sof | ion, the are by lear the Bat Es | Aaella ems 98 page : Questions for’ Board Examination s sahdth sir Answers~ Solutions ETE 1, Nitrogen gas is Lesh. soluble than oxygen in water at a particular temperature. 2, Coligtive properties of a solution depend upon the (AG. and not on the @.04uAL. of the solute, 3, Ifthe vapour pressure at a particular composition of two liquids js the highest, then its boiling point must ved ttsE and seh soins arcaled se boiling azeotropes. 4, When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, the vapour pressure of the solution Acland but its boiling point xncAcaus, 5, Dilute sulphuric acid is an example of .. boiling azeotrope and shows . deviation from Raoult’s law, 6, Osmotic pressure is the annuum pressure to be exerted on the .. side to prevent osmosis, 7, Ky in Henry's law is a function of the .... of the 428 and its higher value indicates .unnun Solubility of the gas in the liquid. 8, Molarity and normality are ow Of temperature but mole fraction and molality are ... of temperature, 9, Teal solutions follow Jew and their ‘components can be separated from one another by 10, Solutions showing positive deviation from ideal behaviour have . interactions between the components than in the pure solvents and heating vse SOlUbILT. 11, The unit of ebullioscopic constant i8 nnn 12, In comparison to 0.01 M solution of urea, the depression in freezing point of 0.01 M BaCl, solution is about ...... times. 13, The value of Henry's constant Kj) smn in temperature, 14, 41 of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl is diluted by adding one litre of water. The molarity of the resulting solution is. with 15. 16. 17. ert 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 23, 24, 26. 27, 28, 29. ‘e 3 5 \ ‘The most suitable colligative property to measure the molecular mass of a polymer is Desalination of water is based on the principle of 0.1 M solution of glucose and 0.1 M solution of urea Have neuen Clligative properties. If observed molar mass of a solute is more than calculated molar mass, then the solute undergoes soso in the solvent and the value of is than one. % solution of NaClis, with RBC’s, ‘Molal depression constant is the . of freezing point when. mole of solute is present in 1000 g of the solvent. For complete dissociation of K s{Fe(CN) J the value of van't Hoff factor ‘ii. ‘The solutions having same osmotic pressure are called solutions and they have same .. concentrations, Due to “oncentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues, people living at high altitude suffer froma disease called .. Ethanol and water form « boiling azeotrope and their components can not be separated by distillation, f the boiling point of a solvent by the addition of a solute is proportional to the molality ofthe solution. (asc 2009) ‘The: « pressure of an aqueous solution of 0.1M cane sugar is . than that of pure water (isc 2010) Solutions which strictly obey .. law are called .- solutions, (asc2012) ‘The van't Hoff factor of acetic acid solution in benzene 15 somone than one and the value of normal colligative property is than the observed. colligative property ofthis solution. ((g¢ 2014) Ideal solutions obey ...... .. law and they form azeotropic ttixtures. (ISC 2016)EL 18¢ Chemistry XI ‘a solution, its specific cond jution of 30, 0 ae is eqtet conan of 0.5 MK $0, sol ution. The elevation of that of (isc 2019) ‘the elevation of boiling point Fee that of 05M urea solution.’ poling point of 0.5 KCI solution is 0.5MK2S05 solution, Answers s 31. | 1. les number of particles, nature Jowest, minimum 4 decreases, increases maximum, negative cexcess/extra, solution nature, lower dependent, independent Raoult’s, fractional distillation ‘weaker, increases xonie solution in which solute 4, Formula. for th neither dissociates nor associates is: = My 2 @ C=C; o bat a. @) all e mV, mV2 os Osmotic pressure of the solution is 0.0821 atm at 300 K. The concentration in terms of molarity will be: @ 033 () 0.066 © 03x10 @3 4, The molal depression constant depends on : (a) nature of the solute (b) nature of the solvent (© freezing point of solution (@) vapour pressure of the solution Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution will result in : (a) decrease in molality () decrease in molarity (©) decrease in mole fraction (@) decrease in % w/w .__van't Hoff factor for 0.1 M ideal solution is : (@) 0.1 () 1 (© 0.01 @ none of these The freezing point of equimolal aqueous solution will be highest for : 4. 