APPROACHES OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR
DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOUR
SARANYA SMIKESH
LATER CHILDHOOD
6 YEARS TO 12 YEARS
CHARACTERISTICS
● Troublesome Age
● Sloppy Age
● Quarrelsome Age
● Gang Age
● Play Age
● Age Of Conformity
● Creative Age
● Elementary School Age
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
● Period of slow and uniform growth
● The bones harden; the height and weight
increase A child normally gains 5 to 7 pounds
weight per year.
● According to that, the height also increases by 2
to 3 inches per year.
● Improvement in a child motor development,
skills ,child develops skills like - self-help skills,
social-help skills, school skills and play skills.
● A child normally has twenty - eight of the thirty
two permanent teeth.
● PUBERTY: Toward the end of this stage, some
children, particularly girls, may begin to
experience early signs of puberty, including
changes in body shape and the onset of
menstruation.
● Although most children experience puberty
between the ages of 9 and 12, some can start
before age 9.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
● CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (PIAGET):
Children in later childhood typically enter
Piaget's concrete operational stage, where
they develop logical thinking about concrete
events. They understand concepts like
conservation, reversibility, and
cause-and-effect relationships.
● PROBLEM-SOLVING: Cognitive skills like
problem-solving, critical thinking, and memory
continue to improve. Children become better at
organizing thoughts and applying learned
knowledge to new situations.
● LANGUAGE SKILLS: Vocabulary expands
significantly, and children become more adept
at using language for complex communication.
Reading and writing skills also advance,
contributing to academic success.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EGOCENTRISM DIMINISH
● SELF-CONCEPT: Children develop a more
refined sense of self, including self-esteem
and self-worth. They begin to compare
themselves with peers and may become
sensitive to criticism or praise.
● EMOTIONAL REGULATION: As they
mature, children learn to manage their
emotions better, though they may still
struggle with frustration, disappointment,
or anxiety, particularly in social situations.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:
● PEER RELATIONSHIPS: Friendships become
increasingly important during later
childhood. Children begin to form close
bonds with peers and develop a sense of
belonging within social groups.
● Social Skills: They learn to navigate social
norms, cooperate with others, and resolve
conflicts. Empathy and understanding of
others' perspectives improve, enhancing
social interactions.
● INFLUENCE OF FAMILY AND SCHOOL: Family
remains a central influence, but school and
extracurricular activities play a growing role in
shaping children's social experiences.
Teachers, coaches, and peers become
important figures in their lives.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT:
● UNDERSTANDING RULES AND ETHICS:
Children start to develop a sense of right and
wrong based on rules and societal
expectations. They begin to internalize moral
values and may experience moral dilemmas.
● INFLUENCE OF AUTHORITY: Respect for
authority figures, such as parents and
teachers, is significant. However, they may
also question rules and develop their own
moral reasoning.
● A Period of Development of Concepts
● Broadening of interests and understanding of
people and things
● Concepts associated with- Life, Death, Bodily
functions, Space, Numbers, Money, Time, Self,
Sex Roles, Social Roles, Beauty, Discipline etc.
HAZARDS OF LATE CHILDHOOD
PHYSICAL HAZARDS:
● Illness: occasional colds and stomach upsets.
● Obesity
● Accidents
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS:
• Speech Hazards
• Emotional Hazards
• Social Hazards - rejected or neglected by their
peer group
● PLAY HAZARDS: lack social acceptance are
deprived of opportunities to learn the games and
sports which are essential for them to belong to
their gang.
● Such children may develop the habit of being
rigid conformist.
MORAL HAZARDS
● INFLUENCE OF PEERS AND MEDIA: Children
might develop their sense of right and wrong
based on what they see in media or hear from
friends, which might not match what adults
consider right.
● LACK OF CONSCIENCE: Some children may not
develop an inner sense of what is right or wrong,
leading to poor self-control over their actions.
● INCONSISTENT RULES: When rules or discipline
are not consistent, children can become confused
about what is expected of them.
● PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT: Using physical
punishment can teach children that being
aggressive is an acceptable way to behave.
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK BY ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST
Developmental Tasks in the stage of Middle
Childhood (6-12 years old) include :
● Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary
games
● Learning to get along and play with children of the
same age
● Achieving personal independence
● Recognizing what society deems as masculine or
feminine social roles
THANK YOU
