Answerall the Questions Each question Carry 2 Marks 5*2 =10 M

1. Write a short note on robotics and its applications?

Robotics is a branch of engineering and computer science that involves the conception, design,
manufacture and operation of robots. The objective of the robotics field is to create intelligent
machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways. Robotics can take on a number of forms. A
robot might resemble a human or be in the form of a robotic application, such as robotic process
automation, which simulates how humans engage with software to perform repetitive, rules-based
tasks.

Applications of robotics:

 Industry. Under the implementation of software called bots, tasks that simulate human behavior are
performed. ...
 Customer Service. ...
 Machine vision. ...
 Automotive industry. ...
 Manufacturing. ...
 Renewable energy. ...
 Robotic surgery. ...
 Nanomedicine.

2.What is power transmission and its applications?
Mechanical power transmission refers to the transfer of mechanical energy (physical motion) from one component
to another in machines. Most machines need some form of mechanical power transmission. Common examples
include electric shavers, water pumps, turbines and automobiles.

Applications of power transmission:

The power transmission process transmits a motion from one shaft to another with a connection between
them like a belt, chain or gear. Power transmission products are commonly used in industrial automation,
construction machinery, and material handling system applications.

3. what is meant by belt drives, chain drives, rope drives and gear drives?
Belt drive: A belt drive is a frictional drive that transmits power between two or more shafts using
pulleys and an elastic belt. In most cases, it is powered by friction but it may also be a positive drive. It
can operate at wide ranges of speed and power requirements. It is also highly efficient.
chain drives: Chain drive is a type of mechanical power transmission system that uses chains to transfer power
from one place to another. A conventional chain drive consists of two or more sprockets and the chain itself. The
holes in the chain links fit over the sprocket teeth. When the prime mover rotates, the chain wrapped on the
shaft’s sprocket rotates with it. This applies mechanical force onto the driven shaft, transmitting mechanical
power in the process.

Rope drives:

Rope drives were most widely used for power-transmission in mills and factories, where a single mill
engine would have a large rope drive to each floor, where lineshafts across each floor distribute power to
the individual machines.
Gear drives

Gear drives, sometimes referred to as gear trains and gearboxes, are mechanisms consisting of an
assembly of gears, shafts, and other machine elements for mounting the rotating parts. They form a
mechanical system used for transmitting shaft power from a driver such as an engine, turbine, or motor to a
driven piece of machinery. Gear drives can alter the transmitted power by using different configurations of
gears.
4. Explain the applications of nuclear power plants?
 5. Write a short note on hydro power plants?
Hydroelectric power, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that convert the potential
energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
 Answer all the Questions Each question Carry 10 Marks 4*10 =40 M

1 a) what is meant by power plants, explain with a short note on any one type of power plants?
A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity from primary energy. Most power plants
use one or more generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy[1] in order to
supply power to the electrical grid for society's electrical needs. The exception is solar power plants, which
use photovoltaic cells (instead of a turbine) to generate this electricity.
Typical Layout And Working Of A Thermal Power Plant
A simplified layout of a thermal power station is shown below.
Coal: In a coal based thermal power plant, coal is transported from coal mines to the generating station.
Generally, bituminous coal or brown coal is used as fuel. The coal is stored in either 'dead storage' or in
'live storage'. Dead storage is generally 40 days backup coal storage which is used when coal supply is
unavailable. Live storage is a raw coal bunker in boiler house. The coal is cleaned in a magnetic cleaner to
filter out if any iron particles are present which may cause wear and tear in the equipment. The coal from
live storage is first crushed in small particles and then taken into pulverizer to make it in powdered form.
Fine powdered coal undergoes complete combustion, and thus pulverized coal improves efficiency of the
boiler. The ash produced after the combustion of coal is taken out of the boiler furnace and then properly
disposed. Periodic removal of ash from the boiler furnace is necessary for the proper combustion.

