CPAR 1ST QUARTER REVIEWER

MODULE 1: ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINE

- In this era, the art forms were primarily influenced by the area where our ancestors prosper; primarily
influenced by geographical location and the experiences of the Filipinos. ETHNIC TRADITION

- Situated in Binangonan, Rizal and was discovered by the National Artist, Carlos "Botong" Francisco, in
1965. The are 127 humans and animals figure engraved on the rock wall and dated back. ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS

- Found in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan in the early 1960s. It's a burial jar which signifies the
belief of early Filipino in life after death. MANUNGGUL JAR

- It literally means pots. BANGA

- A performance of Kalinga of the Mountain Province of the Philippines. This dance shows the elegant
grace of Igorot tribe and kill and strength of women. BANGA OR POT DANCE

- For this period, art forms were primarily influenced by religion and secularization; this period used arts
to propagate the Catholic faith; In this time, the purpose of arts is integral to life. SPANISH COLONIAL
TRADITION

- This wall painting by Josef Luciano Dans will be found in St. James the Apostle Church in Paete, Laguna;
This painting was dated 1850 and depicts the heaven, crucifixion of Christ, earth, Adan and Eve; and hell,
sinners with different transgressions. LANGIT, LUPA, AT IMPYERNO

- Located in Burgos, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. The original structure was built in 1574 and replaced as a
church in 1641. The cathedral follows a Baroque architectural design. ST. PAUL METROPOLITAN
CATHEDRAL

- During this period, development of Philippine art forms was mainly influenced by education and
governance. AMERICAN COLONIAL

- Refers to the practice of art from 1860s to 1960s; the main theme of art works in this time is national
identity. MODERN ART

- This painting was made by Fernando Amorsolo, "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art" and born in Manila.
It shows a reminder of the reminder of traditions and customs of the Filipino. THE MAKING OF THE
PHILIPPINE FLAG

- By Carlos "Botong" Francisco Carlos "Botong" Francisco was born in Ango, Rizal. This painting by him
was dated in 1962. This mural painting of Carlos "Botong" Francisco shows the Filipino's bayanihan
tradition. This also shows the distinctive style of Francisco's painting that showcased his mastery in arts.
BAYANIHAN
- It refers to the practice of art from the 1970s to the present. It mirrors contemporary culture and
society. Diverse and emerging art practices were being introduced in this era. CONTEMPORARY ART

- By Federico Aguilar Alcuaz Federico Aguilas Alcuaz was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. It depicts the variety
of domestic activities (Guillermo, 2007). CINCO MARIAS (TRES MARIAS SERIES)

- One of the Philippines contemporary artists. He is born in General SANTOS City. LEEROY NEW

- This art installation of Leeroy New was made for the La Milagrosa Festival in Ilocos Norte. According to
Leeroy New, the art installation symbolizes the great festivals, feasts and celebrations (Lapела, 2012).
ART INSTALLATION IN SAND DUNES OF PAOAY

• Elements of Art

- It pertains to emptiness which may either be positive space or negative space. SPACE

- It refers to a part which is enclosed in a shape. POSITIVE SPACE

- It refers to the opposite part in which the shape is enclosing. NEGATIVE SPACE

- A series of connected points. LINES

- This line usually suggests calmness. HORIZONTAL LINES

- This line may convey strength, diagonal lines create an impression of action. VERTICAL LINES

- This line creates an expression of gradual change of direction. CURVE LINES

- This line may pertain to an abrupt change of direction. CIRCULAR LINE

- An area that is enclosed by a line or lines. This is two dimensional figures with height and width.
SHAPE

- There are different kinds of shapes. GEOMETRIC SHAPES (triangle, squares, rectangle, etc.),
ORGANIC SHAPES (shapes found in nature, e.g. shape of a leaf or cloud), ABSTRACT SHAPES
(asymmetrical and free flowing shapes).

