ACN (22520) — CHBPTER + 05. _APPEICATION RE _ PROTOCOLS\Worip Wrpe Wee C WWW) — — World Wide Web, Which is also Known as a Web- “xt ts a collection of websites or Web stored fn web servers and pages computers through connected ‘to ‘local +ne Internet: — “Thee Websites contain text pages, digita) Images, audfo, video, ete. “Invented by Tim Beiners-Lee in 198g. song af vast (a Architecture) Web rage Bi ation _ -The cifent wants to see Some inform that pelongs to Site t- sy sends a requeit through its browser 4o the server at stte 2- “the server at site t Finds the document and sends it to, the cifent A Cilent (Browser) §- —Web Browser is q program, which ts used to communicate With Web sernrer on the Jotenet x Server $= =A computes Which Is avaliable oy the herwork rejources amd provides cervice to the other compurer of request Ts KNOWN As q Server. stored Web Pages are stored ar the server. x Uniform Resource Locator CURL) = — DH fs q standard for speditying omy Kind of tnformatHonm on the Inteme — URL consists of Four parts g~ O Protocos ® host computer @® Port @ Path.* Web Documents 2—_ A Web pécument fs am electronic document that Ps pact of the blond Wide Web (www) and fs accessed. Via q URL Cunieorm resource: locator). ° — Grouped Into three categories 3 @ Static Documents ® pynamic pocments @ Pdivye Pocuments ° —Web Pdge tnat displays the Same ‘inkdrmation to al) users — Contents ‘do Not change — For eg's— Blog websites N ews|etter contents. Q) Dunamic Documents $~ Websites geneyate content Automatically based on the uses, comtents dre updated. — For eg 2— Facebook Instagram Netetix,ye oS x Common Gateway inten face, Cat = Widely used Fecknology For bufidiag dynamic web documents Is Known as the common Gareway Interface developed by Nationa] center for Supercomputer Applications CNCSAD. G)_ Active Docuiments = —Wleb,, Document fs co computer ; program . that runs on a browses and fnteract pith the use. ~ Hor, tqtr —~Geogle pecs Google Workspace.« Hypertext Transfer Pratacal (HTTPD — tt 4s a protocol used to access the datq on the Wald Wide Web (WWW). ~ The HTTP Protoco} can be used to transfer the data in the form of plain text, hypertext, audio, Video amd so om, ™ The). HTTP. Isr.a Application layed protoco) used Mainly to acres data on the World Wide Web. x HTTP Response Message format 2— Status Une Headers A_blank line Body Cpretent oly 19 some messages) 1 ee (1) Status line 3- — Status Une shows status for +e response it Indicates. relponse status ~ For @gi- HITP/I-1 200 OK(2) Headers o- 7 “three type of h ty HTTP Response merrcge #fo\lowws. eaders are prevent Which are as @ Genera) Header s— “the General ' Gnformation about lend cam be present ™m both 4 requet and a response. Header gives general e message For &gi- pate: mMon,27 Tul 2009 1636s GIT @, Response Header g— : ~ The Response Header com be pretent only in a response message. — specities server spedification and configuration. for egt Server: frpache /2.214 @® Entity Header a — The @ntity Header gwes thformation about the body of the docairment- for e.g 3- Coment-Length : 8g Coment ~Type : text] html.C3) Blank line 2- —fn empty line ‘indicating the end of tne heade Fields «) Body 3- - contains actual content @ Data connection. (1) Contro| Connection g- ~—uses very Simple Aules For communtcatfon. We can transfer a line of command Or \Ine of reponse ata Hme. - The control connection the contro) procetses. ts made benrween ‘The contro] connection remains connected clung the entire fnteractive prp session. — ‘for sending user identiticaton, peusword commands +o store Files, ete FTP maker Lue of contro) connectionco) Datta connecHon 3- - The paty connection uses Vey complex rules as data types may Vary. — ‘The pata connection fs made berveen data transfey Processes. -— The ‘datq connection opens when a command: come for transferring the files amd close: when tne File ts Atansterred . — inttated on part number 20. k Transmission Modes of PIP &- © Stream Mode. @ Block mode @ Compressed Mode. (4) Stream Mode s- —This 4s called a default mode. ~ In +his mode, data transforms from Fre to top fin the form of stream byles Here TeP fc relponsibie -for Aragmenttng datq fnto small Segments(2) Block Mode ¢= — — Transforms datq from one host to anotnes In the! form oF blocks each block preceded by 4 B-byte heade, = Fine byte conrains all im form ation. - otha two conta\ns sine. (2) Compressed Mode %- =F As) used fn case! of btg File size. -~ ZF fle size fs big, it camno4 Send eves the internet connecHon because oF size’ Wroie — IN compresses) Mode, alarge fle 1s Compressed IMro Smal] size ome then sends ONG the tNtennet“Trivial Fle Transfer ProtacolCtFTP) — TFTP stands for Trivfali file Transfer Protocol. ~ “TRTP fs used to transfor a File efthe from cifent to server or Rom sever to c\fent without the need of Frp Feature. — Software of TETP fs Amalie, than FTP — TRTP works on 69 fart numbe). TEP Meseqgeg fe @ Read request (Type L) ® wotte request (Tupe 2 ® pata (Type 3) @ PeKnonledgement (Type YD Read request(Typet) 3- ~— de Is wed by the clifent to get 9 copy of q File from the Server (22 Waite. request Ctype 29 t- ~ thts commend is used by the client to walte aq tile being copied#e data. contatns blecKk ° data of Fixe? | stze. of (2 octers. (4) Acknowledgement Ctype 4 — Received data. x Difference i- FTP and ma stands for file Transfer’ Protocol software fs larger CETP: Stands for Trivial Pie | transfer Protocol. | software fs smMalle. Works on to ports: 20 and 3} FTP services are provided by TOP cornplexity is High many commands or messages: in FTP 3 | Works on 69 Poot Numbe). | TFTP Services are provided by -UpP. : Complexity ts lese only & macage in “TFTP- Need Authenticaton Doe not need Authenticate,° ° & Electronic Mai} ~ Electronic mat) allows message to include text, audio, and video. — DH allows one Message to be sent to one Or More rectpfents. * Architecture of F-maf] 2= ~ four scenaxios. — begins. with sfmplat struation and add complextry as we: proceed. G) First Scenario 8= =n thé €iret sceniaxio, the sender and the receive) of the e-mail are users on the Same systems) they are dfrechy connected tog. shared system — “The administrator has) created’ one mailbox Hor each User Where ane received Meisages are stored. — fF mailbox fs paxt of a loca) hard’ drive, a. special, Ale. With permifsston vertrictions - omy he owne of the Mailbox has arceis to it(2). Second Scenatia -— 4 scenaxto, 1 emai} are users gender amd “In the Secon ‘ 4ne veceiver © om -Hwo Afferent systems e sent Over # the | — ~The message needs to’ the “tnternet- — Here, We need user agents CUA) and Message transfer agents CMTAS). (32 “Third Scenario o- — Directly connected, to ‘System — Either connected to the System via 9 ‘point-to-point WAN; such asq dial-up Modem, or cable Modem er ts connected | dog LAN in am organization that uses one mail server For handing emafls C4): Fourth Scenario 3— ~ connected’ to coaf\ server by WAN ora LAN ~ need cmotner set of client}senver agents, whfch We cal) MEsage acces agents (MAAS) - use am MAA clfent to retrieve bis MOsages.USER AGP NTE A user Agent ts q software package Cprogram) that composes, reads, replies to, amd forwards mersages. — TH also handles mat) box, « Services provided by a User Agent 8- ()_Compasing Messages 3~ —A User agent helps the user to compose an e-mafl mesage to be sent out (2) Reading Mersages o— — The second duty of the user agenk Is to read the! tocomtng messages (2)_Repiying to Mlerager ~ Réeter reading a Menage, a user Can use me user agent to reply fo a message (Y Forwarding Mersager § —Porwarding is de#ined as sending the Message to q third party.« User Agent Types — ® command + Priven @ Gui-Based Modem. @_ Command -priyen_a- — Belongs to eatly days of electronic maf} = "FF command-driven user agent hormally accepts a one character command from the beyboard to perform tts. task (2)_ GUI. Based Madem 3- 8 — GUE -Based ~ Mey contain graphical -User Interface CGUT) components that Allow the User to interact with che. Software, Es gaphical. components. atch as icons, meny vax end windows +nat make tne services easy to accessPrine SeChg wre CPescrfhe Ematl secutty over non-secured channel) — Emath secuetty qescrfoer aiPrerent teebniques for Keeping sensitive information ‘in ema} communtcation and aqreceounts secure agains unauthorfred access, loss — Email allows attackens to use Wasa way to cause problems fn attempt to profit — most erganiration rely on emaitis to do business, attackers exploft email In am Attempr to steal sensttive fntormasion. — Email is an open ermat, it can be vPewed by anyone who Can frercept Tt — Emall securthy Pporpcies Can be: ettabitshed by viewtag -the contents of ematis ALowing ‘through -tneir emat) serves. -— Enterce emat| NSYPHoON poltcies to prevent sensitive email tMhtommahon Rom Failing into -the wreng hamds_ epapp ts a mechanism for exchanging email