South Bend, Indiana

South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County,
Indiana, United States,[7] on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost South Bend
bend, from which it derives its name. At the 2020 census, the city had a City
total of 103,453 residents and is the fourth-largest city in Indiana.
Located just south of the border with Michigan, South Bend anchors the
Michiana region and is 72 miles (116 km) east of downtown Chicago.
The metropolitan area had a population of 324,501 in 2020, while its
combined statistical area had 812,199.[8]

The area was settled in the early 19th century by fur traders[9] and was
established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bend's
economy through the mid-20th century. River access assisted heavy
industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the
Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations.
Downtown South Bend and St. Joseph River
The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it peaked at
132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to suburban areas as well as
the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest
industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, and
tourism. Remaining large corporations based in the area include Crowe, St. Joseph County University of Notre
Honeywell, and AM General. The city's economy and culture are Courthouse Dame
influenced by the nearby University of Notre Dame.[10]

History
Studebaker National Four Winds Field
Museum
Early history
The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans. One of
the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern
Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the
region, utilizing the rich food and natural resources found along the Flag
river. The Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of Seal
them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was
Nicknames: Lotion City, Wagon City, Metropolis
popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. of Northern Indiana[1]
Joseph River to the Kankakee River.[11] This route was used for Motto: "Peace"
centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers,
missionaries and traders.[12] The French explorer René-Robert Cavelier,
Sieur de La Salle, the first white European to set foot in what is now
South Bend,[13] used this portage between the St. Joseph River and the
Kankakee River in December 1679.

First settlements
The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who
established trading posts in the area. In 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre
arrived, representing the American Fur Company (AFC) of John Jacob
Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend.[14] Alexis
Coquillard, another agent of the AFC,[14][15] established a trading post
known as the Big St. Joseph Station.[16] In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor
established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the
name St. Joseph's, Indiana was used.[15] By 1829, the town was
growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied
for a post office. Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office
was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana.[14] The following
year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion,
as several other communities were named Southold at the time.

In 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the
four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents.[17]
That same year, Horatio Chapin moved to the settlement, opened the
first general store with imported (out of state) goods and helped
established the first church and Sunday school.[14] Around the same
time, design began on what would become the town of South Bend. The Interactive map of South Bend
town was formally established in 1835, with Chapin as the first
president of the board of town trustees.[18] In 1856, attorney Andrew
South Bend
Anderson, Chapin's son-in-law, founded May Oberfell Lorber, the oldest
continuous business in St. Joseph County.[19] He compiled a complete
index of South Bend's real estate records.[20]

In 1841, Schuyler Colfax was appointed St. Joseph County deputy

auditor. Colfax purchased the South Bend Free Press and then turned it
into a pro-Whig newspaper, the St. Joseph Valley Register. He was a
member of the state constitutional convention of 1850, at which he
opposed the barring of African American migration to Indiana. He
joined the Republican Party, like many Whigs of his day, and was
elected to Congress in 1855, becoming Speaker of the House in 1863
during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. In 1868, he was elected
vice president under Ulysses S. Grant. Colfax returned to South Bend
after his stint in Washington and is buried in City Cemetery, west of
downtown.[21]
South Bend
Early business
During the late 1830s through the 1850s, much of South Bend's
development centered on the industrial complex of factories located on Coordinates: 41°40′35″N 86°16′10″W
the two races (man-made canals along the St. Joseph River in South
Bend). Several dams were created and factories were built on each side Country United States
of the river. On October 4, 1851, the first steam locomotive entered State Indiana
County St. Joseph
South Bend.[14] This shifted commerce from the river to the railroad. In
1852, Henry Studebaker set up Studebaker wagon shop, later becoming Incorporated 1865
(City)
the world's largest wagon builder and the only one to later succeed as an
Founder Alexis Coquillard
automobile manufacturer. The Singer Sewing Company and the Oliver
Chilled Plow Company were among other companies that made Government
manufacturing the driving force in the South Bend economy until the • Type Strong Mayor-Council
• Body South Bend Common
mid-20th century.[14] Another important economic act was the dredging
Council
of the Kankakee River in 1884 to create farmland.[22] During this time • Mayor James Mueller (D)
period there was a great immigration of Europeans, such as Polish,
Area[2]
Hungarian, Irish, German, Italian, and Swedish people to South Bend
• City 42.40 sq mi (109.82 km2)
because of available employment in area factories.[23]
• Land 41.98 sq mi (108.72 km2)
South Bend benefited from its location on the Michigan Road, the main • Water 0.43 sq mi (1.10 km2)
north–south artery of northern Indiana in the 19th century.[14] Another Elevation[4] 719 ft (219 m)
significant development occurred near South Bend in 1842, when Father Population (2020)
Edward Sorin founded the University of Notre Dame just north of the • City 103,453
town.[24] It became a major factor in the area's economy and culture.[25] • Density 2,464.57/sq mi
(951.58/km2)
• Urban 278,921 (US: 144th)[3]
Establishment and early history • Urban density 1,885.5/sq mi (728.0/km2)
South Bend was incorporated as a city on May 22, 1865, and its first • Metro 324,501 (US: 160th)
• CSA 812,199 (US: 68th)
elections were held on June 5, 1865, with William G. George elected as
its first mayor[15] The official city motto, "Peace", refers to the fact that GDP[5]
incorporation came in the month following the Confederate surrender • Metro $35.608 billion (2022)
that effectively ended the American Civil War. Time zone UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST) UTC−4 (EDT)
Industrial growth was rapid after the Civil War, most notably with the
ZIP Codes 46601, 46604, 46612–
Studebaker wagon factory, and the Oliver plow company. Good jobs and 46617, 46619–46620,
high wages attracted immigrants from Europe, especially Germans, 46624, 46626, 46628–
Irish, and Poles. The majority were Catholic, and they achieved higher 46629, 46634–46635,
46637, 46660, 46680,
rates of social mobility than the same ethnic groups in the Northeast .[26]
46699
Area code 574
Olivet African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church was founded in
South Bend in March 1870, making it the first African American church FIPS code 18-71000
in the city.[27] Olivet AME is still an active African Methodist Episcopal GNIS feature ID 2395913[4]
Church, and celebrated its 145th anniversary in 2015.[28] Demonyms South Bender, Domer
(Notre Dame)
A sergeant from South Bend fired the first American shells against GDP $11.2 billion[6]
Germany in World War I.[29] Website www.southbendin.gov (htt
p://www.southbendin.gov)