- A three-dimensional figures. Its dimensions are height, width, and volume. Unlike shapes, it has
more depth. FORM

- This is associated with the natural phenomenon in our environment. Scientifically, when a light
passes through a prism, it will produce different hues of different wavelengths. It may pertain to
lightness, darkness, coolness, or warmth. COLOR

- It is considered a property of a color which pertains to its lightness or darkness. VALUE

- The element that appeals to our sense of feel on things, rough, smooth, bumpy, or slippery. It
pertains to the surface of an art piece. TEXTURE
• Principles of Art

- It refers to the relationship of the size of elements in a body of art. For example, when drawing a
human standing beside a house, it is important to ensure that the size of the human is proportional to
the size of the house. PROPORTION

- The unity of the artwork, specifically about the arrangement of the related elements. HARMONY

- It may be referred to as diversity. This means adding multiple, different elements to break the
monotony of an artwork and make it more interesting. VARIETY

- The illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture design, or in a piece of art. MOVEMENT

- This refers to the repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern. In visual arts, repeated design
elements may create a certain flow and may lead the viewer's eyes. RHYTHM

- It refers to the even and equal distribution of elements. BALANCE

- A principle which may refer to the greater impact given on a certain element. EMPHASIS

- Defined as different manners of expressing human skills and imagination in the creation of aesthetic
conditions, objects and presentations. ART/SINING

MODULE 2: CONTEMPORARY ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- Defined as something "happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of
time." CONTEMPORARY

- Refers to art of any form and genre that was produced in our contemporary time, simply put as "art
created today"; expressions of the artist's thoughts and feelings based on their experience of the here
and now which current events, issues and social concerns affecting the society where the artist lives in;
the artworks and styles of the past have evolved and have adapted to a dynamic changing world, a
world immersed in the latest technology and emerging ideologies to become the art of today.
CONTEMPORARY ART

- Categories of artistic creation and are characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.
GENRES

• Elements of Contemporary Art

- This relates to the modification made by the artist. APPROPRIATION

- This refers in the use of different art mediums that are put together. HYBRIDITY

- Its application highlights the creativity of the artist. TECHNOLOGY

- Carried out for viewers to experience. PERFORMANCE

- Intricate use of space. SPACE

- Employs the use of different art elements used together in distinct different expressions; it becomes a
combination of different art forms for specific groups of viewers; a fusion of different art disciplines
using different styles and media in creating art; it comes in different sizes and shapes, forms and styles
as observed in Junk Art. INTEGRATIVE ART

Examples of integrative art: use of computer applications combined with other media, use of non-
traditional art materials in creating artworks usually done with mixed art forms.

- A sculptural rendition using discarded or used materials. JUNK ART

• Distinct features of Contemporary Philippine Art

- It reflects the relationships build around the bonds of community and society. COMMUNAL NATURE

- Filipinos are immersed in their consciousness of themselves, their community and their culture.
INTUITIVE

- Individuals, groups of people and events are perceived in their entirety as well as the unitive use of
art materials and forms. HOLISTIC

- The artist puts more emphasis on how their artwork was made than on the artwork itself. CREATIVE
PROCESS

- It encompasses religious, moral, spiritual, social, and environmental concerns. INTEGRATIVE

- It considers everything and everyone, the wide perspective of the artwork as well as both artist and
viewer. MULTI-FOCAL

- A photograph that was taken from our own time; it is a spontaneous and dynamic view of photography
from a simultaneous instance in time; it captures and gives back to the viewer a conceived idea about
our present- day world. CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHY

- It plays a significant role in the abundant cultural identity of the Philippines; it reflects the people,
history, and traditions of the Philippines as a whole. ART

LESSON: ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

- The pattern of movement in time. RHYTHM

- The pulse of the music in terms of how fast or slow it flows by. BEAT

- The speed of the beat (slow, medium, fast, etc.). It is most easily determined by the use of a
metronome. TEMPO

- An analog or digital device that clocks the number of bpms by clicking/tapping at the same speed as
the music. METRONOME

- A coherent succession of pitches. MELODY

 - These are the individuals sound that compromise a sound. PITCH/NOTE/TONE

- A pattern of notes used to create a melody. This is what keeps melodies sounding comfortable,
familiar, and predictable rather than random and unpredictable. SCALE

- Refers to the shape of the melody – like drawing an arrow to accompany the direction of the melody.
MELODIC CONTOUR

- The relationship of pitches as they sound simultaneously. For it to exist, there need to be more then
one note sounding at once. HARMONY

- Two notes sounded at once and the distance between them. INTERVAL

- Three or more notes sounded at once. It creates a musical mood by the interactions of all the
intervals within them. CHORD

- The character of a sound distinct from its pitch, length, or intensity; the tone color. TIMBRE

