on seat availability, bus hygiene, and onboard amenities.
In addition, ITS can notify passengers of potential delays or disruptions, allowing them to make appropriate plans
[25]. Hameed and Siddiqui (2017) suggest that ITS can enhance the quality of service provided to passengers of public
transport. By optimising bus routes and schedules based on real-time traffic conditions, ITS can help reduce
congestion. In addition, ITS can provide bus drivers with information regarding potential roadblocks or accidents,
allowing them to choose alternate routes [26]. Li and Pan (2019) discovered that ITS can substantially increase the
effectiveness of public transit systems and decrease traffic congestion. ITS can improve safety by providing bus drivers
with real-time information about potential road hazards. ITS can also warn passengers of potential safety hazards,
such as slick roads and snowy pavements [27]. According to Sun and Lu (2018), ITS can contribute to the safety of
public transport systems [28].

1.3.3 Safety improvements

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have emerged as a possible means of enhancing road and highway safety.
ITS can provide vehicles with real-time information, such as weather and traffic conditions, and alert them to potential
road hazards. ITS can provide real-time information about traffic conditions, weather, and road closures to vehicles.
This information can assist vehicles in planning their routes and avoiding potential road hazards. According to a 2018
study by Khalid et al., real-time traffic information systems can considerably enhance road and highway safety [29].

1. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication: ITS can facilitate vehicle-to-vehicle communication, allowing vehicles to

share information about potential road hazards and communicate with one another. According to a study by
Sathyanarayana and Kusuma (2017), vehicle-to-vehicle communication can enhance safety on roads and
highways [30].
2. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS): ITS may incorporate ADAS, such as lane departure warning systems
and forward collision warning systems, which can alert drivers to potential road hazards. These systems are also
capable of assisting drivers and promoting safer transportation. According to a study by Al-Naser et al. (2018),
ADAS can significantly improve road safety [31].
3. Pedestrian and bicycle safety: ITS can improve safety for pedestrians and cyclists by alerting drivers of their
presence and warning them of potential collisions. This can include the use of sensors and cameras to detect

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 pedestrians and cyclists and warn drivers accordingly. ITS can improve pedestrian and bicycle safety on roads
and highways.

1.4 Challenges and limitations

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced technology that utilizes modern communication and
computational technologies to improve the safety, efficacy, and sustainability of various modes of transportation.
Various cities around the globe have implemented ITS, and its potential to enhance transportation infrastructure has
been extensively studied. However, a number of obstacles and constraints have been identified in the implementation
of ITS in cities. ITS has the potential to enhance urban transport infrastructure in multiple ways. First, ITS can improve
transportation safety by providing drivers with real-time traffic data, allowing them to make more informed
judgements on the road. By using traffic data to optimize traffic signal synchronization and reduce travel time, ITS
can enhance traffic flow and reduce congestion. Thirdly, ITS can enhance sustainability by promoting alternative
modes of conveyance, such as bicycles and public transportation. Despite the potentialities of ITS in improving
transportation facilities in cities, several challenges and limitations have been identified. The steep cost of
implementing ITS is one of the major challenges, which may limit its adoption in cities with limited financial
resources. Another challenge is the absence of technical expertise and knowledge among transportation planners and
policymakers, which can impede the successful implementation of ITS. Moreover, the dearth of interoperability and
standardization of ITS technology impedes the seamless integration of ITS with cities' existing transportation
infrastructure.

1.4.1 Lack of infrastructure and resources

Implementing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) in various cities is hampered by a lack of infrastructure and
resources. ITS requires advanced technological infrastructure and resources for its effective implementation, which
may not be available in many cities, particularly in developing countries. The absence of infrastructure and resources
can impede the implementation of ITS and limit its capacity to enhance urban transport facilities. Several studies have
identified a paucity of infrastructure and resources as a significant barrier to the implementation of ITS in urban areas.
According to a study by Haghshenas and Alirezaei (2017), the lack of infrastructure and resources in many developing
nations, especially in Africa and Asia, impedes the implementation of ITS. Inadequate infrastructure, such as network
coverage, electricity supply, and internet connectivity, posed significant obstacles to the deployment of ITS solutions,
according to the study [32]. In a similar vein, Huang et al. (2015) identified a paucity of infrastructure and resources
as a significant obstacle to the development of ITS in China. According to the study, the implementation of ITS in
China necessitates substantial infrastructural investments, including communication networks, data centres, and traffic
management centres. In addition to the lack of infrastructure, the lack of skilled human resources is another significant
challenge in implementing ITS in cities [33]. A study by Sivanandan and Prakash (2018) highlighted the lack of
technical expertise and knowledge among transportation planners and policymakers as a major challenge in ITS
implementation. the lack of infrastructure and resources, including adequate technological infrastructure and skilled
human resources, is a significant challenge in implementing ITS in cities [34]. Policymakers and transportation
planners must address these challenges by investing in infrastructure and building technical capacity to ensure the
effective implementation of ITS.