History with Ku Klux Klan

In 1923, the African American owner of a soda
fountain received a letter signed "KKK", threatening
to kill an African American man held in the city's jail
and harm the rest of the city's African American
population. Within a few days, over a thousand
African Americans fled the city.[30]

In 1924, the Ku Klux Klan held a conference and

South Bend in 1866
planned a parade from its local headquarters at 230 S.
Michigan St. In preparation, Klan members were
posted around town to direct traffic. Notre Dame students, well aware of the anti-Catholic
nature of the Klan, vigorously protested this intrusion, and before noon all of the Klansmen Alexis Coquillard
traffic directors had been "unmasked and unrobed." Notre Dame students continued the fight,
with several hundred gathering outside of the Klan headquarters, throwing rocks and
smashing windows in protest. Local police as well as Notre Dame officials eventually managed to convince them to return to
campus.[31][32][33][34] It is said that even legendary football coach Knute Rockne became involved in the struggle to calm
down the students.[35]

Later business
Other industries developed in South Bend in the early 20th century, including Birdsell Manufacturing Company, the Bendix
Corporation, Honeywell, AlliedSignal, South Bend Lathe Works, the O'Brien Paint Corp., the South Bend Toy Company,
South Bend Range, South Bend Bait Company, and South Bend Watch Company. Workers at the Bendix Corporation staged
the first sit-in strike in American history in 1936.[36] Fast development led to the creation of electric rail transportation
throughout the area, and in 1925, the South Shore interurban streetcar service was established from downtown South Bend to
downtown Chicago.[37] The South Shore line still runs daily to and from Chicago and also is a major freight carrier in the
area.
On June 30, 1934, the Merchants National Bank in South Bend was the last bank to be robbed by the Dillinger gang.[38]

Recent history
On September 29, 1929, South Bend completed its "track elevation program".[39] This was a
railroad infrastructure project which saw the removal of Grand Trunk Western Railroad tracks
from Division Street, the removal of level crossings from Chapin to Miami streets, the
creation of a modern freight layout, and the construction of Union Station.[39] This project
had been seventeen years in the making,[39] and had been the subject of the Indiana Supreme
Court case Vandalia Railroad v. South Bend, which was subsequently affirmed by the
Supreme Court of the United States.[39][40]

In 1949, legendary percussionist Lionel Hampton was informed that his concert at South
Bend's Palais du Royale would be a blacks-only event; he threatened to call for a boycott of
the venue, and the affair proceeded as an integrated evening, which newspapers said led to all
attendees breaking out in "paroxysms of ecstasy."[41] This 1922 pamphlet
demonstrates the visions of
progress and global
By 1950, more than half of all employment was in the manufacturing sector.[42] Due to
importance in the peak
economic difficulties, Studebaker closed its automotive manufacturing plants in South Bend
period of industrialization in
in December 1963.[43] A general decline in manufacturing soon followed as industry was South Bend.
restructured nationwide. By 2000, manufacturing was only 16 percent of the local economy.
Due to the severe loss of jobs, the city's population decreased by nearly 30,000 during that
period.[42] This decline of industry and population loss led to the Rust Belt designation for the northwestern and midwestern
regions of the United States that experienced these effects of deindustrialization.[44]

In 1984, South Bend community leaders began seeking a minor-league baseball team for the city. A stadium was constructed
in 1986 and a 10-year player-development contract was signed with the Chicago White Sox. The team would be known as
the South Bend White Sox. In 1994, the team's name was changed to the South Bend Silver Hawks,[45] and then to the South
Bend Cubs in 2015. They are a Class A minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in the Midwest League.

In 2015, the City of South Bend celebrated its 150th birthday. The yearlong festival culminated with the ceremonial
illumination of the first River Lights along the St. Joseph River. Mayor Pete Buttigieg welcomed the coming of the next 150
years of South Bend's heritage accompanied by five previous South Bend mayors: Steve Luecke, Joe Kernan, Roger Parent,
Peter Nemeth and Jerry Miller.[46]

In 2015, the city's population increased by 286, the largest one-year growth in over twenty years.[47] The former Studebaker
plant has been developed as the Ignition Park center to attract new businesses, especially in the tech industry.[48] South Bend
has also seen new development, particularly in the tech field, a decline in unemployment, and a renewal of the downtown
area under Buttigieg's tenure, which has been described as a revival and South Bend as a 'turnaround city'.[49][50][51][52][53]
South Bend also was in the national spotlight during the 2019-20 Democratic presidential campaign of former mayor Pete
Buttigieg.

Geography
South Bend is located 5 mi (8.0 km) from the Michigan border and approximately
equidistant from Illinois and Ohio. The city is 93 mi (150 km) from Chicago. The
shore of Lake Michigan is 20 mi (32 km) away.

According to the 2010 census, South Bend has a total area of 41.877 square miles
(108.46 km2), of which 41.46 square miles (107.38 km2) (or 99%) is land and 0.417
square miles (1.08 km2) (or 1%) is water.[54]

Cityscape An aerial photo of Downtown South

Bend
The St. Joseph River flows from the east end of the city turning north near the city center, giving South Bend its name at the
bend in the river. South Bend is located on the north–south continental divide, and the river flows northwest into Lake
Michigan.[55] The downtown area is located in the north-central part of the city along the St. Joseph River. Notre Dame,
Indiana, is directly adjacent to the north. The city extends further north on the west side, mainly with manufacturing and
distribution facilities near the South Bend International Airport. Mishawaka, Indiana, is adjacent to South Bend's east side.