7 1 36°C/M. The freezing point of 0.1 M NaCl solution in water is expected to be : (isc 2015) (@) -1.86°C (b) -0.186°C (© -0.372°C (@ +0372 g, 45% (w/¥) solution of cane sugar (mol. wt. = 342) s {sotonie with 196 (3/V) solution of substance ‘P’. The molecular weight of is : (@) 34.2 (b) 171.2 © 68.4 @ 136.8 9, If'm’ is the normal molecular weight and ‘2° is the degree of dissociation of K,[Fe(CN)g] then the abnormal moledar weight of salt in the solution will e: m Tm ia m m © Te Oe 10, Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues i. K molality” qa, thee i, increases, increase 4,7, 0.016 8 Jp. osmotic pressure 7g, reverse osmosis ame 12 association, Jess 49, 0.91, isotonic 20. depression, one a. 4 22, isotonic, molar 23, low, anoxia 24, minimum, fractional gs. elevation, directly 26, vapour, less ‘27, Raoult’, ideal 28, less, more 29, Raoult’s, do not 30, decreases, increases 31, more than, less than (@) Cg NH,Cl (b) Ca(NO3)2 (©) Ba(NO5)2 () CeHy,06 ‘The molal freezing point constant of water i of people living at high altitude is due to : (a) low atmospheric pressure (b) low temperature (©) both low temperature and high atmosphere pressure (@ high atmospheric pressure 13. 14. 15 16262 ad Chemistry-XIT [= Matching Type Problems jon-dipole London dispersion forces dipole-dipole Qa Explain, @) when two liquids A and B are mixed, cooling occurs, why ? (b) 10 mL of each of the liquid A and B are mixed, Total volume is less than 20 mL, why ? Ans, (a) The solution shows +ve deviation, Heat is taken from the system, AH =+ve (®) Solution shows ~ve deviation from Raoul’s law. AV =—ve, id A and liquid B are mixed. What is the ratio of their moles in the vapour phase? Given that Pj =2 x Ps, Ans. In vapour phase, Py = Phx 3 (mole fraction is 1/2) In vapour phase, (mole fraction is 1/2) It is the ratio oftheir vapour pressure in vapour state. Itwill also be the ratio of their mok ‘vapour phase. Q.3 CaCl, or table salt is used to clear snow on the roads in hills, Ans, They lower the freezing point to such an extent that water does not freeze. These are called de-icing or anti freezing agents. Q.4 Equimolal aqueous solutions of BaCl, and K [Fe(CN)¢]are prepared. If freezing point of BaCl, solution is -3°C, what is the freezing point of K,[Fe(CN)g] solution ? Assume that sats af@ 100% dissociated in solution. Ans, van't Hoff factor (i) for BaCl, =3, ‘van't Hoff factor (i) for K 3[Fe(CN)¢]=4 ForBaCl,, AT, =ixK, xmolality or AT, =3xK, xmolality ForKa[Fe(CN)g], AT; =ixK, xmolality a) or AT, =4xKy xmolality AT, ‘aT, 4 or = aT, 4 or AT, = 4 Therefore, freezing point of K(Fe(CN).) solu =-4C Q.5 What will happen to the freezing point of the solu if mass of the solute dissolved is doubled and d ‘mass of solvent taken is halved ? _ Ks x wx 1000 —ULULUD + will become 4 times, Ww Therefore, AT will also become 4 times, Freezis point is decreased more, Q.6 Ethylene glycol is added in the aqueous solution car radiators in hills, why ? Ans, It lowers the freezing point of water and prevents from freezing. Due to same reason ethylene glycai placed on the wings of aeroplane. Q.7 Under identical conditions of molar concentrati etc. what is the decreasing order of the colligati properties of aqueous solutions of urea, NaCl, Be and Na,PO,? ‘Ans, NasPO, > BaCl, > NaCl > Urea Qa Ant Qa_Colligative property Q13 Ans. Qu4 i colligative property and mol molar mass When and why molality is preferred over molarity in analing solutions ? Molaliy does not depend upon temperature. It is prefered when studies are to be made at different temperatures. The vapour pressure of a liquid is constant at constant temperature, why ? ‘At constant temperature, the vapours and liquid are in equilibrium. Rate of evaporation is equal to rate of condensation. What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s Jaw ? Give an example, What is the sign of 4 pig Ht for negative deviation ? If the vapour pressure of a solution is lower than expected from Raoult’s law, it is called negative deviation from Raoult’s law. ‘A mixture of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’ law. AniH is negative for solutions showing negative deviation, i.e, exothermic. What happens if pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on the solution. The solvent and solution are separated by SPM ? Reverse osmosis occurs. Molecular weight of solute A is greater than that of solute B. Their equal weights are dissolved separately in the equal quantity of same solvent. Which solution will show greater relative lowering of vapour pressure and why ? Solution in which solute of lower molecular weight hhas been dissolved will show greater relative lowering of vapour pressure, It is because the moles of this solute will be more and relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property which depends upon the moles of the solute present in a given volume of the solvent. ‘Out of the following three solutions, which has the ighest freezing point and why? (a) 0.1 M urea, (b) 0.1 M barium chloride, (© 0.1 M sodium sulphate. 