1.4.2 Data privacy and security concerns

Data privacy and security concerns are significant challenges associated with the implementation of Intelligent
Transportation System (ITS) in various cities. ITS relies on the accumulation and analysis of large quantities of data,
including personally identifiable information, which is susceptible to unauthorised access, theft, or misuse. It is
essential to ensure data privacy and security in ITS in order to preserve public confidence, protect personal
information, and prevent security breaches. Several studies have identified data privacy and security concerns as a
significant implementation challenge for ITS. According to a study by Mohammadian et al. (2019), data privacy and
security is a significant challenge in the implementation of ITS in smart cities. To mitigate the risk of data intrusions
in ITS, the study emphasized the need for privacy-preserving techniques and secure data administration systems [35].
Similarly, a study by Lv et al. (2018) highlighted the importance of data privacy and security in the development of

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ITS in China. The study noted that the acquisition and use of personal information in ITS may raise ethical and legal
issues, and emphasized the need for privacy protection measures and security protocols to safeguard personal
information in ITS. Several privacy protection and security measures have been proposed to address concerns about
data privacy and security in ITS. These include the use of encryption and authentication techniques to protect data
transmission, the implementation of access controls and authorization mechanisms to restrict data access, and the
incorporation of privacy-enhancing technologies such as data anonymization and pseudonymization [36]. Data
privacy and security concerns are significant challenges in implementing ITS in various cities. Policymakers and
transportation planners must prioritize data privacy and security in ITS implementation by developing robust privacy
protection and security measures to safeguard personal information in ITS.

2 Case study: ITS implementation in Lucknow

The Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is implemented on the Agra Lucknow expressway to ensure a
safe, efficient, and hassle-free journey experience for vehicles. This paper discusses the various components of the
ATMS system, including the Emergency Call Box (ECB), CCTV cameras, and the Automatic Number Plate
Recognition (ANPR) system. The ECB allows users to seek emergency help and enquire about the available
emergency services on the expressway. The CCTV cameras with PTZ options can monitor the expressway and traffic,
while the ANPR system detects and monitors traffic speed and penalizes errant drivers. This paper provides insights
into the implementation and benefits of the ATMS system on the Agra Lucknow expressway. The Agra Lucknow
expressway is one of the most critical highways in India, connecting two major cities in Uttar Pradesh. The rapid
growth in the number of vehicles on the expressway leads to safety concerns and traffic management issues. To address
these challenges, the Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is implemented on the expressway. The ATMS
system aims to provide a safe and smooth journey experience for the vehicles plying on the expressway. The ATMS
system comprises various components, including the Emergency Call Box (ECB), CCTV cameras, and the Automatic
Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system. The Emergency Call Box (ECB) is installed at every 4 km on the
expressway, with a total of 152 ECB systems at 76 locations. The ECB allows users to connect with the ATMS control
center by pressing a single button and seek emergency help in case of an accident or distress. Users can also enquire
about emergency services available on the expressway, including hospitals, police stations, workshops, and facilities.
The ECB system works on optical fiber connectivity, eliminating the dependency on mobile networks. The ATMS
system installs 50 CCTV cameras along the expressway, with PTZ options that can be controlled from the ATMS
control room. The CCTV cameras provide real-time monitoring of the expressway and traffic, enabling the ATMS
control center to take necessary actions in case of any issues. The Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
System detects and monitors traffic speed, providing an option for penalizing errant drivers. Speed displays are
provided at various locations on the expressway to display the maximum speed detected on each lane by RADAR. To
discourage over-speeding, e-challans are issued based on the average speed of vehicles between any two ANPR
systems and the toll plaza situated near Agra and Lucknow. The ECB, CCTV cameras, and the ANPR system have
been instrumental in managing traffic flow and providing emergency services to the commuters. The ATMS system
demonstrates the benefits of using technology to improve traffic management and safety on highways [37]. A
sophisticated network of hardware, software, and intelligent transportation technologies that optimize the movement
of traffic on roads, motorways, and other transportation infrastructure constitutes an advanced traffic management
system. This system utilizes real-time data such as traffic volume, speed, and congestion to provide accurate and
timely information to drivers in order to enhance their driving experience. It can also help reduce the number of road
accidents and enhance the safety of commuters and pedestrians. The system is frequently designed to integrate with
other modes of transportation, such as public transportation, to provide commuters with seamless and efficient travel
options. Lucknow City's traffic condition has long been a major concern as it has led to a significant increase in
pollution, congestion, and inconvenience. However, there is now a glimmer of hope as the city's traffic is undergoing
major changes to address these issues. One of these steps is the removal of all the metro construction barricades along
the north-south corridor, which will make commuting more seamless and enjoyable for travelers. Additionally, the
Lucknow Municipal Corporation is brought in to reduce traffic congestion by implementing the Integrated Traffic