- MATERIAL OF INSTRUMENT

- ATTACK/ARTICULATION

- SUSTAINED PITCH

- A rapid variation of pitch adding richness to a sound. VIBRATO

- The aspect of music relating to degrees of loudness. DYNAMICS

- FORTISSIMO (ff) – very loud

- FORTE (f) - loud

- MEZZO FORTE (mf) – medium loud

- MEZZO PIANO (mp) - medium soft

- PIANO (p) - soft

- PIANISSIMO (pp) – very soft

- CRESCENDO (cresc.) – gradually loudening

- DIMINUENDO (dim.) – gradually softening

- The pattern of sound created by the interaction of musical voices. TEXTURE

- MONOPHONY: a single line of music occurring at a given time. This may be a solo or perform in
unison.

- HOMOPHONY: two or more voices: one voice is the melody and the other voice(s) serve in support
roles.

- POLYPHONY: two or more voices moving independently from one another at the same time; also
known as COUNTERPOINT
 - HETEROPHONY: almost like unison – except one voice will do a little more than the others

- The shape of a musical composition as defined by new and repeated segments; the musical roadmap.
FORM

- Absence of sound/music. SILENCE

- Name of color. HUE

LESSON 2: SUBJECT MATTER AND STYLE IN CONTEMPORARY ART

- Not confined to representations of human figures and landscapes. Examples of it are children, women,
or the environment, such as Juan Alcazaren's Flora and Fauna. It can also be a combination of any of
these. In some artworks, this is not easily recognized. If the artwork is an experiment on technique, this
is the technique itself. SUBJECT MATTER

- There were art movements and styles that dominated contemporary art through the decades since the
1950s. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM, KINETIC ART, OP ART, PERFORMANCE ART, ENVIRONMENT ART,
FEMINIST ART, MINIMALISM, POSTMODERN ART, BODY ART, VIDEO ART, DIGITAL ART, GRAFFITI ART.

- A painting style in which the artist applies paint in a manner that expresses emotions and feelings in a
spontaneous way. The figures may be heavy in lines and color without solid mass. ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM

- A sculpture that moves with the wind or is powered by a machine or electricity. KINETIC ART

- It uses lines or images repeatedly to create an optical illusion. OP ART

- It combines a variety of media and the human body to execute an artistic theatrical expression before
a live audience. PERFORMANCE ART

- It involves the artistic creation or manipulation of space such as landscape or architectural design that
may enclose its audience. Earthworks, or art using stones, leaves, trees, grass, or other natural
elements. ENVIRONMENT ART

- It emerged from concerns of female artists expressed through art. They tackle issues of identity,
sexuality, gender roles, equality, and the ways in which the female is treated in society, among others.
FEMINIST ART

- It has a stripped-down, pre-fabricated look, free of details, and often with flat surface, but expresses a
specific content or statement. MINIMALISM

- It consists of images that are recorded through a video and viewed through television, computer, or
projection screen. VIDEO ART

- A drawing, inscription or sketch done hastily on a wall or other surface made to be seen by the public.
GRAFFITI ART
- It carries modern styles to extreme practices, often expressing an idea through a mix of materials such
as found objects welded together. POST-MODERN ART

- An art form that uses the body as the medium or main material. It can be painted or clothed and used
to perform artistic act in public. Tattooing and piercing are examples of it. BODY ART

- It is done with the aid of computer to create an image or design composed of bits and bytes. The image
can be printed on paper, tarpaulin, or other mediums. DIGITAL ART

- In contemporary art in the Philippines, there is a dominance of what. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM,

SOCIAL REALISM, AND MIXED MEDIA ART

- Traces of this are visible in two-dimensional abstract paintings. WESTERN INFLUENCE

- Recently, these are gaining popularity. When there is public space that can be used by artists, they
collaborate in art-making and conduct workshops to teach and involve the children or specific groups in
the community. COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ART

- Practiced among Filipino artists. In some cases. INTERACTIVE ART-MAKING

- Combined together to make a statement or express an idea about an issue. VISUAL ART AND
PERFORMANCE ART

- It has expanded to include indie films that explore specific themes. FILM

- No longer confined to the theatre stage. They can be performed on the streets with minimal props that
enable transport and movement. THEATRE PERFORMANCES

LESSON 3: MATERIALS USED IN CONTEMPORARY ART

NOTE: Contemporary artists salvage materials that can be recycled and made into creative forms. They
can make artworks that combine structure and wood and interact with the wind to make music.

