1.
what is pointer :
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. It allows you to directly
access and manipulate the memory loca�on.
Exampale:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num = 42;
int *ptr = #
prin�("Value of num: %d\n", num);
prin�("Address of num: %p\n", (void*)&num);
prin�("Value at ptr: %d\n", *ptr); /
return 0;
2 ]write a 2 number
swap : #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
int a = 5, b = 10;
cout << "Before swapping." << endl;
cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
cout << "\nA�er swapping." << endl;
cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
return 0;
write a program to calculate two string by using
#3]
pointer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void concatenate(char* str1, char* str2, char* result) {
while (*str1) {
*result++ = *str1++;
}
while (*str2) {
*result++ = *str2++;
}
*result = '\0'; // Null terminate the result
}
int main() {
char str1[100], str2[100], result[200}
cout << "Enter first string: ";
cin.getline(str1, 100);
cout << "Enter second string: ";
cin.getline(str2, 100)
concatenate(str1, str2, result);
cout << "Concatenated string: " << result << endl;
#4 write a syntax for overloaded constructor :
class ClassName {
public:
parameters
ClassName()
}
one parameter
ClassName(int a) {
}
two parameters
ClassName(int a, int b)
}
};
#5.Explain any four rules for virtual function
Declared in Base Class:
A virtual func�on must be declared in the base class, typically
using the virtual keyword. Derived classes can override it.
2. Access via Pointer/Reference:
A virtual func�on is used to achieve run�me
polymorphism.
To ensure that the correct version (base or derived) of the
func�on is called, the func�on must be accessed via a
pointer
or reference to the base class.
3. Base Class Destructors Should be Virtual:
If a class has virtual func�ons, its destructor should also be
virtual to ensure that the destructor of derived classes is
called when dele�ng an object via a pointer to the base class.
4. Cannot be Sta�c:
Virtual func�ons cannot be sta�c members. Sta�c func�ons
are not associated with any object instance, while virtual
func�ons are resolved dynamically at run�me based on
the object's type.
6]what is pure func�on:
. Always returns the same result for the same input.
2. Has no side effects, meaning it doesn't modify external
variables or states.
7] define polymorphisum:
1. Compile-�me (Sta�c) Polymorphism:
Achieved through func�on overloading and operator
overloading, where the decision of which func�on to call
is made during compila�on.
Func�on Overloading: Mul�ple func�ons with the same
name but different parameters.
Operator Overloading: Defining custom behavior for
operators for user-defined types.
2. Run-�me (Dynamic) Polymorphism:
Achieved through inheritance and virtual func �ons,
where the func�on call is resolved at run�me based on
the actual object's type.
8] what is call by value :
What is call by address:
Call by Value:
A copy of the actual parameter is passed to the func�on.
Changes made inside the func�on do not affect the original
variable.
void modify(int x) {
x = 10; // changes local copy only
}
Call by Address:
The address of the actual parameter is passed to the
func�on.
Changes made inside the func�on affect the original variable.
void modify(int* x) {
*x = 10; // changes the original value
}
