What is Matter?
Matter is defined as anything that has weight and occupies space by having
volume. Matter makes up everything you can see and touch.
There are three types of matter: solids, liquids, and gases.
- All matter is made of atoms.
- Atoms are in constant motion.
- Particle movement determines the state of matter.
State of Solid Liquid Gas
Matter
Shape definite Not definite Not definite
Volume definite Definite (Take the shape Not definite
of the container its in)
Movement of Not moving (Only Move, have more kinetic Moving very fast.
atoms vibrating) energy. Most kinetic energy.
Spaces Very close to each other Away a bit Very far away from
between Very Compact Less compact each other
atoms Least compact
Compactness:
Compactness measures the density of matter.
- The close the particles are between the atoms the more it will be compact.
- The most compact & dense are the solids, least dense and compact are the gases.
Kinetic molecular theory:
The kinetic theory is the movement of the atoms.
Factors affecting the movement of atoms:
1- Temperature:
- As the temperature increases the kinetic energy of atoms increases.
- As the temperature decreases the kinetic energy of atoms decreases.
2- Spaces between the atoms:
- As the spaces increase the more the atoms will move freely.
Changes in States
A change of a substance from one physical state to another. ( It’s a physical change)
Energy Gained or Lost
• To change state, energy must be added or removed.
• Gaining or losing energy changes the temperature of a substance.
• So accordingly, 1- Energy of the particles change.
2- The speed and the distance between particles change.
• Melting
– Solid becomes liquid.
– Energy is added
• Particles speed up.
• Temperature rises
• Evaporation
– Process by which liquids change to a gas.
– Energy is added
• Particles speed up.
• Temperature rises
• Sublimation
– Change in state from a solid directly into a gas. (skips liquid phase)
• Add heat
• Atoms gain energy
• Escape into the air as a gas.
• Example: Dry Ice
• Condensation
– The change in state from a gas to a liquid.
• Cooling a gas
• Particles lose energy.
• Freezing
- Liquid becomes solid.
– Loss of energy.
Particles slow down
Temperature cools
• Deposition
– Change in state from a gas directly to a solid.
• Substance cools.
• Atoms lose energy
• No liquid forms in the process.
• Example:
– Water vapor turns into ice crystals.
Practice:
Complete the following diagram:
Energy level is the amount of heat added. (As we add heat, we increase the temperature as we remove heat, we
decrease the temperature)