- The hanging bamboo chimes that create sound when blown by the wind done by Cavite-born artist
Impy Pilapil. CHIME HALO

- The Los Baños, Laguna artists “Project Belonging” gathered used objects, clothes, personal accessories,
and many other things and compress them into cube-shapes. These represent the boxes sent by
Overseas Filipino Workers to their family left behind. Moving abroad, these artists collected hundreds of
rubber slippers used by inmates in Singapore Changi prison and made these into artwork in the form of
wings that stand on metal support. They combine various found objects to create a metaphor of
everyday human life and depict issues of identity, journey, migration and displacement. ALFREDO AND
ISABEL AQUILIZAN

NOTE: Some artists combine indigenous materials with textile and mount these oft a painted flat
surface.
- This as an art medium is also explored by artists, like Mona Alcudia of Cebu who makes solid forms as
well as transparent artworks using it. PAPER

NOTE: In outdoor sculpture, there is a lot of use of brass welded together and mounted on concrete.
Wood and glass are used for indoor sculpture. Found objects are combined and are covered with resin.

- This is no longer confined to canvas hung on the wall. They can also be found on ceilings and floors.
Some are done outdoors, like the Singapore ArtBridge which was painted by Batanes-born artist Pacita
Abad with 2,350 multiple colors. PAINTING

- In ARCHITECTURE, there is extensive use of GLASS AND STEEL.

- COLOR COMBINATION is either complementary or strong contrasting, such as orange and blue, red
and white.

- There have been a lot of building construction, such as malls, convention centers, business process
centers, industrial parks, and government service buildings.

- In PERFORMANCE ART, artists use variety of props such as rope, plastic, textile, and found objects.

- PAINT is also used for BODY ART. An example is Cagayan de Oro artist Nicolas Aca who paints his body
to project an effect.

- TECHNOLOGY has also redefined art in many ways. Some examples are:

(a) light structures and floor drawings using colored laser beans and smoke;

(b) tubes hanging on the ceiling that respond to the viewer's movements, sound and touch;

(c) a wall- climbing robot holding a paint; and (d) a pen controlled by a software program to create
certain patterns.

NOTE: Because of the usefulness of new materials to art-making, artists have to upgrade their skills and
learn the use of computer programs and its applications.

- WELDING is also useful for fabrication and building structure. This requires physical strength and
special tools.

- Some materials have chemical components that are hazardous to the health such as acid, resin, and
fiberglass.

NOTE: The availability and variety of materials and the possibilities offered by technology expand the
choices of artists. This is essential to the development of contemporary art.
LESSON 4: SKILLS, TECHNIQUES AND PRODUCTION IN CONTEMPORARY ART

NOTE: Many contemporary artists do not have formal studies in the fine arts but are self-taught.
Concerned with the development of their talent and skills in art-making, they study on their own,
interact with artists and read a lot about the lives of artists and their artworks. They also explore the
materials in hardware stores, experiment with chemical reactions on their base material. There are
those who learn welding and simple engineering skills. Some hire resin makers, house painters and
materials fabricators to help them in constructing their artworks.

EXAMPLE: Ohm David's Installation art where he used metal and nylon strings and projected a
spotlight onto the figure.

• Different types of techniques that artists can choose from

- Made by adhering flat elements such as newspaper or magazine cut-outs, printed text, illustrations,
photographs, cloth, string, etc. to a flat surface to create a thick layer that is almost like a relief
sculpture. COLLAGE

- The process of applying gouache to paper or glass then transferring a reversal of that image onto
canvas or other flat materials. DECALCOMANIA

- Done by adhering cut-outs of paper and then coating these with one or more coats or transparent
coating of varnish. DECOUPAGE

- The technique of rubbing with crayon on a piece of paper which has been placed over an object or
an image. The impression of the image can be created using leaves, wood, wire screen, or metal with
embossed image or words. FROTTAGE

- Used for photography or film where a pictorial image is juxtaposed or placed overlapping to make
another picture or design. MONTAGE

- The technique used by Pacita Abad where her canvases are padded, sewn, and often filled with
sequins, beads, shells, buttons, tiny mirrors, bits of glass, rickrack, swatches of precious textiles, and
other things that she picks up from her travels and journeys. TRAPUNTO PAINTING

- For art viewing it is another technique. An example was made possible by the Samsung Supports the
Arts FACETS based at Yuchengco Museum. It comes with augmented reality technology. It transforms
Filipino digital artworks, into immersive experiences. It is also (an) interactive and curated guide to the
Filipino masters, giving you more information about select pieces from the museum collection and the
artists behind them. DIGITAL APPLICATION

NOTE: Mixing different materials is popular among contemporary artists.