messages between servers. smtp is a protoco) for tr ansmttting ornd receiving email messages. SMTP Process Initiates a connection Ahrough port 25 : _— me actual mall aramser Is done trough message transfer agents CMTASD. - To send mai), gq system must have the clfent MTA, and to rece?ve mail, a system must have a server MTA-MAIL TRANSFER © Connection setup © Mati Transfer HASES @® connection Termination. @ Connection Setup $- — AN SMTP sender wl) amempPr 4o ser up atep connecHon With actarget host when t& has one or more mati) measage 4o deliver to +nat best: (2) Mag) “Transfer 3— — once tne connection hai been estabitshed, the smTP sencdey May send one or more Message) tO the SMTP receive. —-There are three logica) phase: to the AramPer of AMesage s— CDS MPLL’ command Identifia originator of the meisage- (2) one ov More ©RCPT) commands Idennty reciptents of this Mesage. @ “DATA? command tromsfers the message text3) Connectfon Ter minatfon s— —-The sender sends 9 QutT command to Temtaaie , the connechonPb | Post Orerce Protacon roe — Post office Protoco} (PoP) fs an Pppifcattoo layer Protocol, — “H ts useq by clifents For renfeving emafis —- Por AVlouws downloadfng message trom Your Inbox to your toca) Computers. MOsHYy Used Version Ts POPS. — The need for PoP. matniy arfses When the use, on dfent doe; nor haye'q Continuous Internet connection — “THE POP cifent Mahe use of Pop to pull emai) Message Fram tne PoP server * POPZ has HWo: Modes s— (the delete mode @ the keep mode WZ the delete mode s—~ the mal ts deleted From the mailbox atten each retreival. (2) the Heep mode 3— the Mall remains m the Mailbox atte, retrievalTreaner Mae Access FROTOC CIMAP) re — =amapy fs stenttove 4° pops, bud Te hay mo more feorurel ; LMAPY ts more pow) erful and complex. EMAPY provides) the Following) extra Functions & QA user can’ check’ she erat) header prot +o downloading, @ p ver cam search the contents ef the ennai] Aor apecific ping ef ‘characters pitas to downloading. @. A we can. create, delete or rename mailboxe ox the mail seve). @ A we can: create q’ hearchy OF mailboxes in gq Folde) For e-Mail Atoroge-MULTTPURPOSE “TNTERNET— MATL EXTENSIONS (MIME) _- MIME stands For (multipurpose pkeinet Mall extensions) used tnternet standad tor — This Widely y Files to send therm & e-mat) coding binax attachments ove the Tntenet - message to contain — MIME allows an Ernat | ora sound ond fe Such as a video fmage iy provider oo mechanism to xranster’ & NON- texr characters tO text cha racress. A OTIME speci#fcattons 6 O message Headey Fields &- @ content Formats ® transfer encodtng.Compie NeTWoRK MANALERIEN “re | protocol CSNDPY — IF am organfeation has 1000 oF devices then to check al) device, one by me Ney day, are working propety or not is a hectic task, — To ease thee up, SNMP Is wed. — Wed to monitor the network, derect newwork Faultr, and semetime even wed to covfiquie remote devices. — SNMP har HOO Components, Manager and agen: -me manage Wa host that controls and moniters a set of agents such a toutersDOMAIN Name Space (Dna) -— DNS stay Nds For Domain Name Space. — Af Doma . ™ Name Space ts q hierarchf ca} Ss . Mure thot ,ergantia and tdentide OM the Tnterner PNS is q System that allows Wers to domatn name access Website by wing Names that are easfes to remembe) than SP addresses. —The Domafn name Space fs divided tnto three different Sections 8— © Generic pomato @ country pomatn @ averse poratn. @) Generic: Pomatn 3— —dertines registered hosts according to thelr genecic bebaviour. — or eg b- -comlcommercta] eedu C educational) emit Cmiitay) (2) Country Domain 3— =~ sr use two-character country _ abbreviations ~ sinCindia 2Us suk.st 7 : q 4 ‘ exse aomatn 3 _ ze we want +o tno domam name on th the Mapping od the ip ad drese “IN @) w what Is the he website. ~ ‘prs can provide bo for example “to Fi of google-com | #& Need of Domain Name system s~ @ since TP addvese are difPiaut +o remembe) and name are ‘easle to remember pomain Neime system fs wed. casd, pits Serres @® pns servers are wed For “converting thee Names {nto IP addresses. @ large number to hosts and servers conn ected fh the FOteMet can be classified wing Pomai Main Name system so 4rat hf erarchtca) naming system is Implemented, @® wed for mapping can map & name to an addressDYNAMIC HOST CONFIGUR: ATION. PROTOCOL (DHCP) DHCP fs q nerwoik Management proteco} that Is Wed 4o dynamically cusign the P address. — “In addition to the tP, address, the DHCP