Neighborhoods
Notable neighborhoods in the city include:

Far Northwest, Near Northwest, and Keller Park are located off of Portage Avenue. along the riverfront.
Northeast South Bend is between the River and SR 23 north of East LaSalle Avenue.
River Park is located north and south of Mishawaka Avenue. It has been the subject of several redevelopment
projects intended to revitalize the area.[56][57]
The Wayne Street neighborhood between Washington Street and Sunnymede Avenue along Jefferson
Boulevard was designated a historic district in 1987.[58]
Rum Village is in Southwest South Bend north of West Ewing Avenue and west of South Main Street.
The Eddy Street Commons is a mixed-use complex along North Eddy Street across Angela Boulevard from
Notre Dame.
Leeper Park is south of the River and northwest of the Memorial Hospital main campus.

Climate
South Bend has a humid continental climate, with a Köppen climate classification of Dfa. Lake Michigan exerts a great
influence on the climate of South Bend, including lake effect snow in winter and a tendency to moderate temperatures year
round.[59] June, July and August are the warmest months, with average temperatures above 69 °F (21 °C). Normally, 42 days
with thunderstorms occur each year.[59] The snowiest month is usually January, with snowfall normally recorded from
October through April.[60] On average, South Bend receives 64.5 inches (164 cm) of snow per year.[59] Spring and fall can be
mild and overcast, but also severely stormy at times with 293 partly cloudy to cloudy days each year.[61]
 Climate data for South Bend, Indiana (South Bend Regional Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 68 74 85 91 97 106 109 105 99 92 82 70 109

°F (°C) (20) (23) (29) (33) (36) (41) (43) (41) (37) (33) (28) (21) (43)

Mean
53.9 56.5 70.9 80.2 87.3 92.8 93.5 91.7 89.3 81.6 67.2 56.3 95.3
maximum °F
(12.2) (13.6) (21.6) (26.8) (30.7) (33.8) (34.2) (33.2) (31.8) (27.6) (19.6) (13.5) (35.2)
(°C)

Mean daily
31.2 34.9 46.2 59.0 70.1 79.4 82.7 80.8 74.4 61.8 47.7 36.3 58.7
maximum °F
(−0.4) (1.6) (7.9) (15.0) (21.2) (26.3) (28.2) (27.1) (23.6) (16.6) (8.7) (2.4) (14.8)
(°C)

Daily mean 24.1 27.1 36.7 48.1 59.1 68.8 72.4 70.7 63.7 52.0 39.8 29.6 49.3
°F (°C) (−4.4) (−2.7) (2.6) (8.9) (15.1) (20.4) (22.4) (21.5) (17.6) (11.1) (4.3) (−1.3) (9.6)

Mean daily
17.0 19.3 27.2 37.1 48.1 58.1 62.1 60.5 53.0 42.1 31.8 23.0 39.9
minimum °F
(−8.3) (−7.1) (−2.7) (2.8) (8.9) (14.5) (16.7) (15.8) (11.7) (5.6) (−0.1) (−5.0) (4.4)
(°C)

Mean
−4.5 1.6 9.9 22.6 33.7 44.1 51.1 50.5 39.2 29.4 18.4 4.4 −7.7
minimum °F
(−20.3) (−16.9) (−12.3) (−5.2) (0.9) (6.7) (10.6) (10.3) (4.0) (−1.4) (−7.6) (−15.3) (−22.1)
(°C)

Record low −22 −20 −13 11 24 35 42 40 29 12 −7 −18 −22

°F (°C) (−30) (−29) (−25) (−12) (−4) (2) (6) (4) (−2) (−11) (−22) (−28) (−30)

Average
2.66 2.31 2.35 3.49 4.20 4.04 3.78 4.01 3.49 3.72 2.78 2.40 39.23
precipitation
(68) (59) (60) (89) (107) (103) (96) (102) (89) (94) (71) (61) (996)
inches (mm)

Average
21.6 16.1 6.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 5.1 13.7 64.5
snowfall
(55) (41) (17) (2.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.51) (13) (35) (164)
inches (cm)

Average
precipitation
16.8 12.5 12.4 13.4 13.4 11.0 9.5 10.0 9.6 11.5 12.6 14.8 147.5
days
(≥ 0.01 in)

Average
snowy days 13.1 9.7 5.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 3.4 9.0 42.2
(≥ 0.1 in)

Source: NOAA[62][63]

Demographics
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1850 1,652 —
1860 3,832 132.0%
1870 7,206 88.0%
1880 13,280 84.3%
1890 21,819 64.3%
1900 35,999 65.0%
1910 53,684 49.1%
1920 70,983 32.2%
1930 104,193 46.8%
1940 101,268 −2.8%
1950 115,911 14.5%
1960 132,445 14.3%
1970 125,850 −5.0%
1980 109,727 −12.8%
1990 105,511 −3.8%
2000 107,789 2.2%
2010 101,168 −6.1%
 2020 103,453 2.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[64]
2010-2020[65]

2020 census

South Bend city, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition

Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a
separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.

Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[66] Pop 2010[67] Pop 2020[65] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020

White alone (NH) 68,202 56,474 51,891 63.27% 55.82% 50.16%

Black or African American alone (NH) 26,259 26,496 26,102 24.36% 26.19% 25.23%

Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 338 310 300 0.31% 0.31% 0.29%

Asian alone (NH) 1,271 1,295 1,549 1.18% 1.28% 1.50%

Pacific Islander alone (NH) 49 55 57 0.05% 0.05% 0.06%

Some Other Race alone (NH) 188 233 651 0.17% 0.23% 0.63%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 2,372 3,189 5,654 2.20% 3.15% 5.47%

Hispanic or Latino (any race) 9,110 13,116 17,249 8.45% 12.96% 16.67%

Total 107,789 101,168 103,453 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census
As of the census[68] of 2010, there were 101,168 people, 39,760 households, and
23,526 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,440.1 inhabitants
per square mile (942.1/km2). There were 46,324 housing units at an average density
of 1,117.3 per square mile (431.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 60.5%
White, 26.6% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific
Islander, 6.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino
residents of any race were 13.0% of the population.