- A fascinating thing and can go beautifully with painting, as seen in Iloilo artist Ed Defensor's “In The
Wind”. TEXTURE

- Bacolod artist Anita Feria collects ceramics pieces and arranges them in an artistic way on a flat
background.

- In ART PRODUCTION, an artist can work alone or interact with fellow artists.
- Interactive and collaborative work is gaining popularity among Filipino artists.

- Visual and performance artists combine their talents and skills for public performances, such as the
visual art, music and performances by Mindanao artists at the Project Bakawan Arts Festival held at the
University of the Philippines, Diliman.

LESSON 5: DESCRIPTION APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY ART

• Three Elements that Constitute Description of Contemporary Art

- What you see that is depicted in the artwork. It may be a human form where the figures are engaged
in an activity, or a combination of texture and color. It may also be a figure made from found objects put
together or assembled into a coherent whole. SUBJECT MATTER

- What the artwork is made of. It can also be a combination of objects used in the artwork. MATERIAL

- It refers to the physical qualities of the image. The artist uses color, lines, space and other elements
to create visual images. These are arranged into an organized manner that observes unity, harmony,
rhythm, or other principles o of design in a creative way. ART ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES

THE SUBJECT MATTER

• What is the main figure in the artwork?

• How is the main figure placed within the artistic frame?

• How do the other figures in the artwork relate to the main figure?

THE MATERIALS

• What are the materials or objects used by the artist?

• Do these materials bring out the intended effect of the artist?

THE ART ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES

• What are the dominant elements in the artwork?

• How is the line, shape, or volume used within the artistic frame?

• What are the unifying features in the artistic composition?

LESSON 6: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION IN CONTEMPORARY ART

- The philosopher who laid the philosophical foundation for artistic modernism that has influenced
contemporary artists. According to him, the viewers of art should put themselves in a state of sensory
awareness, give up their personal interests and not associate art with anything when they respond to it.
Therefore, they should consider art as independent of any purpose or utility other than aesthetic value.
IMMANUEL KANT

- The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, beauty, and value of art objects and experiences.
It involves appreciating, understanding, and judging the value of art. This judgment should be neither
personal nor relative. The viewer should rise above time, place, and personal biases to reach a judgment
of art to which all reasonable people would agree. This is also called "psychic distance." AESTHETICS

- Contrary to Kant's idea is the belief of them in viewing art, the artist's intent or any social influence
that went into the making of an artwork should be disregarded. Instead, the "significant form" of the
artwork is what should be exclusively attended to. In this case, only the form is important and attention
to other aspects of the artwork such as its subject matter, narrative content, function to a culture or
references to the ordinary world, are considered distractions to art viewing. CLIVE BELL AND ROGER
FRYTHAT

- After World War II, this critic declared, "a painting is not a picture of a thing, it's the thing itself."
Artists should "just paint" and not care about anything else. HAROLD ROSENBERG

- This artist claimed that everything is art. ANDY WARHOL

NOTE: Pop art, comic book imagery, and the other art styles that emerged claimed to have important
narrative content and demanded social and cultural interpretations beyond Bell and Fry's "form." In
effect, the boundaries between high art and low art and between the elite and popular audience were
challenged.

