Module in Science 2b (Grade 8)- Chemistry

Prof. Rita D. Gordo

Faculty, College of Education
UEP- Laboratory High School

Overview

Science education aims to develop scientific literacy among leaders that will
prepare them to be informed and participative citizens who are able to make
judgements and decisions regarding applications of scientific knowledge that may
have social, health or environmental impacts. The science curriculum recognizes the
place of science and technology in everyday human affairs. It integrates science and
technology in the social, economic, personal and ethical aspects of life. It promotes a
strong link between science and technology, including indigenous technology ,thus
preserving our country’s cultural heritage. The curriculum is designed around the
three domains of learning science; understanding and applying scientific knowledge,
performing scientific process and skills and developing and demonstrating scientific
attitudes and values.

This module is intended for Grade 8 students in the development of ideas,

concepts, and principles of science specifically in chemistry. Concepts and skills in
chemistry are presented with increase levels of complexity from one grade level to
another in spiral progression, thus paving the way to a deeper understanding of core
concepts. The integration across science topics and other disciplines will lead to a
meaningful of concepts and its application to real-life situations.

Contents of the Module

Module 1 – Introduction to Science and Technology

Module 2 - Matter
Module 3 - Discovering the Atom
Module 4 - More on Atomic Structure
Module 5 - The Periodic Table
Module 6 - Chemical Bonding

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 Module 1-INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Overview

Since birth, we have experienced science. Our first encounter with science
began when we first opened our eyes to the light and took our first breath of air. That
was the beginning of our quest for understanding. Then we listened to the sounds of
our parents’ voices, tasted the flavors of the food we ate and touched the face of our
mother- all to gather information about where we were. Those experiences are parts
of what we known as science.

Today, lots of people are involved in many forms of science – we call them
scientist. We meet a lot of them in our lives like the doctor, the road engineer, the
science teacher, and the weatherman on TV. All of them employ a form of science
to do their job. The best proof of this is the numerous products of science made by
these scientist that we enjoy today and that is the technology; TV, mobile phones,
microscopes, CT and MRI scanners, among many others. These products of science
and technology makes our lives easier and more comfortable.

In this module you will learn more about what science is and how it is properly
done. First , you will learn how science is related to technology. Second, you will
know more about the effects of science and technology to society, along with the
opportunities and problems they create. Finally you will have an opportunity to
determine how the steps of scientific method can be used as a way of solving
problems.

Learning Outcomes

 Describe how science and technology may improve or not improve our way of life
 discuss the significant contributions of great men and women of science and
technology
 recognize the importance of science in our daily lives

 differentiate the different branches of science

 identify the different career opportunities of a chemist

 identify the values and traits as well as process skills demonstrated by scientist

 demonstrate mathematical knowledge and skills in solving problems

 identify some common tools of a scientist

 demonstrate safety measures in the use of the laboratory

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Lesson 1- Science, Technology and Society

Human beings by nature desires to know. They explore the

environment to gain knowledge of the structure and composition of the
material world. Science is a combination of processes and products.
What do you see? A ball pen, electric lamps, electric fans etc. These are
product of technology which requires art and skills. Technology as the
application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Technology uses
the concepts and ideas of science in developing products that assist people in
their daily lives. It can also be used to solve pressing problems that we
encounter. For example, electromagnetism gave rise to the invention of
generators and power plants. Most of the technology being invented today
makes the lives of people more comfortable and efficient.
However, some products of science have also caused human society pain
and destruction. Technology was also responsible for weapons that brought
violence within among nations. In 1945, during the World War 11, nuclear
energy was used to destroy Japan via atomic bombing of the cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Over 200,000 people died in the bombing. One of
the biggest problems is water and air pollution. Pollution is not a product of
science. It is just an after-effect. The burning of fossil fuels causes the
degradation of our environment because of air pollution.
The bottom line is, there are positive and negative sides in everything, but it is
up to humans as consumers of science and technology to choose how they
will be used.

Assessment 1

1.How do advances in science and technology influence our lives?

2. Have a research on the issues and concerns related to stem cell

Research?