There were 39,760 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18
living with them, 34.9% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female Map of racial distribution in South
householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife Bend, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot

present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.3% Of all households were made up of is one person: ⬤ White ⬤ Black
⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic
individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
⬤ Multiracial
The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.19.
⬤ Native American/Other
The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of
18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were
from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

Ethnicity
Per the 2013 American Community Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the following ancestries were reported: African-
American - 26%, German - 14.8%, Irish - 10.4%, Polish - 8.2%, English - 5.0%, American - 3.3%, Italian - 2.6%, Hungarian
- 2.4%, French - 2.0%, Dutch - 1.4%, Swedish - 1.1%, Belgian - 0.9%.[69]

Economy
South Bend's location on the St. Joseph River led to an industrial-based economy in the late 19th century and early-to-mid-
20th century. In 1923, industrialist and entrepreneur Vincent H. Bendix selected South Bend as the site of his new
manufacturing plant for automotive parts.[70] He chose South Bend primarily because it was on a rail line midway between
Chicago and Detroit, the two automotive manufacturing centers of the United States at the
time.[70] Eventually, the Bendix corporation built a vast manufacturing complex on its South
Bend acreage served by the major railroads, including a huge shipping and receiving building
where railroad cars could enter at one end, unload, and depart at the opposite end.

By the end of World War II, manufacturing began to diminish.[71] The Studebaker plant,
which had at one time employed 45,000 persons, closed in 1963; its engine block plant
shuttered the following year. Parts of the Bendix factory complex were later acquired and
divided between Honeywell Corporation and Bosch Corporation, respectively. Honeywell
Aerospace continues to manufacture aviation products at its former Bendix facility. In 2010,
Bosch announced that it would cease all operations at its Bendix plant location in South Bend
by the end of 2011.[72] Bosch vacated the building entirely in October 2012. Curtis Products
25-story Liberty Tower, the
of South Bend moved into the building in May 2013. tallest building in South
Bend

Employers
Since the 1960s, education, health care, and small business have come to the forefront of South Bend's economy, though the
city has never regained the level of prosperity it enjoyed before that time. Nearby University of Notre Dame is a large
contributor to the local economy. The university is the second largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County,
employing 6,086 people.[73]

Health care is another major contributor to the South Bend economy. In 2012, Memorial Health System announced that it
was merging with Elkhart General Hospital, located in Elkhart County, to form Beacon Health System.[74] Beacon is the
largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 7,088 people.[73] Other notable businesses include
Honeywell, Bosch, and PEI Genesis. AM General, Crowe Horwath, and Tire Rack all have corporate headquarters in South
Bend.

According to the 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[73] the city's top employers are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Beacon Health System (Memorial) 7,088

2 University of Notre Dame 6,086

3 South Bend Community School Corporation 3,432

4 Indiana University South Bend 1,401

5 St. Joseph County 1,377

6 City of South Bend 1,285

7 Four Winds Casino 1,200

8 AM General 1,200
9 The South Bend Clinic 854

10 Press Ganey 850

Technology
Efforts are under way to spur economic growth in South Bend. The St. Joe Valley Metronet is a 50-mile (80 km) dark fiber
optic network that encircles South Bend and Mishawaka that allows for strong telecommunications connectivity.[75] The
South Bend Metronet, named Zing, is bringing more high-tech firms to the city and surrounding area. This
telecommunications network has allowed for the advent of various data centers in South Bend, which serves as a hub
between Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, and Cincinnati. In 2015, the City of South Bend announced it would provide free
wireless internet access via the Metronet in the city's downtown and East Bank areas.[76]
The Union Station Technology Center was purchased from the city in 1979 and is currently Northern Indiana's largest data
center.[77] There are currently plans to extend the data center into a fully operating high-tech data hub in the old Studebaker
"Ivy Tower" assembly plant next door, creating what will be called the Renaissance District.[78]

Innovation Park and Ignition Park

Innovation Park and Ignition Park, dual-certified technology parks, have attracted technology businesses to South Bend.
Located across the street from the University of Notre Dame, Innovation Park was completed in 2009 and houses innovative
researchers from companies and the university.[79] Ignition Park, located just south of the downtown area, is planned to
become home to 3 million square feet (280,000 m2) of high-tech space on 140 acres (570,000 m2) of land previously owned
by the Studebaker Corporation.[80] The first tenant, Data Realty, moved into the location in the fall of 2012.[81] The second
building in the new park, a research and testing facility for massive turbo machinery, is part of a partnership between the city,
General Electric, Great Lakes Capital, Indiana Michigan Power, University of Notre Dame, and the state of Indiana.[82]

Redevelopment
Redevelopment is underway for some of the abandoned industrial facilities, with the abandoned Oliver Corporation buildings
being the most recent example of reclaimed property.[83] The city also faced programs with large swaths of vacant housing
after the decline of the manufacturing industry. In 2013, 1,347 homes were vacant or abandoned.[84] The city created the
Vacant and Abandoned Properties Initiative in February 2013, which aimed to take care of 1,000 vacant or abandoned homes
in 1,000 days, either through demolition, repairs, or some other satisfactory means.[85]

The Smart Street Initiative, a 20-year plan to make the city safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorists, began in 2013
with the conversion of one-way streets to two-way streets,[86] to bring more businesses to the area, create shorter travel
routes, and to reduce speeding. The other part of the initiative is the West Side Main Streets Plan, a revitalization plan for the
Lincoln Way West and Western Avenue corridor focusing on guiding business owners, residents, and developers to improve
the street front by offering a reimbursement on exterior improvements from the city and the Urban Enterprise Association.[87]

Arts and culture

Culture
South Bend was influenced by a large influx of Polish Catholic immigrants in the late 19th century.[88] Dyngus Day is widely
celebrated on the Monday after Easter and it is the beginning of the city elections campaign season.[89] Fat Tuesday is also
celebrated in South Bend, with paczkis being a staple food product in the city for the day.[90] The city and surrounding
county have 23 Catholic churches, 11 Catholic schools and three Catholic universities (the University of Notre Dame, Holy
Cross College, and Saint Mary's College, all located in the adjacent unincorporated area of Notre Dame).[91]

Music festivals
The city hosts several annual festivals. The South Bend International Festival began ten years
ago as the South Bend Reggae Festival and now features local and international musical artists
who perform in African, Latino, and American cultural styles. Proceeds from the festival are
given to the Pangani Foundation of South Bend, which provides medical supplies to hospitals in
Malawi.[92]

WBYT FM – B100 (Country Station) hosts an Annual All Day Country Concert, with over
37,000 free tickets in early September.