- Another pov that has shaped contemporary art was his proclamation that “art need not be beautiful, it
need not have a pictorial subject, and need not deploy its forms in pictorial space." ARTHUR DANTO

- An example is this artist cubist style where he dropped the three-dimensional forms as well as "art, the
beautiful." Him and his followers eliminated the need to have an art object itself because the idea is
more important than the finished work. PABLO PICASSO

- He believes in the social history of art. He insists that visual image is a window to a specific time and
space, to culture or to a social condition. Based on him, an artwork can "infer into the milieu or social
environment in which the artist lives or from where the artwork comes. It can also account in terms of
its actual origin for the outlook or life”. ARNOLD HAUSER

NOTE: The contemporary trends in art-making became pluralistic, open to many variations in subject
matter, content, form and material. The artist is free to "deconstruct" or "re-contextualize" art. This is
the art that takes into account the uniqueness of the individual, creativity and artistic genius, and
unawareness of the art market.
- Artists believe that is it alright to copy masterpieces and exhibit it as their own. The term used for this
is "appropriating" or "borrowing." For them, originality has to do with raising an issue rather than with
inventing a new image. Therefore, invention and uniqueness are no longer essential to making art. Artist
Sherrie Levine's works exemplify these qualities. POST-MODERNISM

It attempts to be pure in their use of medium and believe in the possibility of universal communication.
MODERNISTS

It embraces a much wider array of art-making activities and projects and tend to be eclectic regarding
media and freely gather imagery, techniques and inspiration from a wide variety of sources, much of it
from popular culture (Barrett, 2000, pp. 29-41). POST-MODERNISTS

NOTE: The works of both modern and post-modern artists are classified under contemporary art.

It starts with a description of an art work. Here, the viewer focuses on beauty, design qualities and the
value of an artwork. This is where we determine what the features suggest and decide why the artist
used these to convey specific ideas. ART ANALYSIS

It requires an understanding of the content by separating the parts of the subject matter. This can lead
to grasping the artwork's organizational structure, nature, function, and value. ANALYSIS

The various elements that constitute analysis are:

a. Determination of subject matter through naming events or issues associated with the artwork

b. Discussion of how the qualities of the artwork contribute to its appearance, image or function

c. Effect of the materials/medium used

d. Your reaction to the artwork

You can also answer the following questions:

1. How did the artist make the artwork?

2. Is it a good artwork?

3. Do you like/dislike the artwork? Why?

4. How does it compare with other artworks in the same contemporary style?

5. What is the value of the artwork to you, the youth, or society?

- Employed by the viewer after describing and analyzing an artwork. Here, focus is on the expressive
qualities, the meaning, theme, mood, or idea communicated by the artist. ART INTERPRETATION

The various elements that constitute interpretation are:

a. Main idea and the overall meaning of the artwork

b. Interpretive Statement: "Can I express what I think the artwork is about in one sentence?"

c. The evidence inside or outside the artwork that supports your interpretation
You can also answer the following questions:

1. What is the artwork about?

2. What is it intending to communicate?

3. What statement is the artist putting forward through the artwork?

4. Are there objects within the artistic frame that symbolize something? What are these?

5. What is the meaning of the artwork?

Sample Application of Art Analysis

- In Harry Mark Gonzales' sculpture, Reflection, the subject matter is God embracing mankind. The dark
color of wood evokes human feelings and attracts the viewer to go closer to look at the expression on
the faces of God and the human beings engulfed in His embrace.

- The expression on the figures' faces is one of love and dependence, devoid of anger and hatred. Such
depiction of divine love makes the viewer want to be in God's embrace. It is a beautiful art piece that is
perfect for display indoors, one that can stimulate conversation among guests. It also exemplifies God's
love, a value essential to humanity.

LESSON 7: CONTEMPORARY PAINTING

NOTE: It is necessary to understand how art is produced to be able to appreciate how artworks come to
be. This section of the lesson discusses art-making in painting.

- Every art-making process is dictated by the artist's style.

- It has many meanings. It can mean the art produced in a particular historical period. It can refer to the
art of a nation or region within a country. A certain technical approach to the making of art. STYLE

- The growth of a single artist's way of working can be referred to as "the evolution of style."

NOTE: It is necessary to sort artworks based on common traits or qualities. Styles of art can be thought
of as groups. The uniting element may be visible in the use of the elements of art or organization of
design. As such, style may be discerned not only by how it looks like but also based on the quality of the
painting. The significance of style lies in the fact that it allows the viewer to discern the meaning behind
the subject matter and purpose of the painting.

- Made in many styles at one time throughout the globe. CONTEMPORARY PAINTING

NOTE: We cannot refer to style as the art produced in a particular historical period. Neither can we refer
to it as the art of a nation or region.
NOTE: We describe the stylistic tendencies that are manifested in artwork. Stylistic changes are
apparent in stylistic tendencies, which are attributed to the creative inventions of artists working at
certain times and in specific places.

