WHAT IS SMOKE DETECTOR ?

•A smoke detector is a device

that senses smoke, typically
as an indicator of fire

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WHERE DO WE USE IT ?

❖ Detect fire in the areas.

❖ Notify building occupants to take evasive action to escape the dangers of a
hostile fire.
❖ Summon organized assistance to initiate or assist in fire control activities.
Initiate automatic fire control & suppression systems & to sound alarm.
❖ Supervise fire control & suppression systems to assure operational status is
maintained Initiate auxiliary functions involving environmental, utility &
process controls

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Smoke detector consists of two parts:

A sensor to sense the presence of smoke particles

An Actuator/Alarm to be triggered

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TYPES OF SMOKE DETECTOR

There are two types of smoke detectors

Ionization smoke detector

Photoelectric smoke detector
Both works on different principles to sense visible or invisible
particles of combustion in air given off developing fire.

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IONIZATION SMOKE
DETECTOR
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IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTOR

• The ionization smoke detector consists of an alpha particle

producing a radioactive source (americium-241), a smoke chamber, and
charged detector plates.

• The alpha source causes the air within the smoke chamber to
become ionized and conductive.

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As smoke particles enter the smoke chamber, the
smoke particles attach themselves to the ionized air
molecules and the air in the chamber becomes less
conductive.

When the air conductivity within the chamber drops

below a predetermined level, the alarm is triggered

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The ionization smoke detector is widely used.
Its capability to detect smoke originating from
fire is best utilized for clean-burning fires that
produce small particles during combustion.

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IONIZATION DETECTOR

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PHOTOELECTRIC
SMOKE DETECTOR
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PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR

• The photoelectric type detector utilizes light as a detection mechanism.

• A photoelectric, or optical, smoke detector contains a source of infrared,

visible, or ultraviolet light, a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically
a photodiode).

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There are two types of photoelectric smoke detectors:

• Light sensing(scattering)
• Light obscuring(blocking

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 LIGHT SCATTERING SMOKE DETECTOR

• Light scattering smoke detector depend on the ability of small

airborne particles to scatter light.
• The light emitted from the light source is not detected by the photo
sensor.
• When smoke particles enter in the chamber increases, more light is
scattered toward the sensor.

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LIGHT OBSCURING SMOKE DETECTOR
(BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR)

• It consists of separate light source and a photosensitive

sensor.
• These devices are usually installed in large open areas
where there is an unobstructed line of sight between the
light source and the receiver and where the use of
spot-type detectors would be economically unfeasible due
to the number of detectors required.

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WHERE YOU CAN PLACE A DETECTOR?

BR(1) BR2 Bed Kitchen BR BR

Hallway

room

Entrance

Basement
Lounge
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WHICH IS THE BEST AMONG ABOVE
DISCUSSED ??

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 US National Institute of Standards and Technology recognized
ionization smoke detector as having better response rate then others

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FIRE DETECTOR

Regardless of the fuel source, flames and the resulting hot gases
generate electromagnetic radiation in a variety of wavelengths
(Figure 2) from ultraviolet (UV), through the visible spectrum
and into infrared (IR). How much and in what wavelength
depends on the fuel source. Hot carbon dioxide has a strong
peak at 4.2 – 4.5 μm (micrometers) with hot water vapor at 2.7
μm. Flame detectors are typically designed to detect light
emission at those wavelengths with intensity patterns common
to open flames
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 LEAK DETECTOR
• first line of defense against any toxic or combustible gas leak in the event of defective seals or
gaskets, valve misalignment, or failure of flanges or other equipment
• Leakage through valves and steam traps , underground tank lekage
• proper functioning, quality and safety of lithium-ion batteries, which are used as accumulators
in electric vehicles, depends on their integrity and impermeability to external influences such
as moisture ingress
• National Fire protection Association (NFPA) and American Petroleum Institute (API) standard
527

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LEAK DETECTOR

Bubble and Foam , combustible gas , dyes

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ULTRASONIC LEAK DETECTOR

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 ULTRASONIC LEAK DETECTOR
Types :

1.
• Single sensor element with moving metal diaphragm (microphone) that requires frequent calibration and periodic replacement.
• mounting orientation of 12m and it can be affected by temperature changes.
II. resonant sensor.
• piezo-electric material (which converts mechanical deformation into electrical voltage) embedded in a ceramic medium. These sensors
have an extremely high chemical resistance and a wide frequency range response band. The unit can be mounted in any orientation
required for the application. Its sensor design has no moving parts so wear and tear is eliminated
• Four sensors covers a max range of 40 meters radius from the detector

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ULTRASONIC LEAK DETECTOR
Features:
• Detects gas leak before a hazardous concentration is present
• The gas cloud does not have to contact the sensor for detection
• Detection is instantaneous for all types of gas leak (toxic or combustible)
• Not affected by wind direction
Limitations
• Not suited for detecting very low pressure leaks (below 30 psi)
• distinguish what is leaking, e.g. air/nitrogen/methane
• Time delays must be properly configured for pressure releases

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ULTRASONIC LEAK DETECTOR

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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ELECTRON CAPTURE HALOGEN LEAK
DETECTORS

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ELECTRON CAPTURE HALOGEN LEAK
DETECTORS

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REMOTE SENSING
infrared laser absorption spectroscopy:
• As methane absorbs a specific wavelength of infrared light, these instruments emit infrared
lasers. The laser beam is directed to wherever the leak is suspected, such as a gas pipe or a
ceiling.
• Due to some of the light being absorbed by the methane, the light received back provides a
measurement of absorption by the gas. A useful feature of these systems is the fact that the
laser beam can penetrate transparent surfaces, such as glass or Perspex, so there is a
possibility to test an enclosed space prior to entering it.
• The detectors measure the average methane gas density between the detector and target.
Readings on the handheld units are given in ppm-m (a product of the concentration of
methane cloud (ppm) and path length (m).
• This method allows for methane leak to be found quickly and confirmed by pointing a laser
beam towards the suspected leak or along a survey line.

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REMOTE SENSING
natural gas: methane is the principal component
industrial uses: manufacture of chemicals like ammonia, methanol, butane, ethane, propane
and acetic acid; it is also an ingredient in products as diverse as fertiliser, antifreeze, plastics,
pharmaceuticals and fabrics.
With continuous industrial development, there is an increase in the risk of harmful gas being
released.
through pipelines in gaseous form; as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas
(CNG). LNG is the usual method for transporting the gas over a long distance, i.e., across
oceans, whilst CNG is ordinarily transported using a tanker truck over short distances. Pipelines
are the preferred transport choice for long distances over land (and sometimes offshore).

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