The World Pulse Festival, broadcast by LeSEA Broadcasting network, is held annually in South
Bend. It is hosted by Pulse FM, a local Christian music radio station. The event is an annual Local band Interstate
Contemporary Christian music festival, attracting more than 50,000 visitors each year.[93] Traffic performing at
South by South Bend
In 2013, a new annual festival began in South Bend called South by South Bend, named after the famous South By
Southwest of Austin, Texas. The festival is a celebration of the local music scene, with local bands and artists performing on
the park grounds and other public venues around the city.[94] The goals of the festival include strengthening the bond
between the communities of South Bend and Notre Dame, supporting local artistic expression, and promoting local
business.[95] In 2015, the festival was renamed Sounds by South Bend, to avoid confusion with the Austin festival and to
more accurately represent the purpose of the event.[96] In 2016, the Riverlights Music Festival debuted as successor to
Sounds by South Bend.[97]

Museums, arts and entertainment

The South Bend Museum of Art is located in Century Center in downtown South Bend. The museum was opened to the
public in March 1996, and features a variety of artists from South Bend and the Michiana region. Currently, over 850 works
are featured in the permanent collection. The museum also offers several classes and workshops for adults and children.[98]

The History Museum

The History Museum is the public name of the Northern Indiana Historical Society, the second-oldest historical society in
Indiana, established in 1867 to collect and interpret the history of the northern Indiana region by St. Joseph County's leading
citizens. The Oliver Mansion (also known by its original name, Copshaholm) is one of the central features of the museum.
The 38-room mansion was built in 1895 and is currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The home was
built by Joseph Doty Oliver, son of James Oliver, the founder of the Oliver Farm Equipment Company, once the largest plow
manufacturer in the United States.[99] In addition to the Oliver Mansion and the Workers Home (a 1920s Polish-American
family home), the museum includes areas dedicated to the history of the St. Joseph River Valley, the University of Notre
Dame, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, and the Kidsfirst Children's Museum.[99]

Studebaker National Museum

The Studebaker National Museum holds a large collection of wagons and automobiles
from the 150-year history of the Studebaker Corporation.[100] The museum began as a
collection of wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker, including the
presidential carriages of Lincoln, McKinley, Harrison, and Grant. The company
donated the collection to the city of South Bend in 1966. The collection was housed in
various locations from Century Center to its current location in downtown South
Studebaker National Museum in
Bend, adjacent to The History Museum. The two museums share one campus, and South Bend
together form The Museums at Washington and Chapin.[101] The former South Bend
mansion of Clement Studebaker, named Tippecanoe Place, is now a restaurant.

Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center

The Indiana University South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Center is housed in the former Engman Public Natatorium. What
was once the city's first indoor swimming pool excluded and then segregated against African Americans for its first twenty-
eight years. In 2010, Indiana University South Bend re-opened the building, and now offers tours and events focusing on the
histories of civil rights and the experiences of African Americans, Latinos, and LGBTQ people in South Bend.

Theatrical buildings
The Morris Performing Arts Center, built in 1922, included the Palace Theater, a venue
for vaudeville. The theatre's heyday was in 1940 with the premiere of Knute Rockne, All
American, starring Ronald Reagan. A crowd estimated at 24,000 gathered outside. The
theater was scheduled for demolition in 1959, when E. M. Morris purchased the facility
and sold it to the city for one dollar, after which it was renamed the Morris Civic
Auditorium. A total renovation as well as expansion of the stage area was completed in
2000. The Morris Performing Arts Center also includes the restored Palais Royale
Ballroom.[102] The center houses the Broadway Theater League and the South Bend
Morris Performing Arts Center in
South Bend
Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra's Shanghai-born former conductor, Tsung Yeh, was the first conductor ever to hold
music directorships of both a western symphony orchestra and a major Chinese orchestra.[103]

South Bend is also home to The South Bend Hot Patooties, a group that performs a shadowcast of The Rocky Horror Picture
Show.[104] The group has performed at various South Bend venues including the State Theater, Legends of Notre Dame, The
Potawatomi Conservatories, and the historic Birdsell Mansion.[105]

South Bend Civic Theater, founded in 1957, was for many years located at The Firehouse, 701 Portage Avenue. It was a
small intimate black box theater. In 2007, a new theater opened at 403 North Main Street in what was formerly the Scottish
Rite Building. This facility includes a 209-seat main stage auditorium and a 90-seat "black box" studio theatre.[106] The
theater produces more than a dozen plays per year, including several productions in its Family Series.

Other
The Raclin Murphy Museum of Art of the University of Notre Dame is an art museum with a collection of more than 30,000
items.[107]

The DeBartolo Performing Arts Center on the University of Notre Dame campus hosts plays, concerts, performing artists,
and films open to the public.

The Fischoff National Chamber Music Association, sponsor of the world's largest chamber music competition, was founded
in South Bend in 1973. The annual Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition is held on the campus of the University of
Notre Dame.

Schuyler Colfax, the 17th Vice President of the United States, is interred in South Bend City Cemetery.[108]

Public library
South Bend is served by the St. Joseph County Public Library with a Main Library, and branches in Francis, German, and
Lasalle townships.[109] There are a total of ten branches of the public library system throughout the county and from which
any library card holder can select. The main library reopened in November 2021 after a full remodel that took two years.[110]

Places of worship
Notable places of worship include:

Cathedral of St. James

First Presbyterian Church
St. Adalbert Catholic Church
St. Casimir Catholic Church
St. Matthew Cathedral

Former places of worship

B'nai Israel Synagogue, closed in 1990
First Presbyterian Church, moved to new building

Sports

South Bend Lions FC

A USL2 soccer franchise named in November 2019, located in South Bend. The team
plays at TCU School Field with an inaugural season in Summer of 2020. In the
summer of 2022 the South Bend Lions earned the title, Champions of the USL2
Valley Division.