There are four styles that are based on stylistic tendencies:

(a) objective accuracy:

(b) formal order;

(c) emotion; and

(d) fantasy.

- Edmund Burke Feldman's (1981) Varieties of Visual Experience guides us in discussing these styles.

A. The Style of Objective Accuracy

Objective accuracy is not easy to achieve. Many contemporary artists face the problem of creating an
impression of reality through a selective use of visual facts. Artists imitate appearance to convey moving
drama about human life. Sometimes, artists combine their representational skill to create a
psychological impact. In their desire to do so, the representation becomes an interpretation of reality
which does not necessarily have objective accuracy

- In objective accuracy, the artist can do art by being a detached observer or by employing a selective
eye

The Artist as Detached Observer

- The artwork seems to have been made by a reporter who is observing a subject, or a photography
using a candid camera. The artist here presents himself/herself as somebody who selects, arranges, and
represents reality without his/her identity revealed. This is an attitude of objective detachment.

The Artist as Selective Eye

- The "illusion of reality" is created by elimination of details that the eye might see. There can be "direct
piling up of detail to create an impression of the complexity of the object" or "the suppression of detail
without the loss of essential traits cannot succeed unless the artist has observed his/her subject very
carefully. He/She must "know" the subjects well as "see" its surface characteristics. Otherwise, the work
of simplification will fail: the result will be simple and empty rather than simple and significant. Every
work represents the end result of a process of observation and simplification" (Feldman, 1981, 153-156).

Devices for Objective Accuracy

- One achieves objective accuracy through correct drawing, control, focus, color, and perspective.
1. Accuracy of size and shape relationships.

- The most common Device. It takes mastery acquired through formal studies and serious practice to
make beautiful artworks. Learning how to draw accurately teaches the artist to see and to understand
what he/she is looking at. He/She must learn to distinguish between imitation of surfaces and informed
representation. CORRECT DRAWING

2. The artist's control and handling of illumination help in creating realistic images. The amount of light
an object receives, the shapes of its shadows, the transition from light to shadow, the source of light--
these the artist learns to observe and control in the medium that he/she uses.

3. Focus is achieved through sharpness or softness, distinctness or vagueness of lines and contour. "The
rather elementary fact about optics-that objects loss distinctness at the periphery of our field of vision-
becomes a device for controlling the spectator's visual experience. The eye is drawn to the most
distinctly represented forms, other thing being equal" (Feldman, 19811160)

4. Color is a powerful instrument. It is mainly connected watch the description of the objects. The color
of the object varies depending on the amount and source of light they receive and on their location in
space.

5. Perspective is the pictorial device that relates to the artist's ability to create the illusion of drop space
within the painting. The technical features of linear and serial perspective-the perspective of shadows
and reflections, or receding measured forms, of advancing and foreshortened forms, of single-and two-
point systems, of the interaction of perspective with color and illumination-are exceedingly complex
(Feldman, 1981: 158-165)

B. The Style of Formal Order

- Formal order in contemporary art is associated with stability and permanence. Formal order is
exhibited by its qualities: (a) intellectual order, (b) biomorphic order, and (c) aesthetic order. The last
two are more applicable to sculpture and architecture so these will be discussed in the succeeding
lessons.

B. The Style of Emotion

Themes of emotion, feeling, romance are common features in painting. Romanticism and emotion are
used in painting when the artist wishes to disclose personal feelings in relation to love, Anxiety and
despair in painting express disappointment, bitterness, disturbance, or uncomfortable feelings and often
look dark and chaotic. Joy and çelebration are displayed through vigorous, uncomplicated approach
such as depiction of movement and energy with the visual representation of the sun, sky, arm, water,
and mountains. Brushstrokes are also used to express sparkle, freshness, and abundance (Feldman
1981, pp. 186-201).
PAID MORE ATTENTION TO THE MEANING AND SCOPE OF THE FOLLOWING:

Ethnic Tradition

Spanish Colonial Tradition

American Colonial Tradition

Elements of Music

Elements of Art

Principles of Art

Art Movements and Style in 1900s

Skills, Techniques and Production in Contemporary Art

Subject Matter

Material

Objective Accuracy and Its Two Styles

The Formal Order

Contemporary Arts

Contemporary Philippine Arts