PHYSICS INVESTIGATORYPROJECT

To Investigate The Relation

Between The Ratio Of:
• Output & Input Voltage
• No. Of Turns In The Secondary
Coil & Primary Coil Of A Self
Designed Transformer
[Link] Contents Page
No.
1. Certificate 03
2 Acknowledgments 04-05
3 Introduction 06-07
4 Objective 08
5 Theory 09-10
6 Procedure 12
7 Observations 13
8 Result 14
9 Precautions 15
10 Source of Error 16
11 Bibliography 17
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Physics Investigatory Project
on the topic “To Investigate The Relation Between
The Ratio Of 1. Output & Input Voltage 2. No. Of
Turns In TheSecondary Coil & Primary Coil Of A Self
Designed Transformer” has been successfully completed
by Ankit Choudhary of class XI-B under the guidance of
Mr. Abhishek Sharma in particular fulfillment of the
curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education {
CBSE} leading to the award annual
Examination of the year 2024-25.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have best owned upon me their blessing and the heart
pledged support , this time I am utilizing to thanks all the
people who have been concerned with physics project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
project with success . Then I would like to thank my principal
Mrs Aarti Ma’am and physics teacher Mr. AbhishekSharma
Sir whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project .
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends whohave
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of this
project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates
who have helped me a lot
 OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation

between the ratio of :
[Link] and Input Voltage
[Link] of turns in the
secondary coil and the primary
coil of a self designed transformer .
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for

converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice-versa. A
Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C. voltages.
A transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit.
As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundred of tones. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages
is
called a step up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both
circuit.
 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1,p2, an alternating current
Starts falling in it. The altering current in
the primary produces a changing magnetic
flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each
turn of the primary. Thus if Ex pand Es be
the instantaneous values of thee.m.f. ’s
induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns ofthe
primary secondary coils of the transformer
and dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each
turn off the coil at this instant,
 we have,

Ep = -Np dф/dt (1)

and
Es = -Ns dф/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,
we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in
 the primary coil is given by
Ip = E –Ep / Rp
E– Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small,
RpIp can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence

equation 3 can bewritten as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called

turn or transformation
ratio.
 PROCEDURE
1. Take a laminated iron core and wind a
small number [say about 2000 ] of turns of
thick insulated copper wire uniformly on it
leaving two free ends P1 P2 .
2. Wind a large numbers of turns [say 100] of
thin insulated copper wire on the opposite
arm of the core leaving two free end S1 & S2.
3. Connect the primary coil to a variable a.c
supply source and secondary to a.c.
volt meter of suitable range .
4. Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the
primary to measure the input voltage.
 OBSERVATIONS
No. of turns in primary , NP = 2000
No. of turns in secondary , NS = 100

S. No. Input Output

Voltage Voltage ES/EP
EP ES
1. 12 V 240 V 1/20
2. 240 V 12 V 20
 RESULT

Clearly Es/EP = NS/NP within

experimental error .
 PRECAUTIONS

[Link] yourself safe from voltage .

[Link] taking the readings of the
current and voltage of the a.c.
should remain constant.
 SOURCES OF ERROR

[Link] of current can be

changed due to heating effect .
[Link] current can changed the
readings.
 Bibliography

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. NCERT Class 12 Book