0.1 M urea solution will have highest freezing point. Urea does not dissociate, Total number of particles in its solution are lowest. Hence AT is lowest. Qs Qué Ans. Qaz Ans. Qag Ans. Q.20 Q.23 Solutio EL BaCl, and Na,SO, solution will have same freezing, point provided they dissociate to the same extent, Which of the following solutions have highest boiling point and why ? (a) 1M glucose, (b) 1M potassium chloride, (©) 1M aluminium nitrate, ‘Aluminium nitrate, The decreasing order of boiling point will be AIGNO), > KCI > glucose, Aluminium nitrate solution has highest number of ions, ‘Aluminium nitrate gives 4 ions on dissociation, KCI gives 2 ions whereas glucose does not dissociate. Define Henry's law. Read in the text. Why do gases tend to be less soluble in liquid as the temperature is raised ? Dissolution of a gas in a liquid is an exothermic process. Gas + liquid <= solution + heat 'As the temperature is increased, reaction proceeds in backward direction. Some gas escapes out. ‘The boiling point increases and freezing point decreases when sodium chloride is added to water, why? ‘When a solute is dissolved in water, vapour pressure decreases, Therefore b.p. increases and solvent freezes at lower temperature. Which types of solute show abnormal colligative properties ? Solutes which dissociate or associate in solution. Molecular weight of two solutes is determined by colligative properties. The molecular weight of one solute comes out to be abnormally high while that of ‘other solute abnormally low. What do you conclude from this observation ? One solute associates while the other dissociates in solution. ‘What are the units of Ky or Ky? K molality or Kkg mol”. Define mole fraction of a solute in solution. What is the sum of mole fraction of all the components in a three component system ? For definition read the text. Sum of mole fraction of all the components is always one. xy tXq 4X3 What happens when blood cells are placed in pure water ?Bsc Chemistry-XIT ‘Ans. plod cells swell. It is because water molecules move into blood cells due to osmosis, 024 Two liquids X and Y boil at 110°C and 130°C respectively, which one has higher vapour pressure at 50°C? Lower the boiling point, more volatile is the liquid, Liquid X is more volatile and has higher vapour pressure, 225 Why does a solution of ethanol and cyclohexane show +ve deviation from Raoults law ? Read in the text in non-ideal solutions, 2.26 An aqueous solution of common salt is cooled. What freeves out first? Water as ice, Q27 state the formula relating pressure of a gas with its mole fraction in the solution ? Read Henry's law, 0-28 why camphor is Preferred as a solvent in finding the ‘molecular mass by Rast method ? Ky for camphor is very high. Therefore, depression in ‘melting point is large. aT = K, xmolalty. What is van't Hoff factor ? Give one example each When this factor is 2 and 1/2, For van't Hoff factor, read in the text For aqueous solution of NaCl, van't Hoff factor (i) is equal to 2, provided the salt is 100% dissociated, van't Hoff factor is equal to 1/2 for benzoic acid dissolved in benzene provided the acid is 100% limerised, 2:30 Under what conditions is van't Hoff factor less than fone and equal to one ? If the solute undergoes association, van't Hoff factor is less than one. If the solute neither associates nor dissociates, van't Hoff factor is one. Q31 What is van't Hoff factor for a compound which undergoes tetramerisation in an organic compound? Ans. Ans. Ans, Ans. Ans. Q.29 Ans. Ans. Ans. 4A (A), Initial motes 1 0 Moles after association = 1-xx/4 Particles after association (i) =1 ar i =1/4, Itis rue only if the solute is 100% associated forming tetramer, : Q.32 Which aqueous solution has higher concentration : 1 molar or 1 molal of the same solute ? ‘Ans. 7 Mf aqueous solution has higher concentration than " i because 1 m solution f 1 m solution. It is i coats cone mole of solute in one kg of water, ie, i s 1000 ce of water. The total volume of solution is more than 1000 cc, 1M solution contains one mole solute in 1000 ce of solution, the volume of waters less than 1000 ce. It is because volume of solution also ineludes volume of solute, Thus in 1m aqueoss solution, volume of the solution is more than 1000 Whereas in 1 M solution volume is 1000 « ‘Therefore, 1M solution has more concentration that 1 m solution, Read in the matter (remember) given for expressing concentrations of solutions, 33 How is it ethanol and water are miscible in al Proportions ? AMS. It is because both water and ethanol are polar in ‘ature and are involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding. (2.34 What will happen to the freezing point of a solutin When mercuric iodide is added to an aqueous solution of potassium iodide ? ‘When KI and Hl, are mixed in stoichiometric rat, following reaction occurs, 2KI+ Hgly —> K lHglg)} 2K1 will give 4 moles of ions whereas the compound formed Ka(Hgl,] will give 3 moles of ions, This, ‘umber of fons in solution decrease. Therefore, AT, will decrease and freezing point will increase, 5 Differentiate between molality and molarity of Solution. What isthe effect of change in temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity ? ANS. Molality of the solution does not depend upon temperature whereas molarity of solution decreasss With inerease in temperature due to inerease in the ‘volume of solution, 0.36 Explain the significance of Henry's constant (Ky). At the same temperature, hydrogen is more soluble in Water than helium. Which of them will have higher value of Ky, and why ? Significance of Ky, : Ans. e4 An ee a Pa=Ky ox, ‘Thus at constant temperature and for the same Partial pressure of different gases, - Ku 2s, smaller is the value of Ky. Since helium is less soluble, its Ky will be higher than the Ky, for hydrogen. 2-37 why boiling point of water is increased on addition of| sodium chloride into it ? his shows that greater the solubility ofthefss. NaCl is a non-volatile solid. Addition of a non- volatile solute decreases the vapour pressure of water. Therefore, solution has to be heated to make its vapour pressure equal to one atmospheric pressure and to make the solution boil (038 What is the advantage of using OLR as compared to other colligative properties to determine the molecular mass of a solute ? Ans. The value of depression of freezing point (AT) and elevation in boiling point (AT) is very small. It is difficult to measure such a small value and chances of error are also more. The value of O. is measurable and chances of error are small. 0.39 what is meant by positive deviations from Raoult's Jaw ? Give an example, What isthe sign of & pic for positive deviation? ‘nS. The vapour pressure ofa solution is higher than what is expected from Raoult’s lav. It is called positive deviation from Raoult’s lav ‘A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law, DegaH for such deviations is +ve, ie, it is rin gen tion vous io, und endothermic. aus, | 040 Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed My, by positive deviation from Raoul’s law ? Give an example. Mixture of liquids which have definite composition, definite boiling point and which distill without change in their composition are called azeotropes. ‘The solutions which show positive deviation from Raoult’ law form minimum boiling azeotropes. Ethanol — water mixture is an example of this type of azeotrope. 41 (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases, What type of deviation from Raoul’s lav is shown by the resulting solution ? What change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and ¥ ? (Gi) What happens when we place the blood cell in ‘water (hypotonic solution) ? Give reason, Negative deviation from Raoult’s law is shown when the volume of the resulting solution decreases, On mixing liquids X and Y, there is an increase in temperature. i) Water will low into the blood cells and the cells would swell. This is because the osmotic pressure of water is less than that of blood. Osmosis occurs ne 1 ae) from a solution of low concentration to higher concentration. Q.42 Define abnormal molar mass. ‘Ans. if the molar mass determined by using any of the colligative properties is different than theoretically expected molar mass, then it is called abnormal ‘molar mass. Q.43 The molecular weights of sodium chloride and elucose are determined by the depression of freezing point method. Compared to their theoretical molecular weights, what will be their observed molecular weights when determined by the above ‘method ? Justify your answer. (asc 2007) NaCl isa strong electrolyte and it dissociates almost completely in solution to give Na" and CI” ions. ‘Therefore, determined molecular weight of NaCl will be half of its theoretical molecular weight. Since glucose neither dissociates nor associates in solution, its determined molecular weight is equal to its theoretical molecular weight. 