Labeling Theory
The idea of labeling theory flourished in American sociology
during the 1960s, thanks in large part to sociologist Howard Becker.
Labeling Theory is a social theory that explains how certain behaviors,
including criminal behavior, are defined as deviant and the
consequences of these definitions for individuals engaged in such
activities. It emphasizes that crime and deviance are relative concepts
and that they are determined by observers and social factors. The theory
also highlights the impact of being labeled as criminal, which can lead to
a fundamental change in an individual's identity and potentially push
them towards a criminal career
Labeling theory states that people come to identify and behave in
ways that reflect how others label them. This theory is most associated
with the sociology of crime since labeling someone unlawfully deviant
can lead to poor conduct. Describing someone as a criminal, for
example, can cause others to treat the person more negatively, and, in
turn, the individual acts out. Labeling theory helps to explain why a
behavior is considered negatively deviant to some people, groups, and
cultures but positively deviant to others.
For example, think about fictional vigilantes, like Robin Hood and
Batman. Batman is labeled indifferent ways depending on the public's
reaction to his escapades. Some people have a negative reaction and
label him as a criminal. Others have a positive reaction and label him as
a hero. Different reactions are typically based on group or cultural norms
and values. Another example is when a person is responsible for the
death of another. When are they labeled as a 'murderer' or a 'killer?' The
reaction to death sometimes depends on the circumstances. The person
responsible will be viewed differently depending on the reason, whether
it is murder, war, self-defense, or an accident.
n an individual's identity and potentially push them towards a criminal career