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Management System (ITMS), which includes the installation of 110 traffic lights with automatic signal control system,
separate light signals for pedestrians, and CCTV cameras to monitor traffic rule violators. In addition, over 150 smart
buses are set to ply within the city, which will greatly help in decongesting traffic on the roads. These changes are all
part of Lucknow's efforts to become a Smart City. The LDA and LMRC are eagerly pushing forward these
developments, and with added support and help from citizens, there is hope for positive changes in the coming future.
These efforts are expected to go a long way in making Lucknow a better city for all its residents. Traffic signal control
systems refer to a network of technologically-based solutions that optimize traffic flow at intersections, roadways, and
other transportation infrastructure. These systems employ a variety of sensors and cameras to monitor traffic volume,
speed, and patterns, and then use this information to alter the scheduling and sequencing of traffic signals. They
increase traffic safety, decrease congestion and travel time, and enhance overall traffic efficiency. Some advanced
traffic signal control systems use artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to modify traffic flow in real-
time in response to changing conditions. These systems play an essential role in increasing the safety and mobility of
transportation networks, as well as the quality of life for commuters and travelers. Currently, the Lucknow Traffic
Police is implementing an innovative new approach to manage traffic rush. The authorities have deployed a new
system for the operation of traffic lights, wherein the colors change dynamically based on real-time traffic at
intersections. By observing the CCTV footage, officials monitor the situation and alter signals accordingly. Previously,
traffic lights changed colors periodically, forcing vehicles to wait even if there was no traffic, resulting in long wait
times even after the traffic was reduced. The new system gauges traffic load or vehicular count on roads and has
improved the situation significantly. The traffic circumstances are being monitored through CCTV cameras installed
at major intersections in the city, and the complete management is being overseen by officials from the Integrated
Traffic Management System (ITMS), who are connected to the traffic control room and maintain surveillance round
the clock. According to authorities, the technology has aided traffic operations at 140 intersections in the city, with
waiting times at traffic signals expected to be reduced significantly once the system is fully operational. Furthermore,
travel time will be reduced as vehicular movements are sped up. The extensive execution of the project is expected to
completely revamp traffic administration in the city, leading to a more efficient and effective system [38]. The Uttar
Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) intended to implement a national common mobility card
(NCMC) for payment on its vehicles that could be personalized with a passenger's photo and other personal
information. The personalized card incurred a few additional fees and took a few days to issue, whereas ordinary
cards, both prepaid and postpaid, were issued on the day of travel at the UPSRTC bus station counters. Cards were
reloaded online and at UPSRTC bus station terminals. Officials had stated that the card supported both online and
offline payments and that the UPSRTC covered the 0.9% transaction fee for offline payments. In a few months,
Lucknow and Ghaziabad launched the pilot phase of the facility, followed by statewide implementation in the second
phase. If successful, UPSRTC would be the first organization to implement the concept of one-nation-one-card for
roadway buses. The cards were compatible with all National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) services and were
linked to the State Bank of India. The corporation could determine the precise number of passengers boarding the
buses and the revenue generated, making this a profitable move. Currently, UPSRTC bus conductors carry an EMV-
compliant ticketing machine with an affixed thermal printer; passengers can pay by scanning the QR code on the
machine. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) implementation in Lucknow was a complex process requiring the
collaboration of multiple stakeholders, including policymakers, transportation administrators, and technology
providers. The process involved assessing the city's transport requirements and identifying areas where ITS could be
used to enhance transport infrastructure. Surveys were conducted, data was gathered, and the city's transportation
patterns were analyzed. Stakeholders such as policymakers, transportation planners, and technology providers were
engaged to secure their support and buy-in for the implementation of ITS. Partnerships and collaborations were
established with relevant stakeholders, and a shared vision and set of objectives for the implementation of ITS were
established. A comprehensive implementation plan and design for ITS were devised, identifying the ITS technologies
and systems to be deployed, developing technical specifications, and developing a roadmap for implementation. ITS
technologies and systems were acquired and installed, vendors and suppliers were identified, procurement documents
were created, and ITS systems were installed and tested. The efficiency of the deployed ITS systems in enhancing
Lucknow's transport infrastructure was monitored and assessed by accumulating and analyzing data, evaluating the