0.44 which of the following solutions will have a lower ‘vapour pressure and why ? (1) A'5% (w/V) solution of cane sugar (CyzHz2031) (2) A 5% (1w/V) solution of urea (NH,CONH,) (Relative atomic masses: H = 1,C = 12,0 =16,N =14) (isc 2009) ince molecular weight (60) of urea is less than that of cane sugar (342), moles of urea solution will be more and its vapour pressure will be low. Q.45 0.1 M urea solution shows less depression in freezing point than 0.1M MgCl, solution. Explain. (Isc 2011) ANS. 0.1M MgCl, solution shows more depression in freezing point. This is because MgC, isan electrolyte and it produces Mg?" and Cl” ions in solution. lons behave like particles in producing colligaive properties, The number of particles are increased and so is depression in freezing point which is @ colligative property. Urea is a non-electrolyte and does not produce ions in solution. Q46 Wo liquids A and B form type 1! non-ideal solution which shows a minimum in its temperature-mole fraction plot (T-x diagram) can the two liquids be completely separated by fractional distillation? (asc 2015) Ans. Ans. Ans. Minima in temperature-pressure curve shows that solution forms high boiling azeotrope. Azcotropes can not be separated by fractional distillation.En Chemistry-XIL 9.47 Why the freezing point depression (AT,) of 0.4 M NaCl solution is nearly twice than that of 0.4 M glucose solution? (asc 2017) ‘Ans, Molar concentration of NaCl and glucose solution is, same, But NaClis a strong electrolyte and dissociates almost completely to produce Na* and CI” ions. Thus, the number of particles in the solution of NaCl fae) OR) Very Short Answer Type Questions (with Answers) - . What is the effect of temperature on the vapour 15. pressure of a liquid/solution ? 2, When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, the vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that 16, of pure solvent. Why ? a7. What is the expression for calculating the vapour pressure of a solution containing 2 or more liquids yg, which form nearly ideal solution ? 19. 4. What is the expression for calculating the molar mass. of a non-volatile solute from the vapour pressure of 99, the solution ? ° 5. What are colligative properties ? a 6. Define an ideal solution. 2. 7. What properties the liquids should possess to form an ideal solution ? 23, 8. An azeotrope shows +ve deviation. Is its boiling point lower or higher than the boiling points of its 94. ‘components? 9. Whats the relation between elevation in boiling point 95, and molality ? 26. 10, What is the expression for calculating molar mass of the solute from depression in freezing point ? ‘11. What are the units of molal depres or molal elevation constant ? a 12. What is the relation between molal elevation constant and molecular elevation constant ? 29. 13. If OP is measured in atmosphere and V in litres, what is the value of solution constant ? 30. 14, If [Link] measure inNm“ andV inmetre®, whatis the 31 value of solution constant? * <] i 1 Answer 4. Vapour presiuie of a liquid/solution increases with the increase in temperature, “The number of solvent molecules at the surface is decreased. 5, ‘Therefore, numberof solvent molecules escaping as vapours js also decreased. : are double of the particles present in glucose solution, Therefore, depression in freezing poi! (AT;) produced by NaCl is nearly twice than that glucose solution. Glucose does not produce ions i solution. AT, is a colligative property and depends on the number of particles. Ca(NOg)2, KCL H,S0, and K,[Fe(CN),] ar completely dissociated in water. What is the value c van't Hoff factor () ? ‘What is reverse osmosis ? What is its use ? What is the technical name of constant boli mixtures ? Are these ideal solutions ? ‘What are isotonic solutions ? Give one example, Which substance is used as antifreeze to prepare coolant for car radiator in cold countries ? Why is osmotic pressure considered to be a colligati Property 7 Define azeotropic mixture. ‘Why NaCl solution freezes at lower temperature tha water but boils at higher temperature than water ? State Raoul’s law for a solution containing 2} non-volatile solute, Define molal elevation constant (ebuillioscopi constant). Define molal depression constant/cryoscopic constant What is the relation between relative lowering i vapour pressure and osmotic pressure ? Liquid A and B on mixing produce a warm solution Which type of deviation does this solution show? ‘Why is OLB preferred for the molar mass determinaticy of macromolecules over other colligative properties How is OP related to the molecular mass of 3 non-volatile substance ? il and water do not mix. Why ? Give an example of a compound in which hydroges | | bonding results in the formation of a dimer. | | | CColligative properties depend upon the number of molesd the solute in a given volume of the solution. These do na! depend ‘upon’ the nature ‘of solute molecles, Osmes ‘pressure, relative lowering in vapour pressure, elevation t » boiling point ete, are the coligative properties. % 10, 1. 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.