Boiler: The mixture of pulverized coal and air (usually preheated air) is taken into boiler and then burnt in
the combustion zone. On ignition of fuel a large fireball is formed at the center of the boiler and large
amount of heat energy is radiated from it. The heat energy is utilized to convert the water into steam at high
temperature and pressure. Steel tubes run along the boiler walls in which water is converted in steam. The
flue gases from the boiler make their way through superheater, economizer, air preheater and finally get
exhausted to the atmosphere from the chimney.
  Superheater: The superheater tubes are hanged at the hottest part of the boiler. The saturated steam
produced in the boiler tubes is superheated to about 540 °C in the superheater. The superheated high
pressure steam is then fed to the steam turbine.
 Economizer: An economizer is essentially a feed water heater which heats the water before supplying
to the boiler.
 Air pre-heater: The primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and it is then warmed in the air
pre-heater. Pre-heated air is injected with coal in the boiler. The advantage of pre-heating the air is
that it improves the coal combustion.
Steam turbine: High pressure super heated steam is fed to the steam turbine which causes turbine blades
to rotate. Energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy in the steam turbine which acts as the
prime mover. The pressure and temperature of the steam falls to a lower value and it expands in volume as
it passes through the turbine. The expanded low pressure steam is exhausted in the condenser.
Condenser: The exhausted steam is condensed in the condenser by means of cold water circulation. Here,
the steam loses it's pressure as well as temperature and it is converted back into water. Condensing is
essential because, compressing a fluid which is in gaseous state requires a huge amount of energy with
respect to the energy required in compressing liquid. Thus, condensing increases efficiency of the cycle.
Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. When the turbine rotates the alternator, electrical
energy is generated. This generated electrical voltage is then stepped up with the help of a transformer and
then transmitted where it is to be utilized.
Feed water pump: The condensed water is again fed to the boiler by a feed water pump. Some water may
be lost during the cycle, which is suitably supplied from an external water source.
This was the basic working principle of a thermal power station and its typical components. A practical
thermal plant possess more complicated design and multiple stages of turbine such as High Pressure
Turbine (HPT), Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) and Low Pressure Turbine (LPT).
b) Explain with a neat sketch about steam power plant?
A simplified layout of a thermal power station is shown below.
Coal: In a coal based thermal power plant, coal is transported from coal mines to the generating station.
Generally, bituminous coal or brown coal is used as fuel. The coal is stored in either 'dead storage' or in
'live storage'. Dead storage is generally 40 days backup coal storage which is used when coal supply is
unavailable. Live storage is a raw coal bunker in boiler house. The coal is cleaned in a magnetic cleaner to
filter out if any iron particles are present which may cause wear and tear in the equipment. The coal from
live storage is first crushed in small particles and then taken into pulverizer to make it in powdered form.
Fine powdered coal undergoes complete combustion, and thus pulverized coal improves efficiency of the
boiler. The ash produced after the combustion of coal is taken out of the boiler furnace and then properly
disposed. Periodic removal of ash from the boiler furnace is necessary for the proper combustion.

Boiler: The mixture of pulverized coal and air (usually preheated air) is taken into boiler and then burnt in
the combustion zone. On ignition of fuel a large fireball is formed at the center of the boiler and large
amount of heat energy is radiated from it. The heat energy is utilized to convert the water into steam at high
temperature and pressure. Steel tubes run along the boiler walls in which water is converted in steam. The
flue gases from the boiler make their way through superheater, economizer, air preheater and finally get
exhausted to the atmosphere from the chimney.
  Superheater: The superheater tubes are hanged at the hottest part of the boiler. The saturated steam
produced in the boiler tubes is superheated to about 540 °C in the superheater. The superheated high
pressure steam is then fed to the steam turbine.
 Economizer: An economizer is essentially a feed water heater which heats the water before
supplying to the boiler.
 Air pre-heater: The primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and it is then warmed in the air
pre-heater. Pre-heated air is injected with coal in the boiler. The advantage of pre-heating the air is
that it improves the coal combustion.
Steam turbine: High pressure super heated steam is fed to the steam turbine which causes turbine blades
to rotate. Energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy in the steam turbine which acts as the
prime mover. The pressure and temperature of the steam falls to a lower value and it expands in volume as
it passes through the turbine. The expanded low pressure steam is exhausted in the condenser.
Condenser: The exhausted steam is condensed in the condenser by means of cold water circulation. Here,
the steam loses it's pressure as well as temperature and it is converted back into water. Condensing is
essential because, compressing a fluid which is in gaseous state requires a huge amount of energy with
respect to the energy required in compressing liquid. Thus, condensing increases efficiency of the cycle.
Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. When the turbine rotates the alternator, electrical
energy is generated. This generated electrical voltage is then stepped up with the help of a transformer and
then transmitted where it is to be utilized.
Feed water pump: The condensed water is again fed to the boiler by a feed water pump. Some water may
be lost during the cycle, which is suitably supplied from an external water source.
This was the basic working principle of a thermal power station and its typical components. A practical
thermal plant possess more complicated design and multiple stages of turbine such as High Pressure
Turbine (HPT), Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) and Low Pressure Turbine (LPT).

