GEOGRAPHY The Globe

JUNE EXAM 1.) HEMISPHERES:

NOTES Our Earth is divided into 4 hemispheres:
Maps & Atlases Lines of latitude divide the Earth into: Northen & Southern Hemispheres
Latitude & Longitude – degrees & minutes: Lines of longitude divide the Earth into: Eastern & Western Hemispheres
1.) LATTITUDE: 2.) THE EARTH’S ROTATION ON ITS AXIS – DAY & NIGHT:
Line of latitude are imaginary lines that run from east to west. They are called Earth’s axis is the imaginary line that passes between the north and south poles.
parallel arcs. The equator is the greatest line of latitude because it has the The earth rotates on its axis. We cannot feel the Earth’s rotation but we know we
greatest diameter. We give these lines values in degrees. can see the changes in sky. Its takes 24 hours for the Earth to fully rotate on its
axis. At the equator the Earth rotates at a speed of 1722km/hour.
2.) LONGITUDE:
3.) WORLD TIME ZONES:
Lines of longitude are imaginary lines that run from north to south. They are
called meridians. Each line of longitude passes the north and south poles. The THE EARTH TAKES 24 HOURS TO COMPLETE ON ROTATION ON ITS
Greenwich meridian or (prime meridian) is the 0-degree line of longitude. We AXIS:
calculate the world time zones from the Greenwich meridian. There are 360-
360-DEGREES are covered in one rotation
degrees of longitude that represent the Earth on the globe. The earth is divided
in half 180-degrees east and west. 360-degrees divided by 24 = 15-degrees.
3.) KIND OF SCALE IN AN ATLAS: Countries that cover a large area of latitude will have several time zones.
Governments of countries adjust time zones to fit the borders of the country.
Scale means making things smaller. Different maps in an atlas have different
Time zones are also adjusted to fit around internal borders such as states.
scales:
4.) INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE:
 world scale – continents
 regional scale – maps part of a continent The international date line follows the 180-degree line of longitude. This
 local scale – maps of a country or province divides the Earth into the eastern and western hemispheres on the Pacific Ocean
part of the world. Its was adjusted to fit in with the location and shape of
4.) SCALE:
countries. Places in the eastern hemispheres are a day ahead than places in the
Ratio Scale:A scale that compares distances on a map in the same units of western hemispheres.
measurements
South Africa has 2 times zones:
Word Scale: E.g.) one centimetre on the map represents _______________
- 15-degree & 30-degree line of longitude.
on the ground.
5.) THE EARTH’S REEVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN
Angle of earth’s axis:
The Earth is not positioned parallel to the sun. It is tilted at an angle of 23 ½
degrees away from the perpendicular. This causes day and night and causes
Line Scale: seasons. When a part of the Earth is tilted away from the sun, this area in the
shadow for a long period and have shorter days and colder temperatures. This is 3. Distance from Sea: Places near the sea have milder temperatures because
in winter. water holds heat better than land. Coastal areas generally have cooler summers
and warmer winters compared to inland areas.
Equinox:
 The equinoxes are times of the year when day and night is the same number
of hours in all places in the world. 4. Ocean Currents: Ocean currents are like giant streams of water flowing
 The are two equinoxes a year. through the ocean. Warm currents bring warmth from the tropics, making
 On the 21 March & 23 September. nearby areas warmer, while cold currents cool the air above them. They play a
 It happens in the spring and autumn. big role in shaping the climate of coastal regions.
 On these dates the sun is directly overhead at the equator. Not tilting away or
towards the sun.
5. Mountains: Mountains affect weather by blocking air masses and causing rain
Solstice:
or snow on the windward side. On the other side, called the rain shadow, it's
 The solstice is when either the northern or southern hemisphere is tilting drier and warmer. So, mountains can make weather very different on each side.
towards the sun.
 It happens twice a year.
 The 21 June & 21 December. DISTANCE FROM SEA:
 On the 21 June – the northern hemisphere leans towards the sun. The suns The 4 reasons why land surfaces are hotter than sea surfaces in summer:
rays fall directly on the tropic of cancer north of the equator.
 On the 21 December – the southern hemisphere leans towards the sun. The 1. Land surfaces absorb and retain heat faster than water.
sun’s rays fall directly on the tropic of cancer south of the equator. 2. Land surfaces have lower specific heat capacity compared to water.
3. Land surfaces have less moisture, which affects heat absorption.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL: 4. Land surfaces are affected by direct sunlight, while water reflects some
ESSAY: sunlight away.
Alright, let's simplify:
SOUTH AFRICA’S CLIMATE:
1. Latitude (Distance from Equator): The closer you are to the equator, the THE EAST AND WEST CURRENTS:
warmer it tends to be because sunlight hits these areas more directly. Further EAST: The Warm Agulhas current comes from the warm tropics in the
away, towards the poles, it gets colder because sunlight hits at an angle and
spreads out more. North and runs down the East coast of South Africa
WEST: the cold Benguela current comes from the cold waters in the south