Lesson 2 - Chemistry and Its Role in Everyday Life and Environment

Chemistry as a” central science” is necessary to understand other

sciences which leads to the improvement of quality of life, economic
development, production of consumers pro and mutual beneficial relationship
with Mother Earth. The principles of chemistry are needed to understand the
nature of matter. It may be categorized into five major branches which

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 include: (1) Organic (2) Inorganic (3) Physical (4) Biochemistry (5) Analytical
Chemistry. Other branches have emphasis on specific areas like
Nanochemistry, Astrochemistry ,Environmental chemistry, Food Chemistry,
Forensic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and etc.
Since chemistry is the study of matter, it has a wide range of career
opportunities in industry, commerce, journalism, law/forensics, teaching,
entrepreneurship and health/science related profession.

Assessment 2

Prepare a report on one of the career opportunities in science that you are
interested in you may choose from the list below. ( 1 whole sheet of paper)

Marine biologist physicist medical technologist

Environmentalist chemist meteorologist

Others: If possible, interview an individual who works in the field. A tape

recorder will be helpful for the interview. Be sure to prepare your questions in
advance.

Lesson 3- Foreign and Filipino Chemist and Their Habits of Mind

We will not be enjoying the benefits of science and technology if there

were no scientist and engineers who are willing to devote their life to research
and study. Discoveries in science and technology do not happen overnight. It
takes years of hard work and patience. A lot of them go through difficulties,
problems, and obstacles; and inventors face failure. For example Wright
brothers, inventors of the airplane, it took almost 10 years before they were
able to create a real “ flying machine”.
To mention, the first Nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded to
Jacobus Henricus Van’t Hoff for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamic
and osmotic pressure solution.
Do you know that there are already 149 winners in chemistry since 1901 to
2006? You will encounter this while studying chemical concepts/principles.
 Svante August Arrhenius- work on electrolyte theory of dissociation.
 Ernest Rutherford- disintegration of reactive substance.
 Marie Curie- her study of radioactivity in 1903. She received a Nobel prize in
Chemistry for her discovery of Radium and Polonium.
 Walther Hermann Nermst ( 1920 )- for his work in thermochemistry.

Awards are also given to locally to scientists/chemists for their

outstanding contributions to their area of specialization. Among them are:
 Julian Banzon- for his contribution in the production of alternative fuels and
extraction of residual coconut oil by chemical means.

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 Francisco Santos- study on the nutritive values and chemical composition of
local foods in the Philippines.
 Francisco Quisumbing- his invention of Quink ink used in Parker pens.
 William Padolina- his works in phytochemistry like extraction of natural
insecticides from indigenous plants, preparation of new fatty acid derivatives,
biogas generation from crop residues etc.
 Beatrice Guevarra- for her work on natural products especially alkaloid-
bearing plants in the Philippines rainforest.

Scientific attitudes

Successful scientist have habits of the mind that helped them excel in
their fields. Let us find out what these are.
 Curiosity- ability to seek, inquire and discover
 Determination- being firm and self-confident
 Open-mindedness- being open to new ideas
 Acceptance of results – there no such failure in a scientific investigation.
 Objectivity- being impartial and influenced by anything.
 Humility- being modest
 Patience- ability to wait calmly.
 Reflection-being able to monitor and assess one’s behavior.
 Empathy for human condition- putting oneself in the position of another
person.

Scientific Method

Scientists frequently follow a similar approach in their investigation.

The following is a more detailed explanation of each step in a scientific
Investigation.

 Observation- to investigate the object the object being studied using the five
senses.
 Problem- it refers to a query regarding an observation.
 Hypothesis- it is an educated guess explaining an observation.
 Experimentation- a very important component of science. A given question
may have a thousand possible answers but only one right answer.
 Theory- are hypotheses tested and used to describe a model. They are also
questioned and tested by new experiments.