2 a) what is velocity ratio and speed ratios in gear drives?

b) Explain what is the difference between cross belt drive and parallel belt drives?
3 a) Explain with a neat sketch about nuclear power plant?

Nuclear power is the most controversial of all forms of electricity generation. Evaluating its
importance involves weighing political, strategic and often emotional considerations alongside the
more usual technical economic and environmental factors that form the core elements of any power
technology. Nuclear energy provides around 15% of the electricity generated worldwide. It avoids
around 2.5bn tonnes of CO2 emissions, so it makes a major contribution towards a sustainable
electricity supply which achieves the goals in terms of economics, capability and the environment to a
large extent. Generating Electricity by Nuclear Power Plants
Basically, nuclear power plants work in the same way as coal and gas fired plants converting heat to
electricity. Whereas fossil fuel fired power plants run on energy media such as oil, lignite or hard coal,
nuclear power plants use the heat given off when atomic nuclei split.

The working of a nuclear power plant with a pressurized water reactor model is shown below.
Nuclear fission inside the reactor pressure vessel generates heat, which heats water until it evaporates,
turning thermal energy into latent energy in steam. This team which is under high pressure then drives the
turbines, which turn the generators connected to them generating electrical energy like a bicycle dynamo.
Condensing the steam required to drive the turbines is done either by direct flow or seawater cooling or via
a cooling system using a cooling tower.

b) Explain with a neat sketch about diesel power plant?

In a diesel power plant, the diesel engine is used as the prime mover to drive an alternator. The diesel (fuel
oil) burns inside the engine and the products of this combustion acts as the working agent to produce
mechanical energy. The diesel engine drives an electric generator which converts the mechanical energy
into electrical energy.

Due to high cost of diesel, the diesel power plants are only used to produce small power. The diesel power
plants are used at such places where demand of power is less and sufficient quantity of coal and water is
not available. The diesel power plants are also used as standby sets for supplying power to important points
such as hospitals, cinema halls, telephone exchanges, etc.

4 a) Explain with a neat sketch about hydraulic power plant?

1. Hydro power plants convert the potential energy of falling water into electricity. Since there are very few
water-falls which could be used as a source of potential energy, hydro power plants are associated with
dams.
2. In order to produce hydel electricity, high-rise dams are constructed on the river to obstruct the flow of
water and thereby collect water in larger reservoirs. The water level rises and in this process the kinetic
energy of flowing water gets transformed into potential energy. The water from the high level in the dam is
carried through pipes, to the turbine, at the bottom of the dam.
 b) Explain with a neat sketch on chain drive?
Chain drive is a type of mechanical power transmission system that uses chains to transfer power from one place
to another. A conventional chain drive consists of two or more sprockets and the chain itself. The holes in the
chain links fit over the sprocket teeth. When the prime mover rotates, the chain wrapped on the shaft’s sprocket
rotates with it. This applies mechanical force onto the driven shaft, transmitting mechanical power in the process.
One of the main advantages over a belt drive is that a chain drive maintains a constant speed ratio, thanks to its
zero slip feature. There is no lag in power transfer and hence, it serves as a timing chain in applications such
as internal combustion engines. Having no slippage also ensures high mechanical efficiency. The only losses in a
chain drive are due to friction between the chain links and the sprocket. Compared to gears, chain drives are way
more versatile when it comes to operating distances. They come into play when shafts are separated at distances
greater than that for which gears are practical. Chain drives are efficient at varying distances while still keeping
the setup rather compact. They’re found in short-distance applications such as bicycles and long-distance
applications such as 5-storey high marine engines. A single chain can power multiple shafts at a time.
 Types of Chain Drives

There’s a wide variety of different chain drive designs developed due to finding use in many different
mechanical applications. They can be classified into various categories depending on what we choose as a
yardstick. When classifying based on their function, chain drives can be divided into three main types.

 Power transmission chain drive

 Conveyor chain drive
 Hoisting and hauling chain drive