2. Altitude (Height Above Sea Level): Higher places, like mountains, are cooler And runs up in the west coast of South Africa.
than lower ones because the air is thinner and can't hold as much heat. So, the
higher you go, the colder it gets.
THE INFLUENCE OF OCEAN CURRENTS
The Agulhas Current warms up the eastern coast of South Africa by bringing
warm water from the Indian Ocean. This makes the eastern coast generally
warmer than the western coast. On the other hand, the Benguela Current cools
down the western coast by bringing cold water from the Atlantic Ocean. As a
result, the western coast tends to be cooler compared to the eastern coast. So,
these two currents play a significant role in determining the temperature
differences between the east and west coasts of South Africa.
ELEMENTS OF WEATHER
WEATHER IS MADE UP OF: temperature; humidity; winds & precipitation
Calculation Rule:
Determine maximum temperature – take it exactly from table
Determine min temperature – take it exactly from table
Average temperature – Max + Min = Ans
Ans ÷ 2 = Average temp
Temperature range – Max – Min = Temp range
Annual temperature or mean – Add all max or min and divide by 2
 GEOGRAPHY
2.5) What speed does the Earth rotate at the equator?
REVISION PAPER
2.6) Explain the 24-hourly change in link with the movement of the Earth.
JUNE – 2024 2.7) Explain the worlds time zones.
2.8.1) What is the International Date Line?
2.8.2.) Why is it adjusted?
Section A – Question 1
2.9.1) What 2 time zones does South Africa follow?
Maps & Atlases
2.9.2) Why was it adjusted?
1.1) Define the following terms:
2.10.1) Explain the angle of the Earth’s axis.
1.1.1) Meridians 2.10.2) What degree is the Earth tilted at?
1.1.2) Parallel arcs
2.10.3) How long does it take for the Earth to take one revolution around
1.2) In which direction does lines of latitude run? the sun?
1.3) In which direction does lines of longitude run?
2.11.1) Explain the equinox.
1.4) What value is given to measure lines of latitude & longitude?
1.5) How is the earth divided equally? 2.11.2) Which dates does it occur.
1.6) Name and explain these kinds of scales in an atlas: 2.11.3) During which seasons does it occur?
 World scale
 Regional scale 2.12.1) Explain the solstice.
 Local scale 2.12.2) Which dates do they occur.
1.7) Give an example of a ratio and word scale.
2.12.3) During which seasons does it occur?
Question 2
2.13) Explain the angle of the midday sun.
The Globe
2.14) Explain the seasonal changes in the lengths of day & night.
2.1) Define these terms:
2.15) Explain the seasonal temperature changes.
2.1.1) Axis
2.1.2) Hemisphere Section B
2.1.3) Rotates 1.1) Places near the equator are (warmer/cooler).
1.2) The higher the altitude (lower/higher) the temperature.
2.1.4) Earth’s axis
1.3) Explain the 4 reasons as to why land surfaces are hotter than sea surfaces.
2.2) List the earth’s 4 hemispheres. 1.4) List the currents located on the east and west.
2.3) Explain the Earth’s rotation on its axis – day & night. 1.5) List and explain the elements of weather.
1.6) List and explain the 5 factors that influence temperature and weather.
2.4) How long does it take for the Earth to complete a 360-degree rotation?