English Grammar and Conjugation Tips
for TOEIC
1. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
- Present Simple: Used for habits, facts, or general truths.
Example: I work every day.
- Present Continuous: Used for actions happening right now.
Example: I am working right now.
2. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect
- Past Simple: For actions completed in the past with a specific time.
Example: I visited Paris last year.
- Present Perfect: For actions with relevance to the present or without mentioning when.
Example: I have visited Paris.
3. Future Forms
- Will: Used for decisions made at the moment of speaking or predictions.
Example: I will help you.
- Going to: Used for plans or intentions already decided, or predictions based on evidence.
Example: I am going to visit my friend tomorrow.
4. Articles (a, an, the)
- A/An: Used to talk about something in general or to introduce a new noun.
Example: I have a car.
- The: Used to talk about something specific or already mentioned.
Example: The car I bought is red.
5. Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns
- Countable nouns: Nouns you can count. Use 'a' or a number with them.
Example: I have two apples.
- Uncountable nouns: Nouns you cannot count, like water, rice, etc.
Example: I need some water.
6. Comparatives and Superlatives
- Comparative: To compare two things, use '-er' or 'more'.
Example: She is taller than him.
- Superlative: To say something is the most important.
Example: He is the smartest in the class.
7. Prepositions
- In: Used for closed places or periods (months, years).
Example: In the room, In 2023.
- On: Used for days or surfaces.
Example: On Monday, On the table.
- At: Used for times and specific places.
Example: At 5 PM, At the station.
8. Modal Verbs (can, could, might, must, should)
- Can/Could: To express ability or permission.
Example: I can swim.
- Should: To give advice.
Example: You should study for the exam.
- Must: To talk about strong obligations.
Example: You must wear a seatbelt.
9. Conditional Sentences
- First Conditional: For real or possible situations in the future.
Example: If it rains, I will stay home.
- Second Conditional: For imaginary or unreal situations.
Example: If I had money, I would travel the world.
10. Passive Voice
- Used when the action is more important than the doer.
Example: The cake was baked by my mother.
- Form: be + past participle.
Example: The letter is written.
11. Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
- Used to add more information about a noun.
Example: The person who helped me was kind.
12. Despite / In spite of
- Used to mean 'malgré', followed by a noun or a verb in -ing.
Example: Despite the rain, we went for a walk.
13. Gerunds and Infinitives (V-ing / to + Verb)
- Gerund (V-ing): Used after certain verbs and prepositions.
Example: I enjoy swimming.
- Infinitive (to + verb): Used after certain verbs to express intention.
Example: I want to swim.
14. There is / There are
- Used to talk about the existence or presence of something.
Example: There is a book on the table.
- Example: There are many people in the park.
15. Word Order in Questions
- Tip: To form a question, place the auxiliary verb (or 'do/does') before the subject.
Example: Do you like pizza?
- Example: Is she coming to the party?
16. Some / Any
- Some: Used in affirmative sentences.
Example: I have some friends.
- Any: Used in questions or negative sentences.
Example: Do you have any questions?
1. Infinitive (to + verb)
- Used after certain verbs like 'want', 'need', 'expect'.
Example: I want to eat.
2. Gerund (verb + ing)
- Used after verbs like 'enjoy', 'avoid', 'keep'.
Example: I enjoy reading.
3. Present Simple for Timetables
- Used for schedules or planned events.
Example: The train leaves at 8 AM.
4. Present Continuous for Future Plans
- Used for future arrangements that are already decided.
Example: I am meeting him tomorrow.
5. Past Continuous for Interrupted Actions
- Used for an action that was in progress when another action interrupted it.
Example: I was watching TV when the phone rang.
6. Present Perfect for Unspecified Time
- Used for past actions with relevance to the present, without specifying the time.
Example: I have finished my homework.
7. Past Perfect for Earlier Past Actions
- Used for actions that happened before another past action.
Example: I had eaten before he arrived.
8. Future Continuous for Ongoing Future Actions
- Used for an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
Example: I will be studying at 8 PM.
9. Future Perfect for Completed Future Actions
- Used for actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future.
Example: I will have finished the project by next week.
