CONTENTS

VERBAL TENSES:
- To be (present, past, perfect tense, future)
- There + be (all tenses) HABER
- Have got vs. have vs. have to vs. have (auxiliary)
- Present Simple
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions
▪ Spelling rules –s, -es, -ies
▪ Pronunciation of final -s
▪ Frequency adverbs vs Time Expressions
▪ Translation
- Present Continuous
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions (currently)
▪ Spelling rules –ing
▪ What do you do? vs. What are you doing?
▪ STATIVE VERBS vs. Dynamic verbs
▪ Translation
*Comparison Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
- Past Simple
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions
▪ Spelling rules –ed
▪ Pronunciation –ed
▪ Translation
- Past Continuous
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions
▪ Spelling Rules –ing
▪ Translation
*Comparison Past Simple vs. Past Continuous: when (for both tenses), while, suddenly, as...
Two simultaneous actions, all in past
simple, etc.
- Present Perfect Simple
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions: Adverbials (already, yet, ever, never, just, still, so far, for,
since)
*Since + sentence in past simple
▪ Have been vs. have gone
▪ For vs. During
▪ Spelling rules -ed
▪ Translation
*Comparison Present Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple
- Past Perfect Simple
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions
▪ Spelling rules –ed
▪ Idea of the past tense of the Past Simple
▪ Translation
*Comparison Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple
 - Present Perfect Continuous
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions
▪ Spelling rules –ed and –ing
▪ Translation
*Comparison Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous
- Past Perfect Continuous
▪ Form and use
▪ Time expressions
▪ Spelling rules –ed and –ing
▪ Translation
*Comparison Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous
- Futures
a. Future Simple-Will
b. Be going to
c. Present Continuous
d. Present Simple (with Will)
e. Future Continuous
f. Future Perfect Simple
g. Future Perfect Continuous
▪ Form and use of all futures
▪ Time expressions typical of each futures
▪ Escala de Seguridad
▪ More than one possibility
▪ Reduction of “be going to go/come” to “be going/be coming” (from ‘be
going to’ to present continuous)
▪ Future Time Clauses (idea of subjunctive)
▪ Other future forms (be about to, be due to, etc.)
▪ Future forms with past form

▪ Spelling rules –ed and –ing

▪ Translation

*Comparisons between futures:

- Will vs. Be going to

- Be going to vs. Present Continuous
- Will vs. Be going to vs. Present Continuous
- Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect
- Will vs. Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect
- Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Simple vs. Future Perfect Continuous
- All together

*CRIB SHEET

CONDITIONALS:
- Zero Conditional:
o Form and use
- First Conditional:
o Form and use
o Unless
o Use of Imperative in the main clause
- Second Conditional:
 o Form and use
o Use of “were” for all subjects
- Third Conditional:
o Form and use
o Contraction of ‘would’ and ‘had’
*Inversion of clauses: loss of comma
*Mixed Conditionals
*Use of Modal Verbs in the subordinate clause
*Time Clauses or substitutes of ‘If’ (as long as, only if, even if, providing that, provided, on
condition that, had I known, etc.)
*Whether vs. If

WISH CLAUSES:
- I wish/ if only + past simple
- I wish/ if only + past perfect
- I wish/ if only + would
*He/she/subject + wishes

MODAL VERBS:
*Characteristics of Modal Verbs
- Ability CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO
o Difference between ‘be able to’ and ‘can/could’
o Conjugations of ‘be able to’
- Permission: MIGHT, MAY, COULD, CAN
- Possibility/probability: MIGHT, MAY, COULD, CAN
- Deduction: MUST, CAN’T
- Advice: SHOULD, OUGHT TO
o Had better
- Obligation (present and past): MUST, HAVE TO, DON’T HAVE TO, NEEDN’T
o Difference between `must’ and ‘have to’
- Prohibition: MUSTN’T
- Necessity: NEED TO
o ‘Don’t need’ to vs. ‘Needn’t’

PERFECT MODAL VERBS:

o Form and use

*Will, Would, Shall as Modal Verbs

*Use of “phrases” (be allowed to, be permitted to, be supposed to, etc.

