Lesson 1.
Components of the Cell II:
Subcellular Organelles
General Biology 1
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
The cell can be
compared to a
factory building. It
creates a barrier
that collects all its
machinery and
employees in their
proper places.
2
In a cell, the organelles
represent the machinery
and employees that work in
a factory building . These
organelles have their own
specific functions that work
for different cellular
processes.
3
How do organelles help in
ensuring that functions
required for life are done?
4
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Describe the composition and role of nucleus and
ribosomes in genetic control of the cell.
● Distinguish how the compositions and roles of
organelles in the endomembrane system differ from
one another.
● Compare the composition and role of chloroplast and
mitochondria in providing energy for the cell.
5
How do the organelles of the
cell differ in their own
functions?
6
Subcellular Organelles
Genetic control of the cell
(nucleus and ribosomes)
Organelles of
Endomembrane system
the cell are (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
divided into bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes,
and vacuoles)
three groups.
Energy houses
(mitochondria and chloroplast)
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The Genetic Control of the Cell
Nucleus Ribosome
Structure of the Nucleus
● This is a prominent,
usually oval structure in
a eukaryotic cell.
● It is located in almost
the center of the cell.
Cross-section view of a nucleus 8
The Genetic Control of the Cell
Nucleus Ribosome
Parts of the Nucleus
● Nucleoplasm is the
semifluid matrix.
● Nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm
Cross-section view of a nucleus 9
The Genetic Control of the Cell
Nucleus Ribosome
Parts of the Nucleus
● Nuclear pores permit
the passage of ribosomal
subunits and mRNA out
of the nucleus into the
cytoplasm.
Cross-section view of a nucleus10
The Genetic Control of the Cell
Nucleus Ribosome
Function of the Ribosomes
● Ribosomes are the
organelles that use
instructions from the
nucleus, written in mRNA,
to build proteins.
The location of free ribosomes
and bound ribosomes.
11
The Genetic Control of the Cell
Nucleus Ribosome
Free and Bound Ribosomes
● Free ribosomes are found
in the cytosol.
● Bound ribosomes are
attached to the outside
of the endoplasmic The location of free ribosomes
reticulum or nuclear and bound ribosomes.
envelope. 12
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi bodies
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
A photo showing the rough and smooth ER
13
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi bodies ● Rough ER have thousands of ribosomes
attached to the outer surface which give
Lysosomes this organelle a “rough” appearance.
Their main role is to produce proteins.
Peroxisomes
● Smooth ER does not have attached
Vacuoles
ribosomes. This organelle produces
lipids. 14
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Golgi Bodies
● These serve
Golgi bodies
functions similar
to a warehouse
Lysosomes
and processing
center, processing
Peroxisomes
products of the
Vacuoles
ER.
Golgi apparatus or
Golgi bodies 15
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Lysosomes
Golgi bodies
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles Illustration of lysosomal activity.
16
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Peroxisomes
● These contain
Golgi bodies
enzymes and serve
as metabolic
Lysosomes
assistance to
organelles and
Peroxisomes
specialize in
synthesizing &
Vacuoles Role of peroxisomes
breaking down lipids.
17
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Vacuoles
● These serve as
Golgi bodies
a storage of
water, organic
Lysosomes
nutrients,
variety of salts,
Peroxisomes
sugar & some
weak acids.
Vacuoles Lateral view of a vacuole
18
How do mitochondria and
chloroplasts differ in providing
energy for the cell?
19
The Energy Houses of the Cell
Mitochondrion
● This is known
as the
“powerhouse
of the cell”
Cross-section of a Mitochondrion 20
The Energy Houses of the Cell
Chloroplast
● This is unique to
plant and algae
cells.
● This organelle
perform
photosynthesis.
Cross-section of a Chloroplast 21
Mitochondria vs Chloroplast
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Let’s Sum It Up!
Graphical representation of
the subcellular organelles
23
Check Your Understanding
Label the figure by identifying each pointed part.
Choose from the options below.
ribosomes
vacuole
chloroplast
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
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