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impact of ITS on transportation safety, efficiency, and sustainability, and identifying enhancement opportunities. The
deployed ITS systems were maintained and enhanced to ensure their continued relevance and effectiveness by
developing maintenance and upgrade strategies, identifying funding sources, and collaborating with purveyors and
suppliers to implement maintenance and upgrade activities. The Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation (LMRC) is a public
sector undertaking that was established to develop and operate a metro rail system in Lucknow, the capital city of
Uttar Pradesh in India. The LMRC introduced the Go Smart card as a smart card payment system for metro rail
passengers to offer a convenient and efficient way to use the metro rail system. The Go Smart card is a contactless
smart card that can be recharged with a specified amount of money to use the Lucknow metro rail system. It is a
convenient way to pay for metro rail tickets. It can be recharged online or at designated recharge stations. It offers a
discount on the fare when compared to the single journey token. Moreover, frequent travelers could also benefit from
the monthly pass option available with the Go Smart card. It used Near Field Communication (NFC) technology for
contactless payment. It eliminated the need for cash transactions, making it a safer and more hygienic option during
the global pandemic. The Go Smart card could be recharged using various payment options such as debit card, credit
card, net banking, and UPI. It was an excellent option for college students aged 18-25 who frequently used the
Lucknow metro rail system. It eliminated the need for standing in long queues for tickets. College students could
recharge the card online or at designated recharge stations, saving valuable time. It offered a discount on the fare
compared to the single journey token, which was particularly beneficial for college students who had limited budgets.
It provided a hassle-free travel experience for college students. They could use the card to travel on the metro rail
system without worrying about carrying cash or buying tickets [39,40].

2.1 Potential Strengths and weaknesses associated with ITS implementation in Lucknow
The implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in Lucknow city has several strengths and
weaknesses. The following are some of the significant strengths and weaknesses associated with ITS implementation
in Lucknow

2.1.1 Strengths
a) Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
The implementation of an Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) on the Agra Lucknow expressway has
several potential strengths that make it an effective solution for traffic management and safety concerns. The ATMS
system can significantly enhance the safety of commuters on the expressway. The emergency call box (ECB) system
allows users to seek help in case of an accident or distress, which can lead to faster response times and potentially
save lives. The CCTV cameras installed along the expressway can monitor traffic in real-time and enable the ATMS
control center to take necessary actions in case of any issues. The Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
system can detect and monitor traffic speed, which can help deter over-speeding and reduce the number of road
accidents. The ATMS system can enhance the efficiency of traffic management on the expressway. The PTZ options
of the CCTV cameras can provide a comprehensive view of the expressway and traffic, enabling the ATMS control
center to make more informed decisions. The ANPR system can detect traffic congestion and provide real-time data
to drivers, reducing delays and enhancing the overall journey experience. Moreover, the implementation of an ATMS
system demonstrates the benefits of using technology to improve traffic management and safety on highways. By
utilizing real-time data such as traffic volume, speed, and congestion, the system can provide accurate and timely
information to drivers to enhance their driving experience. The system can be designed to integrate with other modes
of transportation, such as public transportation, to provide commuters with seamless and efficient travel options.
Finally, the implementation of the ATMS system on the Agra Lucknow expressway is part of a larger effort by the
authorities in Lucknow to address traffic concerns and make the city a Smart City. The installation of traffic lights
with automatic signal control systems, separate light signals for pedestrians, and CCTV cameras to monitor traffic
rule violators, along with the introduction of smart buses, are all steps in the right direction towards achieving this
goal.