South Bend Cubs

The city is home to the South Bend Cubs, a Class A Minor League Baseball team,
which plays at Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium in downtown South Bend. In
"The Cove" in South Bend
2014, the franchise changed its name and logo to the South Bend Cubs[111] and
became affiliated with the Chicago Cubs; prior to this, it had been known as the South
Bend Silver Hawks and affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks. In 2005, the franchise nearly moved to Marion, Illinois,
but a group of investors, led by former Indiana governor and former South Bend mayor Joe Kernan, bought the Silver Hawks
in order to ensure the team stayed in South Bend.[47]

Buildings and stadium

The Ballpark Synagogue is a 1901 synagogue building on the grounds of the ballpark, which serves as the team's fan store. It
is the nation's only ballpark synagogue and it is available for weddings and other events.[112][113] The stadium is also used
for multiple community events. In 2015, the South Bend Cubs broke their previous ticket sales record, with a total of
347,678 tickets sold.[114]

South Bend Roller Girls

The city also hosts the South Bend Roller Girls,[115] the city's non-profit flat-track roller derby league. Founded in March
2010, the league has worked to support fundraising for local charities, such as the Salvation Army's Adopt-A-Family
program, the American Cancer Society's Making Strides Against Breast Cancer, and the St. Joe County Humane Society. The
South Bend Roller Girls traveling/competitive team, The Studebreakers, is named after the historic Studebaker Corporation.
The team is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.

East Race Waterway

South Bend is home to the first artificial whitewater center in North America, the East Race Waterway, adjacent to Century
Center. The East Race Waterway is one of only four operating artificial whitewater facilities in the United States, the others
being Dickerson Whitewater Course (in Dickerson, Maryland), U.S. National Whitewater Center (in Charlotte, North
Carolina), Adventure Sports Center International (in McHenry, Maryland), and Riversports Rapids (in Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma). The East Race Waterway is one of only six such facilities to have ever been operated in the US, the others being
the four aforementioned courses and the now-defunct Ocoee Whitewater Center (in Ducktown, Tennessee). Prior to the
opening of Riversports Rapids, the East Race had long been the only such US facility not located in an East Coast state. The
waterway is closed as of 2021 because a hydroelectric dam is being built at the source.[116]

Other sports
During World War II, the South Bend Blue Sox All-American Girls Professional Baseball League team was formed in the
city. The team participated in all the league's seasons from 1943 to 1954.[117]

The Blackthorn Golf Course in South Bend is home to the Four Winds Invitational of the Symetra Tour.[118]

The Notre Dame Fighting Irish also provides sports activity the South Bend locale, with football, basketball, and other
collegiate sports attracting fans to the region. Along with Notre Dame, South Bend was the site of the VII Special Olympics
Summer World Games in 1987. Notre Dame also hosted the 1983 AAU Junior Olympics.

Parks and recreation

 South Bend Parks and Recreation department operates over 50 parks, golf courses,
and recreational areas throughout the city.[119] Notable parks include Rum Village
Park, which has a disc golf course, mountain bike trails, hiking trails, and a nature
center,[120] and Potawatomi Park, which has the region's largest Universally
Accessible Playground and an outdoors Performance Arts Pavilion and viewing
area.[121]

South Bend's first zoo was located at Leeper Park from 1902 until 1914. The present
zoo at Potawatomi Park began in 1921 when Albert R. Erskine, the president of the
Rafters enjoying the East Race in
Studebaker Corporation, donated a single deer as the start of the zoo. The Potawatomi
South Bend, Indiana
Zoo is the second oldest zoo in Indiana. It features more than 400 animals in its 23
acres (93,000 m2). The zoo is now operated by the Potawatomi Zoological Society.

Near the Potawatomi Zoo are the Potawatomi Greenhouses and the Ella Morris and Muessel-Ellison Botanical
Conservatories. The greenhouses were originally constructed in the 1920s, with the conservatories added in the 1960s.[122] In
2007, the greenhouses and conservatories were in danger of closing due to increased operating costs, but a campaign by the
Botanical Society of South Bend was able to raise funds to keep the facilities operating.[123]

The city is home to the East Race Waterway, which is used for boating and water sports (see above).[123]

While developing the 2006 City Plan, the city's 20-year comprehensive plan, citizens said the encouragement of bicycling as
a form of alternative transportation was a top priority. In 2010, South Bend became one of 303 communities in the United
States to be recognized as a "Bicycle-Friendly Community" by the League of American Bicyclists due to the city's
"remarkable commitments to bicycling.[124] The city has developed a long-term plan for building a 116-mile (187 km) South
Bend Bikeway network. As of late 2014, 66.8 miles (107.5 km) of bicycle routes have been established, including 17.4 miles
(28.0 km) of multipurpose paths separated from streets, 17.0 miles (27.4 km) of striped bike lanes, and 32.4 miles (52.1 km)
of on-street routes bearing other designations.[125] The area is also served by the St. Joseph County Parks Dept, which
maintains eight different parks and recreation areas. The Parks department serves the metro area and is headed by a
permanent staff and an appointed board.

Government
South Bend government follows the mayor-council representative model of municipal
government and, along with the St. Joseph county government, occupies the County-City
Building in downtown South Bend.

The government of South Bend is led by the office of the mayor, who is elected to a four-year
term and acts as chief executive for the city government. The current mayor is James Mueller.

The legislative branch of the South Bend government is the South Bend Common Council.

The final elected member of the South Bend government is the city clerk, who is responsible
for maintaining official city records and providing general clerical assistance to the City
Council.[126] The current clerk is Dawn M. Jones.[127]

Michael A. Dvorak is the prosecuting attorney for the 60th Judicial Circuit, which consists of
County-City Building in
St. Joseph County. He was first elected in 2002. downtown South Bend

State and national representation

South Bend is represented in the Indiana House of Representatives by Maureen Bauer, Jake Teshka, and Ryan Dvorak, and in
the Indiana State Senate by David L. Niezgodski. All members of the Indiana General Assembly representing South Bend are
Democrats, except Jake Teshka, who is a Republican.
South Bend is part of Indiana's 2nd Congressional District.