RELATIVE CLAUSES
*Relative Pronouns: who, which, that, when, where, whose, why
*Special Relative pronouns: preposition+who=preposition+whom, place preposition+which=where
*Subordinate Relative Clauses: main clause + subordinate clause of relative pronoun

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE vs. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

-Essential information of the subordinate clause - Extra information of the subordinate clause
- No commas - Commas
- Use of ‘that’ - Never use ‘that’
- Omission of the relative pronoun (cases) - Never omit the relative pronoun

*Different possible combinations of the relative clauses

*’What’ vs. ‘that’
* Formality vs. informality: preposition at the end vs. before the relative pronoun
*Reduced Relative Clauses

PASSIVE
*Active vs. Passive
*Why and when do we use passives?
*Passive Verb: to be (ser) + past participle
*Agent Complement (by, from…). Omission of the Agent Complement

- TYPE 1: One object Passive: Direct object as subject of the passive

- TYPE 2: Two objects Passive: Direct and Indirect object as subject of the passive
- TYPE 3: Causative Passive: Have/Get something done
- TYPE 4: Reporting verbs Passive
a. Impersonal Passive (introductory ‘it’)
b. ‘Full Subject’ Passive ! infinitive verbal tenses forms

*From Passive to Active voice (with all types of passive)

*Let, Make

REPORTED SPEECH:
*Direct Speech vs. Indirect Speech
*Verbal tenses and time expressions charts

1. Statements (positive and negative sentences)

2. Orders, commands, requests (imperative sentences)
3. Questions
a. Yes/No questions
b. Wh. Questions
4. Suggestions (Let’s…, why don’t we?…, how about…?)

*From Indirect Speech to Direct Speech

*Cases with no verbal tense change
*Reporting Verbs
*Say vs. Tell

REPORTED SPEECH OF REPORTING VERBS:

*Reported Speech vs. Reported Speech of reporting verbs

1. Verb + (object) + to/not to infinitive

2. Verb + (object) + preposition + gerund
3. Verb + (object) + gerund
4. Verb + (object) + that + clause

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:

1. Use of gerund and infinitive
Gerund
Infinitive: with ‘to’ vs. bare infinitive
2. Use of gerund or infinitive without any change in meaning
3. Use of gerund or infinitive with change in meaning
STOP, REMEMBER, FORGET, REGRET, TRY, LEARN, TEACH, MEAN
EXTRAS:
- Days of the week
- Months of the year
- Numbers: ordinal and cardinal
- The times
- Articles: a/an/the/-
- Demonstratives
- Prepositions of place and movement
- Prepositions of time: IN, ON, AT
- Subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, reflexive
pronouns, reciprocal pronouns.
- Saxon genitive, double genitive and locative genitive
- Deverbal adjectives: adjectives ending in –ed or –ing
- Question words (simple and compound)
- Wh-ever words
- Too, enough (+adjective, +noun)
- Used to, would, be used to, get used to
- Make vs. Do
- So vs. such
- How vs. What
- Connectors: List of connectors
Connectors with requirements
- False friends
- Phrasal verbs
- Prepositional verbs
- Adjective + preposition
- Noun + preposition
- Prepositional phrases
- Order of complements in a sentence
- Adjective order
- Adjectives: Comparative and superlative
Double and repetitive comparative
- Adverbs of degree
- Gradable and non-gradable adverbs
- Comparison of adverbs
- Some, any, no, every compounds
- Imperative
- Want to vs. want sb to
- Common mistakes
- Homophones
- Homographs
- Let’s
- Prefer vs. would rather
- Word formation: Prefixes
Suffixes
Compound nouns (hyphened, no hyphened, separated)
- Questions: Subject and Object questions
Question tags
Echo questions
Indirect questions
 - General idea on phonetics
- Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns: Basics
Quantifiers
Measure words
A few vs. few / A little vs. little
- Plurals: Spelling rules
Irregular plurals
Singular or plural depending on context (a. with the same meaning/ b. with
difference in meaning)
Common uncountable nouns
Common mistakes with uncountable nouns
Plural ending in –s
Collective nouns
Pluralia tantum
Determiners
Partitives, multiples, percentages, etc.
- Neither vs. either
- British vs. American English (grammar, vocabulary, spelling, etc.)
- Inversion
- Introductory IT and THERE
- Idiomatic expressions
- Abbreviations and acronyms

B2:
- Fronting (it, there, what)
- Cleft sentences
- Emphatic auxiliaries
- Ellipsis
- Inversion
- Advanced phonetics (glottal stop, ellipsis, reduction, neutralization, transcription,
intonation (rise and fall in questions, expectations in answers, etc.)
- Subjunctive

WRITING MODELS:
- Opinion essay
- For and against essay
- Informal email
- Formal email: job application, complain, etc.
- Narration
- Description: person, picture, place.
- Article
- Review
- Biography
- Dialogue
- Summary

*Paragraph development: Thesis statement, arguments, connectors, etc.

Thesis statement > explanation > examples > comparison

VOCABULARY: Blocs
READING:
- True and false
- Open question
- Summarize
- Synonyms

SPEAKING
- Comparison of pictures
- Description of picture (image, place, landscape, SITUATION)
- Discuss a topic
- Questions
- Monologue
- Dialogue
- Etc.