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b) Traffic signal control systems
Traffic signal control systems can significantly enhance the safety of commuters on the roads. The use of sensors and
cameras to monitor traffic volume, speed, and patterns can help identify potential hazards and reduce the risk of
accidents. Additionally, the ability of some advanced systems to modify traffic flow in real-time in response to
changing conditions can help prevent accidents caused by sudden changes in traffic patterns. It can enhance the
efficiency of traffic management on the roads. By altering the scheduling and sequencing of traffic signals based on
real-time traffic conditions, these systems can reduce waiting times at intersections and decrease travel time for
commuters. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in some advanced systems can help
optimize traffic flow and enhance overall traffic efficiency.

c) Electronic fare payment system

One potential strength of this topic is that it highlights the successful implementation of innovative technologies in
public transportation systems in Uttar Pradesh, India. The study provides insights into the complex process of
introducing NCMC and ITS technologies in public transportation systems, which involved the collaboration of
multiple stakeholders, including policymakers, transportation administrators, and technology providers. The study
also sheds light on the benefits of these technologies, such as convenient and efficient payment systems, reduced
transaction costs, and improved revenue generation for transport corporations. The study is particularly relevant to
college students aged 18-25, who frequently use public transportation systems and could benefit from the hassle-free
travel experience provided by NCMC and Go Smart card payment systems. The study could serve as a guide for
policymakers, transportation planners, and technology providers in other regions looking to introduce similar
technologies in their public transportation systems.

2.1.2 Weaknesses
a) Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
While the implementation of an Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) on the Agra Lucknow expressway
may seem like a promising solution to traffic management and safety concerns, there are certain drawbacks and
criticisms that must be considered. One potential criticism of the ATMS system is its reliance on technology. While
the system may work efficiently when all its components are functioning properly, any malfunction or failure in the
system can prove to be disastrous. This could result in delays, accidents, and chaos on the expressway. Moreover, the
high cost of installation and maintenance of the hardware and software components of the ATMS system may be a
concern for [Link] potential drawback of the system is its potential impact on privacy. The Automatic
Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system used in the ATMS system can monitor the speed and movement of
vehicles, which could lead to privacy concerns. Additionally, the CCTV cameras installed along the expressway may
raise concerns about surveillance and invasion of privacy. Furthermore, there may be concerns about the effectiveness
of the ATMS system in managing traffic on the expressway. While the system may be able to monitor the flow of
traffic and provide real-time information to drivers, it may not be effective in managing the behavior of reckless or
inconsiderate drivers. In such cases, the penalties issued through e-challans may not be enough to deter violators.

b) Traffic signal control systems

Despite the potential benefits of traffic signal control systems, there are certain weaknesses that must be considered.
One potential weakness of traffic signal control systems is their reliance on technology. Any malfunction or failure in
the hardware or software components of the system can result in delays, accidents, and chaos on the roads.
Additionally, the high cost of installation and maintenance of these systems may be a concern for stakeholders.
Another potential weakness of traffic signal control systems is their limited effectiveness in managing traffic flow
during peak hours or rush periods. While these systems may enhance traffic efficiency during normal traffic
conditions, they may not be effective in managing the behavior of reckless or inconsiderate drivers during heavy traffic
times. In such cases, the penalties issued may not be enough to deter violators, and traffic may continue to be congested
and chaotic. Moreover, these systems may not be adaptable to changing traffic conditions. While some advanced
systems use artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to modify traffic flow in real-time, they may not

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be able to adapt to sudden changes in traffic patterns or unforeseen events such as accidents or road closures. Finally,
the implementation of traffic signal control systems may not be a sustainable solution in the long run. As the number
of vehicles on the roads continues to increase, additional measures may be required to manage traffic flow and ensure
the safety of commuters.

c) Electronic fare payment system

The personalized NCMC card incurs additional fees and takes a few days to issue, which could discourage some
passengers from using the system. Moreover, the lack of information on potential privacy and security concerns
associated with the personalized cards could be a cause for concern.

3 Conclusion

The implementation of the Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) on the Agra Lucknow expressway has
brought significant benefits to the commuters in terms of safety, efficiency, and hassle-free journey experience. The
Emergency Call Box (ECB) system, CCTV cameras, and the Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system
have played a vital role in managing traffic flow and providing emergency services to the commuters. The ATMS
system demonstrates the benefits of using technology to improve traffic management and safety on highways, thereby
reducing the number of road accidents.

Policy: The installation of traffic signal control systems and advanced traffic management systems should also be
implemented in other cities to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. The Integrated Traffic Management System
(ITMS) implemented in Lucknow should also be implemented in other cities to reduce traffic congestion. The National
Common Mobility Card (NCMC) for payment on roadway buses should be promoted and implemented nationwide to
provide a seamless travel experience.

Future Development: The adoption of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can enhance transport infrastructure
and improve the efficiency and sustainability of transportation. There is a need to establish comprehensive
implementation plans and designs for ITS, identifying the ITS technologies and systems to be deployed, developing
technical specifications, and developing a roadmap for implementation. The Go Smart card introduced by the
Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation (LMRC) can be promoted and expanded to other cities across the country to provide
a safer and more hygienic option during the global pandemic.

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