A\co assigns tne subnet masks, default goreway amd domain name server CONS) address. — PHcP port numbe Aor server fs 67 ond #or ane clhent is, 685 #® DHCP Operations: 3 @® DHCP discov ay DHCP offer DHCP Requeit DHCP Acknowledgement: DHCPNAK DH CPPECLINE DHCPIN FORM. ®B®HQSOUOo_, ee) ¢ . ~The pHCP cfent broadcasr MESAge to dfscoves the DHCP Ser ers. @Q) DHCP Offer s- ~ when the DHCP server receive! the DHCP Discover message then it suggets or offers an LP address +o the clfent by sending a DHCP offer Measage to the client: @ DHCP Requert 3- ~IN Most cases, tne cifent can receive multiple DHCP ote, because fn gq network there are Mony DHcp servers — The. cfeat: ‘wry accept emiy one PHCP offer. (A DHCP Acknowledgement 3- —The server then sends Acknowledgem 40. the client come@rming tne pcp lease +o the clfent- GO_DHCPNAK s- —this Presage tectre-excact—oppasite +0 - This message Is sent by the DHcP server When it is not able to Sansty Ane DHCPREQUEST Message from the client -©) DHcPDECLINE DECLINE —Tthis Meisage fs sent fom the PHCP afent to the server’ iy core the client Finds that the IP addres assigned by HCE server ts already tn use. CDH CPINFORM 3 ~Thfs message fs sent by the pHer afent fn case: wants to teminateREMOTE LOGIN — : (4) “PE PNER ee 7, more _ -Telnet provides 9 connecHom to the re compurer In such o Way that gq local terminal appears tojbe at’ tne remote Side. — DB is an Application Protoce) that provide accelsi to virtua) +ermfnals of remote sycrems OY local areq neroores or Intemet- Logging in TELNET 2- O loca} togin @ Remote login. (D local login 3— - Whenever a user logs into It local system, 1 Is known as local login ©) Remote login 3— ~ Remote login is a process in which Users cam log in to a remote cite.A MdotKing of pine TEWET ts q cMfent-server applf cation that AMouss og User! 48" 10d! Sa Oe Bee pe, Machine, giving -+he user access to the Fernote Sgstem),\ +) | oy tt te — “The user sends the keystrorer to the teminal driver, where the local operating System accepts tne characters ‘but doey not interpret them. — A temfoa arrive correchy ‘IMterprets the Keystrokes oO the local termfnay or terminal emulator | roe — The chardetes dre sent +o the TELNET client, which nansforms -the characte td qd wivenal character set Called Network Virtual terminal CNVT) characters — “Tne commands or text, iM NVT -foxm; travel through. the Fotexner amd avive at the Tepe 1ep AtacK «at the remote machine. — Here the characters are delivered to tne opercatng system “amd pused +o the TEINET server, which change the characters +0 the Correiponding characters understandable by the remote compute),NetWork VIRTUAL TERMINAL — NVT ts am fnterface thar defines how dato omd commands are sent across the Neroor SECURE SHELL (SSH) 3- — SSH fs detgned to replace +he TELNET a@btch provides unsecure Means of remote login facfifty. X SSH Services 3- Q@ Seewe Command Shel) (Remote logon) @ Seewe File Transfer “Oi Pout for Waxrding CTuoneling). (4) Secure Command Shell (Remate Lagan) 2- — YF allows the Wer to edit Files, yiew the Contents of directories, and access applications on connected devices. (2) Secure Pile Transfer $= ~ Ut Ts deifgned as am extenston For ScH-2 For secwe File Transfer. - D+ fs separate profeco| +o handie Fie. “Trams fer (2. Port formaxding Crunneling) s- — Router trePefe From q program and sends it Across He encrypked Tunnel.SSH Benepis s- __ ® Server ts aranenttcated. @ Appitcarion layeks are hidden. K Pxplatn_in short abou: standard and —Non_ standard protocals._at the appitcattan _laye. => O HTTP 8- -— Me Hypertext Transfer Protoco) (HTTP? fs q_ Application tayer Protoco} used mainly to access datq on the ward wide web. anit PF Weg port 80. @ FIP & - ErPC ete Tremsser protocol? 1s wed to transfer fe — TA Needs two Tee connections ~ Port 2) Ts wed #or combo) connection Port 20 fs used tor Oaty connection, @ SlaTP s- —TH stands zy Sfrople mat) Transfer Protocol — Port numbey Fer SMTP fs ar | - Weg proceis Called “Store ang orward" @ Tewert s- ~T fs Terminal Network. — Wed For Vir Temina) Service,Sy © DNS ge —T stands tor vornet yy name — ~ Hleachical Structure that orgamhe, and identifies domain Ws ay tne znreinet: ~ por mumbe Is 53- © PHP &— ~sr thomds for pynamfc, Hast aa cONFiguration Protoco] - — Assigns ausornertcay TP addras to hosts: — Fost numbers for DHCP Ts 67, 62 @ Pops’ s— ° — Post office Protoco) versions ts Simpie amd limited Functionally Wore as Message Acces Agent Koa ena