Science Process Skills

According to the American Association for Advancement of Science,

The basic science skills include:

 Observing
 Classifying
 Measuring
 Inferring

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 Predicting
 Communicating
 Using number relationship

Assessment 3

Suppose you are

asked to Lesson 4- Measurement
investigate the
cause of wilting Why do we have to study measurement?
of plants Measurement is an important aspect in
In your chemistry because it allows us to apply the
community. What theory to practical situations. In any material
steps will you analyzed or observed, measurement is used.
follow in your The standard unit of measurement used by all
scientist throughout the world is called the
International System (SI) or Metric System. Some units are still in the English
System and others in the Metric System, for us students, it is necessary to
learn how to convert from one system to the other.

4.1- The International System of Measurement

The SI system is a modified form of metric system. It is simple and

convenient to use since all units are based on multiples of 10.

Table 1-1 list of prefixes used in SI measurements

Prefix Symbol Multiplier Prefix Symbol Multiplier

E 1018 deci d 10-1

Exa
Peta P 1015 centi c 10-2
Ter T 1012 milli m 10-3
a
Gig G 109 micro µ 10-6
a
Mega M 106 nano n 10-9
Kilo K 103 pico p 10-12
Hect h 102 femto f 10-15
o
Deka da 101 atto a 10-18

Fundamental Units

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 Fundamental units are basic units or standard units. The table next
shows the fundamental units.

Quantity Fundamental unit

Length meter (m)

Mass kilogram (kg)
Time second
Temperature kelvin
Amount of substance mole (mol)

4.2 – Mass and Weight

The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter

contains. The weight of an object depends on the pull of gravity. Mass
remains constant regardless of location, whereas weight increases when it
moved away from the surface of the earth.

4.3 – Measurement of Length, Volume, Mass, Time,Temperature

The SI base unit of length is the meter (m). One meter is defined
as the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of
1/299792458 of a second. Many of length measurements in the health
sciences are in the range of centimeters ( cm ) or millimeters (mm).

The kilometer ( km ) is used to measure long distances. While

centimeter (cm) is used for short distances.

1 km = 103
1 cm = 10-2
1 mm= 10-3

Volume

The SI unit is the cubic meter (m 3). The liter (L) and milliliter (mL)
are non-SI units. The following expressions give the relationship between liter
and milliliter, liter and cubic meter, and milliliter and cubic centimeter.
1L = 1000 milliliter
1000 L = 1 m3
1 milliliter = 1 cm3
Note that the cubic centimeter (cc or cm 3) has the same volume as milliliter.
The two units may be used interchangeably.

Mass

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 The kilogram (kg) is the SI base unit of mass. The following
expressions give the relationships between the different units.

1 kg = 1000g 1g = 10 -3 kg
1g = 1000 mg or 1 mg = 10 -3 g
1g = 1000000 1µg = 10 -6 g

Time

The SI unit of time is the second (s). It refers to the duration of

91926311770 periods of duration emitted by cesium 133 atoms.

Temperature

The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. The unit Kelvin is

named after the British scientist William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
(1824-1907).
The commonly used units of temperature are the degree
Celsius, formerly degree centigrade, and degree Fahrenheit. However , the
kelvin scale is often used in chemistry to describe the temperature of gases.
Figure 4.1- shows the relationship between Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit
scales of temperature.

Boiling
Point of Water Let us derive an equation showing the relationship
100 degree between degrees Celsius and degree Fahrenheit.
Celsius

212 degree
Fahrenheit
C = 5/9 ( F- 32) F = 9/5 C + 32
373 Kelvin Since degree Kelvin corresponds to 273.15 degree
Freezing Celsius ( rounded off to 273 ), then the simple
point of Water relationship between K and degree Celsius is given
0 degree Celsius below.

32 degree
Fahrenheit
C = K – 273 K = C + 273
273 Kelvin

Absolute
zero
-273 degree Assessment 4
Celsius
Solve the following:
-459 degree
Fahrenheit
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0 Kelvin
 1. Which is colder – 160 degree F or – 100 degree Celsius ?
2. Jenny has a fever at 39.5 degree Celsius. What is her temperature in degree
Fahrenheit ?
3. What is the boiling point of water in Kelvin?
4. How many hours in 7 days ?
5. A can contains 300 milliliters of juice. How many liters of juice are there in the
can?