Politics
The Democratic Party is very successful in South Bend. Every South Bend mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat.[128] As
of 2021, all but one City Council member is a Democrat.[129]

On March 26, 2012, South Bend passed the Human Rights Ordinance, outlawing discrimination in employment, housing, or
other areas against citizens based on "race, religion, color, sex, disability, national origin, ancestry, sexual orientation or
gender identity, or familial status."[130] It is one of only 6 cities in Indiana to offer legal protections for citizens based on
sexual orientation and gender identity.[131] The protections are enforced by the city's Human Rights Commission, which
oversees investigation and legal recourse in cases of discrimination.[132]

On June 16, 2015, then-Mayor Pete Buttigieg announced in a South Bend Tribune
editorial that he is gay, becoming the first openly gay executive in the state of
Indiana.[133][134]

Education

Courthouse in South Bend

Colleges
The South Bend area contains several institutions of higher education.

Indiana University South Bend is the third-largest campus in the Indiana

University system. Its total enrollment during the 2019–20 school year was
5,092 students.[135]
Purdue Polytechnic South Bend[136]
Ivy Tech Community College
Trine University Main Building at the University of
Notre Dame
Colleges located near South Bend:

University of Notre Dame

Saint Mary's College
Holy Cross College
Bethel University[137]

K–12 schools
Public schools in South Bend are operated by the South Bend Community School Corporation. The corporation runs 17
primary centers (grades K–5), seven intermediate centers (mostly grades 6–8), four high schools (grades 9–12) and an
alternative school (grade 9–12), serving 16,725 students during the 2019–20 school year.[138] In 2018–19, the school district
received an accountability grade overall of C.[139] Purdue Polytechnic High Schools also maintains a campus in South Bend
on Lafayette Ave.[140]

There are also several private schools: namely, Trinity School at Greenlawn, recipient of four Blue Ribbon Awards from the
U.S. Department of Education,[141] and The Stanley Clark School. Additionally, the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend
operates 11 parochial grade schools and one high school in South Bend.[142] This includes St. Joseph School, which is a
National Register of Historic Places listing and two-time National Blue Ribbon Award recipient.

Media

Newspaper
One major daily newspaper serves the South Bend metro area: the South Bend
Tribune.[143]

Radio
South Bend's radio stations' formats include public radio, sports radio, classical music,
religious, country, classic rock, pop, and urban contemporary, among others.

Television South Bend Tribune former main

office
As of the 2016–17 rankings, the South Bend-Elkhart designated market area is the
96th largest market in the United States, with 310,170 homes (0.27% of the U.S.
population).[144] Most of the major television networks have affiliates in the Michiana
area.

Television stations broadcasting in the Greater South Bend area include:

Cable Channel Number Call Sign Network

16 WNDU-TV NBC

22 WSBT-TV CBS
WNIT Center for Public Media in
25 WCWW-LD CW
downtown South Bend
28 WSJV Heroes & Icons

34 WNIT-TV PBS
46 WHME-TV Univision

57 WBND-LD ABC

69 WMYS-LD MyNetworkTV

Infrastructure

Transportation

Roads
South Bend's location around the St. Joseph River has influenced the development of its streets. While city streets mainly
follow a grid plan, road development also adapted to the river's path. South Bend is connected to state and national highway
systems by State Roads 2, 23, and 933; U.S. Route 20 and 31; and Interstate 80 and 90, the Indiana Toll Road. The original
routes of both the Lincoln Highway and the Dixie Highway also pass through South Bend. South Bend was also a town
along the intrastate Michigan Road.

Parts of Eddy Street, Sample Street, Chapin Avenue, Marion Street, and Madison Street form an incomplete loop around the
downtown area; this was formerly referred to as "the innerbelt".[145] Portions of State Roads 23 and 933 follow this route.

For transportation around the South Bend metro area, there is the St. Joseph Valley Parkway, designated in places as US 20,
US 31, and State Road 331, which bypasses South Bend to the south and west, and connects to Michigan to the north and the
greater Elkhart area to the east. The Indiana Toll Road (Interstates 80 and 90) passes through northern South Bend.

Intercity bus service

South Bend is served by a single Greyhound station. The busses had operated out of the airport until 2019, when they
relocated to a leased portion of the South Street Station.[146]

Transit
Public transportation in South Bend is controlled by Transpo (South Bend Public Transportation Corporation). Transpo
operates bus routes between stations located in South Bend and Mishawaka and provides services to the towns of Osceola
and Roseland, from Monday through Saturday.[147] In 2006, the Transpo fleet switched to biodiesel fuel. In 2015, Transpo
added 16 new buses powered by compressed natural gas. The Transpo facility is also the first LEED Platinum transit facility
in the country.[148] The South Street Station serves as the main hub for most passengers, with multiple platforms and buses
arriving frequently. Connections can be made to the Interurban Trolley in Mishawaka.

Aviation
South Bend serves as the transportation hub for Michiana. The South Bend
International Airport lies off of U.S. 31 and the Indiana Toll Road in the northwest
corner of South Bend. The airport connects South Bend to larger hubs including
Atlanta, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Orlando, Phoenix, Punta
Gorda, Sarasota, and St. Petersburg, Florida. In April 2014, the airport changed its
name from "South Bend Regional Airport" to the current "South Bend International"
after receiving International designation from U.S. Customs and Border
Protection.[149] Final design plans are being approved for a Federal Inspection Station
and General Aviation Facility.[150] The airport welcomed its first international arrival South Bend Regional Airport in
through the General Aviation Facility in June 2017. 2005; since renamed to South Bend
International Airport

Rail
The South Shore Line, an electric commuter railroad, runs from South Bend Airport station seven times a day (five on
weekends) to Millennium Station in downtown Chicago. A once-daily limited-stop express service was added in 2015 on
weekdays, with trains taking 1 hour and 55 minutes from South Bend to Chicago.[151] There is a proposal to reroute or
extend the existing track southeast to a new terminus downtown South Bend.[152]

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to South Bend Station via two trains a day, the Lake Shore
Limited between Chicago and New York City or Boston, and the Capitol Limited between Chicago and Washington, D.C. A
bus line connects Notre Dame and the South Bend airport to Chicago's O'Hare and Midway airports, with several northwest
Indiana stops.[153]

South Bend had electric streetcars from 1885 until the 1930s.[154] In 2021, a group proposed the concept of building a new
streetcar system, running from Notre Dame University, through South Bend, to Mishawaka.[155][156]

Utilities
Electricity in South Bend is provided by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of American Electric Power.[157] Natural gas
is supplied by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), a subsidiary of NiSource.[158]

The South Bend Water Works deliver water to residents of South Bend. The water is
collected from 32 deep wells and runs through 545 miles (877 km) of water main to
be distributed to South Bend residents.[160] In 2008, in order to increase the efficiency
of its sewer system, South Bend began the installation of an array of intelligent
sensors and valves allowing it to become the first city to migrate its sewer system
management to the cloud. When a section of the system is under heavy use, this North Pumping Station, just outside
downtown South Bend, was built in
system can divert flow to other, less busy, sections. This more efficient system has
1912, and is in the National Register
helped to save the city an estimated $100 million in new sewage pipes.[161]
of Historic Places.[159]

Law enforcement
The police force in South Bend has undergone many changes and expansions in its history, starting in 1831 when the first
constables were appointed. Law enforcement was reorganized and renamed multiple times throughout its history, until the
department became officially known as the South Bend Police Department in 1903.[162] Scott Ruszkowski has served as
chief since 2015.[163]

Environmental initiatives
In 2015, South Bend engaged in a partnership with the University of Notre Dame to revitalize the Bowman Creek ecosystem.
Bowman Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in South Bend that has suffered from contamination. The Bowman
Creek initiative included partners from local high schools, colleges, and business leaders focused on improvements to both
the creek and the neighborhoods. The vision for the collaboration is to institute a unique water quality monitoring system,
similar to South Bend's combined sewer overflow system.[164]

Notable people

Sister cities
South Bend has four sister cities:[165][166]

Częstochowa (Poland)
Arzberg, Bavaria (Germany)
Guanajuato (Mexico)
Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany)

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Further reading
Bodnar, John. "Power and memory in oral history: Workers and managers at Studebaker." Journal of
American History 75.4 (1989): 1201–1221. online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1908636)
Breza, Kathleen. "The Polish-American Community in South Bend." (ERIC, 1975). online (https://files.eric.ed.
gov/fulltext/ED117027.pdf)
Esslinger, Dean R. Immigrants and the city: Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern
community (Kennikat Press, 1975); focus on demography and social mobility of Germans, Poles, and other
Catholics in South Bend
Fotia, Elizabeth R., and Karen Rasmussen. "The Italian-Americans of the South Bend-Mishawaka Area."
(ERIC, 1975) online (https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED117025.pdf).
"Language and identity of Latinos in South Bend," (Institute for Latino Studies, University of Notre Dame) 3#4
(fall 2009) pp 1–16. online (https://latinostudies.nd.edu/assets/95246/original/)
Mattox, Jake. The Negro in South Bend: A Social Study Sermon: The Quest of Restless Souls (1922) reprint
Wolfson Press, 2009. online review (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5378/indimagahist.106.4.0401)
Mize, Sandra Yocum. "Parish History as Theological Resource: A Case Study of Little Flower Parish, South
Bend, Indiana." Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 105.3/4 (1994): 77–91.
online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209812)
 Mize, Sandra Yocum. "Lay Participation in Parish Life: Little Flower Parish, South Bend, Indiana." US Catholic
Historian 9.4 (1990): 419–432. online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25153927)
Osterhus, Grace. "City Directories Tell the Story of South Bend." Indiana Magazine of History (1939): 261–
281. online (https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/download/7156/8026/)
Palmer, John. South Bend: Crossroads of Commerce (Arcadia Publishing, 2003) online (https://books.google.
com/books?id=HnClr-kcPkQC&dq=history+%22+south+Bend%22&pg=PA6).
Prizant, Yael. "Reimagining the Rust Belt: South Bend, Indiana, and The Citizen Project." Studies in the
Literary Imagination 50.1 (2017): 21–43. excerpt (https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/212/article/718435/summary)
Robinson, Gabrielle. German Settlers of South Bend (Arcadia Publishing, 2003).
Rotman, Deborah L. "The fighting Irish: historical archaeology of nineteenth-century Catholic immigrant
experiences in South Bend, Indiana." Historical Archaeology 44 (2010): 113–131. online (https://www.researc
hgate.net/profile/Deborah-Rotman/publication/261777115_The_Fighting_Irish_Historical_Archaeology_of_Nin
eteenth-Century_Catholic_Immigrant_Experiences_in_South_Bend_Indiana/links/568bbcf908ae051f9afc5dff/
The-Fighting-Irish-Historical-Archaeology-of-Nineteenth-Century-Catholic-Immigrant-Experiences-in-South-Be
nd-Indiana.pdf)
Rotman, Deborah L. "Irish-Catholic immigrant life in South Bend, Indiana: refined earthenwares and the 19th-
century social worlds of the Midwest." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 37.1 (2012): 25–44.
Swastek, Joseph. "The Poles in South Bend to 1914." Polish American Studies 2.3/4 (1945): 79–88.
White, Joseph M. Worthy of the Gospel of Christ: A History of the Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South
Bend: Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the Diocese and Catholic Life in Northern Indiana (Our
Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2007).
Wineland, Ben. "Then and Now: The Origins and Development of the Gay Community in South Bend." IUSB
Undergraduate Research Journal of History 6 (2016): 71–82. online (https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/inde
x.php/iusburjh/article/view/22860/28711)
Young, Jan. Studebaker and the Railroads (2009) online (https://books.google.com/books?id=XY1YAgAAQBA
J&pg=PA124).

External links
Official website (http://www.southbendin.gov/)
Downtown South Bend (http://www.downtownsouthbend.com/)
South Bend, Indiana and St. Joseph County (https://web.archive.org/web/20091213164252/http://sthbend.co
m/)
St. Joseph County Chamber of Commerce (http://www.sjchamber.org/)
Visit South Bend Mishawaka (http://www.visitsouthbend.com/)
Geographic data related to South Bend, Indiana (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/127646) at
OpenStreetMap

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