4.4 Precision and Accuracy

While doing an experiment, you may ask: “ Are my measurements accurate or

precise? You may think that the terms accuracy and precision mean the same thing,
but they do not !

Refer to the following data of the three groups of students working in the
laboratory.

Trials Group A Group B Group C

1 0.980 g/mL 0.732 g/mL 1.023 g/mL
2 1.020 g/mL 0.731 g/mL 0.739 g/mL
3 0.970 g/mL 0.733 g/mL 0.845 g/mL
Average 0.990 g/mL 0.732 g/mL 0.869 g/mL
True Value = 1000 g/mL

The measurements of group A has high accuracy because the set of

measurements are close or near the true value/acceptable value.

The data of group B has high precision because the data agree with each
other. However, high precision does not necessarily mean high accuracy. In B, the
measurements, show high precision but has poor accuracy. Why do you think so?

What can you say about the data of group C? In group C, the measurements
show low precision and poor accuracy.

Assessment 5

The density of Mercury is 13.55 g/cm 3. Experimental results gave the following
data:

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 10.45 g/cm3 15.75 g/cm3

16.56 g/cm3 12.35 g/cm 3

Can the measurement be described as accurate? precise ?

4.5 Significant Figures

No measurement is exact. Uncertainty exist in all measurements. When

numbers are obtained from measurements, the number of digits given depends on
the limits of accuracy of the measuring instruments used.

In dealing with numbers obtained from measurements the following may apply:

1. All nonzero digits are significant.

2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
3. Zeros after a significant digit and after a decimal point are significant.
4. Zeros to the left of nonzero digits are not significant but are used to indicate
the position of the decimal point.
5. When a number ends in zeros, the zeros are not significant unless they
appear to the right of a decimal point.

Applying the above rules:

Number No. Significant Figures

1. 1.3 2
2. 1.004 4
3. 295.00 5
4. 0.023 2
5. 12000 2

4.6Scientific Notation

Scientists often deal with small or very large numbers. For easier in
calculation, you can transform these numbers into scientific notation. Scientific
notation is a combination of two numbers. The first number is a decimal number
between 1 and 10. This is followed by a multiplication sign ( x ). The second number,
is called exponent, is a power of 10.

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 Scientific notation generally follow the formula M x 10 n, where M consists of
one or more significant digits, which are equal to or greater than one but should be
less than 10.

4.7 Dimensional Analysis or Factor Level Method

Many problems in chemistry require a change of units. To make conversion,

a conversion factor is required. A conversion factor is derived from an existing
relationship between the two units of measurement. It is written in fraction having a
numerator and denominator. The conversion factor is used to produce desired
cancellation of unit.

The following equation can help you in dimensional analysis:

Unit Sought for = unit given x conversion factor

Assessment 6

A. How many significant figures are shown in each of the following:

1. 8.0004 min 3. 8756 mg
2. 20 000 000 L 4. 0.00076 mm
B. Express the following measurements in scientific notation.
1. 0.987 3. 4 534 000
2. 209 000 000 4. 0.000 0 568
C. Solve the following using the dimensional analysis:
1. The volume of a block of wood is 24 cm3.. What is its volume in cubic
centimeters?
2. A kilogram of tomatoes cost P 60.00. How many kilograms can you
Lesson 1.5 – buy
Tools in Science
if you and Safety Measures
have P 300.00?
3. A patient needs 0.025 g of sulfa drug. A tablet contains 5 mg of
The study of science necessitates knowledge and skills in the use of
sulfa. How many tablets should be given ?
laboratory tools and equipment. As a chemist will have various glassware like
4. How many milliliters are there win 0.25 Liters ?
beakers, graduated cylinders and flasks. One thing about scientists’ equipment is
that most of them, if not all, are use to observe or measure things. They help obtain
information that scientists can use for their research.

Here are some common tools of a scientists. As you go through the various
lessons, you will learned how to properly use them.

 Beaker – it is a simple container used for mixing, stirring and heating liquid.
 Evaporating Dish – used to heat and evaporate liquids.
 Test tube holder – used to hold test tubes while being heated.
 Reagent Bottles – can be used for storage, for mixing and for display.
 Tongs – are used to hold different objects such as flasks, crucibles and
evaporating dishes when they are hot.
 Test Tube Brushes – are used easily clean the inside of a test tube.
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  Pipette – is used for removing small amounts of liquid from one container to
another.
 Bunsen Burner – is a small laboratory burner consisting of a vertical metal
connected to a gas source and producing a very hot flame from a mixture of
gas and air let in through adjustable holes at the base.
 Erlenmeyer Flask – is used to heat and store liquids. The advantage of this is
that the bottom is wider than the top so it will heat up quicker because of the
greater surface area exposed to the heat.
 Stirring Rods/ Glass Rods – are used to stir solutions to dissolve substances.
They are usually made of glass.
 Funnel – is a piece of equipment that is used in the laboratory and used to
transfer liquids into another so they will not spill.

Safety Rules in the Used of the Laboratory

Scientists do their experiments in a special rooms called laboratories. Most of

the activities you will be performing can be best done in the laboratory. When
working in the laboratory, it is very important to follow safety procedures to avoid
accidents.

To avoid accidents, you should follow the directions what is stated in your
module. Always ask your teacher if you are not sure of what you are going to do.
Here are some laboratory safety rules:

 Always wear safety goggles.

 Always point a bottle or test tube away from you and others when it is heated.
 Never use broken glassware
 When heating glassware make sure it is dry.
 Always clean glassware thoroughly dry.
 Always handle sharp instrument with extreme care.
 Inform your teacher immediately if you accidentally cut you accidentally cut
yourself while doing an experiment.
 Never touch an electrical outlet when your hands are wet.
 Do not mix chemicals unless you are told to do so.
 Do not taste or touch any chemical unless instructed.
 Always rinse any chemical off your skin and laboratory gown with water.
 Wear safety goggles whenever you use any source of fire.
 Never heat any chemical unless you are told to do so.
 Use clamp, tongs, or any heat-resistant gloves to handle hot object.

Assessment 7

1. What equipment Feedback

and materials will
you use in 12
separating
insoluble
materials from
 How did you go on so far with this module? Were the lesson helped you attain
the focus points intended for the lesson. Well, these are simple concepts in science
and technology that are explained clearly that leads to a more meaningful learning
and much better retention of what has been learned.

Summary

 Science is accumulated and systematized learning.

 Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
 Science, Technology and Society are closely related. Science and technology
influence human activities. Society affects scientific investigation and
technological innovations.
 Chemistry is the study of matter, its composition , structures, properties, the
changes it undergoes and the energy that accompanies that changes.
 Branches of chemistry includes organic, inorganic, physical, biochemistry, and
analytical. There several career opportunities in chemistry in industry,
commerce, teaching, journalism, law/forensics, business, health/science-
related professionals, etc.
 International and local awards are given to outstanding scientists/chemists for
their outstanding contribution to their area of specialization.
 Successful scientist /chemists have habits of mind that helped them excel in
their fields.
 Knowledge in measurement and skills in the use of laboratory tools are
needed in the study of chemistry.
 All laboratory work must be accomplished with safety in mind in order to avoid
accidents.

Suggested Readings

 CT and MRI Scanners

 Profile of the Filipino Scientist
 Modern Hazard Safety Signs in the Laboratories

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Enrichment Activity

Design a half-page advertisement to promote an economically-friendly product

that is available in the market today.

References

Mendoza, Estrella E., Religioso, Teresita F. You and The Natural World,
Chemistry .Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Quezon City, 2008.

Madriaga, Estrella A., et al. Science Links- Worktext for Scientific and Technological
Literacy., Rex Book Store, Manila. 2017.

Pavico , Josefina Ma. Ferriols, et. Al. Exploring Life Through Science Series,
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City. 2013

Mapa, Amelia P., PhD., Fidelino, Trinidad B., Rabago, Lilia M., PhD. Chemistry
Textbook,Science and Technology,Third Year 2001.

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